T11 Coriolis PDF

LIQUID METERING
CORIOLIS MASS FLOWMETERS

MODULE T11
F:\Central\Tyro\ TYRO
T11.doc Rev 2 October 1999
Page 1
CONTENTS
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
PROLOGUE ......................................................................................................... 3
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION................................................................................ 3
CONFIGURATION................................................................................................ 5
MANUFACTURERS [DATE: DECEMBER 1996]..................................................... 5
4.1
MICRO MOTION .................................................................................... 5
4.2
SOLARTRON......................................................................................... 5
4.3
EXAC..................................................................................................... 5
4.4
FOXBORO ............................................................................................. 6
4.5
YOKOGAWA.......................................................................................... 6
4.6
KROHNE ............................................................................................... 6
PERFORMANCE AND INSTALLATION................................................................. 6
5.1
FLUID VELOCITY................................................................................... 6
5.2
STRESS ................................................................................................ 6
5.3
SUPPORT.............................................................................................. 6
5.4
SPOOL .................................................................................................. 6
5.5
VIBRATION............................................................................................ 6
5.6
UPSTREAM CONDITIONING.................................................................. 7
5.7
ORIENTATION....................................................................................... 7
5.8
WAX AND SOLIDS ................................................................................. 7
5.9
ISOLATION VALVES .............................................................................. 7
CALCULATIONS .................................................................................................. 8
6.1
MASS FLOW.......................................................................................... 8
6.2
DENSITY ............................................................................................... 9
6.3
PRESSURE CORRECTIONS .................................................................. 9
6.4
VOLUME FLOW RATE ......................................................................... 11
6.5
NETT FLOW/DRY FLOW...................................................................... 12
CALIBRATION.................................................................................................... 17
7.1
TECHNIQUES...................................................................................... 17
7.2
MASTER METER ................................................................................. 17
7.3
ROUTINE CHANGE-OUT ..................................................................... 18
7.4
ZERO FLOW CHECK ........................................................................... 18
7.5
COMPARISON TEST............................................................................ 19
Page 2
1.0
PROLOGUE
The Coriolis Mass Flowmeter (CMF) or, in American parlance the Coriolis Force
Flowmeter (CFF), utilises the effect a complementary acceleration named after the
French mathematician De Coriolis.
The Coriolis force is a dynamic force which occurs in rotating mechanisms.
If a fluid is flowing through a moving (oscillating) pipe the Coriolis force will occur.
There will be no Coriolis force if either:
a)
b)
The pipe stops rotating (oscillating)

The fluid stops flowing
The technology is similar to that of the vibrating tube densitometer. In fact Coriolis
flowmeters can also measure density.
2.0
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
If the dynamic mechanism is a thin walled tube which is rotating at radical velocity
() about one end of the tube. If a particle of mass (m) is moving (outward) within
the tube at velocity () this particle of mass acquires two components of acceleration.
a)
A radial (centripetal) acceleration (ar) directed towards the point of rotation.

a r = 2 r
b)
A transverse (Coriolis) acceleration (at) at right angles to the centripedal

acceleration (ar).
at = 2
Where:
ar
at
r
=
=
=
=
=
Radical acceleration
Coriolis acceleration
Radius of motion of particle of mass (m)
Angular (rotational) velocity
Linear velocity of the particle of mass (m)
In the practical flowmeter the particle of mass (m) must become a stream of fluid
flowing at rate qm kg/s. The above equation must now be transformed into an integral
over the length of the tube.
Page 3
This can be expressed in terms of the Coriolis force (Fc)

Fc = 2 qm
Where:
qm
represents the length of the particle of mass (m)

is the (increment of) mass flowrate
The Coriolis force is thus proportional to the mass flowrate.

It would be impractical to design a flowmeter around a rotating pipe.
A practical flowmeter can be designed if the pipe (tube) is clamped at each end and
vibrated at a central point.
The pipe (tube) motion is now oscillatory so the mathematics must be transformed
into those for harmonic motion.
The fluid flowing inside the pipe (tube) will absorb the oscillatory motion in a complex
manner, which will depend upon the fluid properties (e.g. viscosity, pressure,
temperature, density). The equations of motion are complex and are of more interest
to instrument designers and research institutes than to the end user.
Of greatest interest to the end user is:
1)
The oscillating pipe (tube) and the fluid enclosed within the pipe are forced
to vibrate at the natural frequency. If the overall mass changes, that is if the
fluid density changes, the natural frequency will change.
This is the densitometer principle, hence the Coriolis meter can measure
density.
2)
The Coriolis force in the section of pipe where the fluid flows towards the
point of vibration will be in the opposite direction to the corresponding
Coriolis force in the section of pipe where the fluid is flowing away from the
point of vibration.
These opposing Coriolis forces will tend to twist the tube. The degree of
twist is proportional to the mass flow rate and can be measured.
To summarise:
The natural frequency of vibration measures the fluid density. The twisting motion,
normally measured by a phase difference, measures the fluid mass flow rate.
Page 4
3.0
CONFIGURATION
The basic principle of the Coriolis mass flow meter involves flowing fluid through a
tube (s) which is forced to vibrate at the natural frequency by means of an electromagnetic coil assembly.
Additional electro-magnetic coils are used to measure the twisting motion.
The detail designs, evolved from the different approaches taken by the various
manufacturers who have produced Coriolis mass flow meters, demonstrate a
remarkable diversity in configuration. Examples of configurations which have been
used are:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
4.0
Straight tube
Twin, parallel flow U-tubes
Oval loop, like trumpet
S-shaped tube
Twin, series flow U-tubes
(Solartron)
(Rosemount; Micro-Motion)
(Exac)
(Foxboro)
MANUFACTURERS [DATE: DECEMBER 1996]

Instrument performance is subject to the application. One instrument may be the
industry standard for Industry A, yet may be totally unsuited to Industry B.
The following commentary on the performance of specific Coriolis meters relates to
the oil industry fiscal metering only.
4.1
MICRO MOTION
The original Micro Motion Coriolis meter (the D series) is now just one of a range of
Coriolis meters produced by the Micro Motion division of Fisher-Rosemount.
Micro Motion is the most widely used Coriolis meter used on North Sea flow metering
applications.
4.2
SOLARTRON
The Solartron Massmaster Coriolis flow meter was a development of the Solartron
vibrating tube densitometer.
4.3
EXAC
The Exac Coriolis flowmeter was a competent first generation Coriolis flowmeter.
The Exac company was bought up and this range of meters was discontinued.
Page 5
4.4
FOXBORO
TBA.
4.5
YOKOGAWA
TBA.
4.6
KROHNE
TBA.
5.0
PERFORMANCE AND INSTALLATION
5.1
FLUID VELOCITY
To amplify the Coriolis effect, most designs of Coriolis mass flowmeter reduce the
tube diameter. This will increase the fluid velocity. It will also increase the pressure
drop across the flowmeter.
5.2
STRESS
There should be no stress imposed on the flowmeter either in supporting the weight
of the pipework or in tension/compression due to poorly fitted pipework.
Stress may effect the forced oscillations thus affect the calibration.
5.3
SUPPORT
The pipework must be properly supported either side of the Coriolis flowmeter.
5.4
SPOOL
The pipework must be constructed to be within the tolerance permissible for the
Coriolis meter flange dimensions.
5.5
VIBRATION
The Coriolis meter should not be subjected to high levels of vibration. Vibration could
be transmitted via the pipe supports or via the pipework.
Page 6
5.6
UPSTREAM CONDITIONING
Minimal flow conditioning is required for the Coriolis meter.
5.7
ORIENTATION
A liquid Coriolis meter which incorporates a looped tube of any configuration should
be orientated so that gas does not accumulate (nor liquid accumulate in a gas
Coriolis meter) within the active (measuring) section of vibrating tube.
This would normally mean that the loop should be orientated below the horizontal for
a liquid meter and above the horizontal for a gas meter.
5.8
WAX AND SOLIDS

Wax deposits can:
a)
Accumulate within the inner surface of the Coriolis meter which will affect
the vibrating mass and hence the calibration.
b)
Cause blockages within parallel flow twin tube designs which will affect the
calibration.
Solid particles can:
5.9
a)
Erode the inner surfaces of the vibrating tubes which would initially affect
the vibrating mass and hence the calibration, but could ultimately lead to
rupture.
b)
Accumulate within the meter and affect the calibration.
ISOLATION VALVES
A Coriolis meter will require an upstream and a downstream shut-off valve to isolate
the meter for checking the zero flowrate reading.
Page 7
6.0
CALCULATIONS
6.1
MASS FLOW
As stated above, the mass flow through the Coriolis meter is proportional to the
phase difference generated by the twisting action of the vibrating tubes.
A micro-computer is incorporated within the flow transmitter. The mass flow rate is
calculated by this micro-computer using the fundamental characteristics of the
vibrating elements.
The mass flowrate is then transmitter using either:
a)
b)
c)
d)
A pulse train (frequency) directly proportional to mass flow rate.

An analogue (4-20mA) signal directly proportional to mass flow rate.
As digital data using a HART protocol communication link.
As digital data using FIELDBUS protocol communication link.
Method (a)
If the mass flow rate is output as a pulse train (frequency) signal

as per (a) above the mass flow rate (qm) must be calculated by:
qm.raw =
f
kg/second [tonne/sec ond]
K
Where:
f
K
=
=
Coriolis meter pulse signal in Hz (pulses/second)

Coriolis meter K-factor in kg/pulse [or tonne/pulse)
This is identical to the liquid turbine meter calculations except that

the frequency signal has been generated by a micro-computer
hence the K-factor should be constant (linear) over the full flow
range.
Method (b)
The 4-20mA option should not be used for fiscal flow metering.
The 4-20mA output is often used as the density signal output.
Methods (c) & (d) The mass flow rate (qm) is communicated from the Coriolis flow
meter transmitter to the flow computer as a digital value.
Page 8
6.2
DENSITY
As stated above, the fluid density is proportional to natural resonant frequency of the
vibrating tubes.
The micro-computer flow transmitter will calculate this density and transmit as a linear
signal using the same techniques as per the mass flow in section 6.1 above.
The Micro Motion Coriolis meter cannot transmit both mass flow and density as
frequency signal at the same time. There is only one frequency output and one 420mA output.
6.3
PRESSURE CORRECTIONS
Increasing fluid pressure within the vibrating tube will affect the resonant
characteristics of tube.
Similarly temperature changes (process fluid or ambient) could affect the
characteristics.
The pressure and temperature effects will change the Coriolis meter calibration,
consequently corrections must be applied.
The Micro Motion correction factors are given as follows.
6.3.1
Totals Pressure Correction Factor (TPF)

P
TPF = 1 + K TPF1 f - Pcal
K TPF2
Where:
Pf
=
Pcal =
The flowing (operating) pressure

The pressure at which the Coriolis meter has been calibrated
KTPF1 and K TPF2 are calibration constants supplied by the manufacturer.

depends upon the Coriolis meter model (type). KTPF1 is normally set at unity.
KTPF1
Page 9
The corrected mass flow is given by:

qm = q m.raw TPF
Where:
qm.raw
= The uncorrected (raw) mass flow

=
f
K
i.e.
qm =
f
TPF
K
kg/second [tonne/sec ond]
The increment of total mass (Qm) is:

Qm =
f
TPF
K
Where:
f
the cycle pulse counts
Accumulated mass is:

Q m = Qm.last + Qm
6.3.2
Density Pressure Correction Factor (DPF)

DPF = K DPF (Pf - Pcal )
Where:
Pf
=
Pcal =
KDPF =
The flowing (operating) pressure

The pressure at which the Coriolis meter has been calibrated
A calibration constant supplied by the manufacturer
Page 10
The density correction (offset) is therefore:

f = raw + DPF
Where:
f
=
raw =
The density at flowing (operating) conditions

The uncorrected (raw) density measured by the Coriolis meter
Note that the density offset is normally negative i.e.:

f = raw - DPF
The density at reference (base) conditions is:
f
C tld Cpld
b =
6.4
VOLUME FLOW RATE

The gross observed volume flowrate may be calculated by:
qgov =
qm
f
The volume at reference conditions may be calculated by:

Standard Volume :
q vs =
qm
b
Where:
qm
f
b
=
=
=
The corrected mass flowrate

The density at flowing (operating) conditions
The density at reference (base) conditions
Page 11
6.5
NETT FLOW/DRY FLOW

Note that Nett and Net are synonymous but that Nett has no alternative
meanings.
Nett (or net) flow is conventionally taken to mean dry flow i.e. the hydrocarbon flow
only with water content removed.
6.5.1
Mixture Density
The density of a mixture can be represented by:
mix =
6.5.2
m oil + m wat
Voil + Vwat
Mass Fraction
The mass fraction of oil in the mixture can be represented by:
oil =
moil
moil + m wat
The mass fraction of water is:

wat =
m wat
moil + m wat
By manipulation of these equations it can be shown that:

oil =
oil ( wat - mix )
mix ( wat - oil )
and
wat =
wat ( mix - oil )
mix ( wat - oil )
Page 12
6.5.3
Volume Fraction
The volumetric fractions of oil and water are:
Oil :
oil =
Voil
Voil + Vwat
oil =
Water :
V wat
Voil + V wat
By manipulation these equations can be rearranged as:
6.5.4
Oil Volume Fraction :
oil =
( wat - mix )
( wat - oil )
Water Volume Fraction :
oil =
( mix - oil )
( wat - oil )
Oil Density
If there is a satisfactory method of determining the density of dry oil (normally at
reference conditions).
Then:
mix = f which is measured
oil = oil.b Ctlm Cplm
Where:
oil.b
Ctlm & Cplm
The reference (base) density of the oil as determined by laboratory

analysis or other method
The oil volume correction factors
Page 13
6.5.5
Water Density: Wagenbreth Equation

The density of water may be calculated using the Wagenbreth equation which is
specified in the API Manual of Petroleum Measurement.
wat = 999.839563 9
+ 0.06798299 989 t
- 0.00910602 5564 t
+ 0.00010652 72999 t
- 0.00000112 6713526 t
+ 0.00000000 6591795606 t
Where:
t = the water temperature (operating or reference)
6.5.6
Water Density: Kell Equation

An alternative method of calculating the water density is given by the G.S. Kell
equation as specified in the IP Petroleum Measurement Manual, Part VI, Section 2
(Draft 1994).
Density at atmospheric pressure and operating temperature:
999.83952 + 16.9451760 t w - 7.9870401 10 -3 t 2w - 4.6170461 10 -5 t 3w
-10 5
w.o =
2.8054253 10 t w
-7 4
+ 1.0556302 10 t w
1 + 1.687985 10 -2 t w
Where:
(
(
w.o
Kp
pw
tw
=
=
=
=
)
)
water density at 0 bar gauge (kg/m3)

compressibility coefficient
gauge pressure (bar)
water temperature C
A compressibility coefficient at 0 bar gauge within the limits 0 tw 100C may be

calculated by:
Kp
50.88496 + 0.6163813 t w + 1.459187 10 -3 t w + 2.008438 10 -5 t 3w
-10 5
=
10 -6
4.104110
10
t
-8 4
w
- 5.847727 10 t w +
1 + 1.967348 10 - 2 t w
Page 14
The compressibility coefficient may then be calculated by:

K p = K p - 7 10 -9 p w
o
The density of water at operating pressure and temperature may be calculated by:
wat = w.o (1 + K p p w )
6.5.7
Water Temperature Correction

The Wagenbreth and Kell equations essentially calculate the density of fresh water.
Produced water is normally saline, an alternative method of applying a temperature
correction to water density is:
1 - (a + b B ) (t f - t b )
C t.wat = - (c - d B ) (t f - t b )2
3
+ (e - f B ) (t f - tb )
Where:
wat, t1
wat, t2
tf
tb
=
=
=
=
The density of water at temperature t1 C

The density of water at temperature t2 C
Operating temperature
Reference Temperature
a, b, c, d, e and f are constants which are determined from experimental data.

The term B is proportional to salt (brine) content:
This equation is subject to Chevron UK ltd patent <reference>.
A license for the application of this method must be obtained from Chevron UK ltd.
The density of water at operating temperature may be calculated by:
wat = wat.b C t.wat
Where:
wat.b = The reference (base) density of the water as determined by laboratory
analysis
Page 15
6.5.8
Nett Mass
The nett, or dry, mass may be calculated by:
Dry mass of oil (qdm)
= qm oil
qdm
= qm oil
oil
f
Mass of water (qwat)

= q m wat
q wat
= q m wat
wat
f
Where:
qm
6.5.9
=
=
=
The total mass flow of the mixture

The mass fraction
The volume fraction
Nett Volume
The nett, or dry volume flow may be determined by:
Standard Volume of Oil
qdvs = q vs oil
Gross Observed Volume of Oil
qdgov = qgov oil
Page 16
7.0
CALIBRATION
7.1
TECHNIQUES
The techniques applied to the calibration of Coriolis mass flowmeters include:
a)
Calibration by gravimetric method. A discrete quantity of fluid is weighed in

a gravimetric tank after passing through the Coriolis meter to establish a
discrete mass in a specified time.
b)
Calibration by volumetric tank. A calibrated volume of fluid is passed

through the Coriolis meter in a measured time interval. The fluid density
must be measured independently to obtain the mass flow.
c)
Calibration by meter prover and densitometer. A pipe prover, or a compact

prover, and densitometers is used to calibrate the Coriolis meter at
operating conditions.
Methods (a) and (b) would normally be carried out using a clean fluid (normally
potable water) at ambient pressure and temperature at a specialised flow
measurement laboratory. These methods can achieve the necessary accuracy.
Method (c) can be conducted in-situ using the process fluid at the operating pressure
and temperature. However, the combined uncertainties of the volumetric and density
measurements are comparable with (or greater than) the uncertainty of the Coriolis
meter under test.
There is currently no viable method of the in-situ calibration of a mass flow meter.
7.2
MASTER METER
Coriolis meters may be calibrated, or more accurately verified, using a master
meter.
If a different type of meter is used (i.e. different metering principle) the meter will be
volumetric so density measurement must also be made.
Consequently, the
uncertainty will be comparable with that of the meter under test.
It is more common to use another Coriolis meter as the master meter, or to provide a
facility whereby the service Coriolis meter streams can be flowed in series for test
purposes.
Page 17
7.3
ROUTINE CHANGE-OUT
The most common verification technique applied to Coriolis mass flow meters is
routine (normally annual) change-out, combined with routine zero checking.
The Coriolis meters are calibrated at a specialist metering laboratory using an
approved technique. The service meters would normally be calibrated against a
master (normally Coriolis) meter which is regularly calibrated accurately against a
fundamental (e.g. gravimetric) technique.
At least one spare Coriolis meter is required. At specified intervals the Coriolis meter
in the meter stream is removed and is replaced by a recently calibrated Coriolis
meter. The meter taken out of service is returned to a specialist metering laboratory
for calibration (i.e. re-certification). This meter is then returned to the metering
station when required for the following meter change-out.
7.4
ZERO FLOW CHECK

A Coriolis meter stream should incorporate isolation valves upstream and
downstream of the meter so that a zero flow condition can be easily established.
To carry out a zero check, the Coriolis meter must first be in service and stabilised at
the operating pressure and temperature. To commence the zero test the meter
stream must be shut-in but retaining the operating pressure and temperature.
The Coriolis no-flow (zero) reading must be taken and this value recorded.
appropriate an automatic re-zero routine should be initiated.
If
The Coriolis meter is affected by pressure and to a lesser degree, temperature. The
zero check must be carried out at the operating pressure and as near as is practical
to the operating temperature.
It is important that there is no flow through the Coriolis meter. The initial procedure
should involve shutting in both the upstream and the downstream isolation valves.
However in the circumstances of temperature instability causing pressure instability it
may be necessary to provide a pressure equalisation path between the meter under
test and the pipeline at operating pressure.
Page 18
It is advised that the zero check should have two action thresholds. If the zero flow
reading is found to be:
1)
Below action threshold number 1.

Take no action, do not re-zero.
2)
Between action threshold number 1 and action threshold number 2.

Carry out an auto-zero routine and log results.
3)
Above action threshold number 2 (excessive deviation).

Investigate cause of the excessive deviation. If a fault is found then the
fault must be corrected and the test repeated.
If no fault is found then appropriate action, which may involve changing-out the
Coriolis meter must be taken.
7.5
COMPARISON TEST
It is recommended that a cross-over facility be built into the Coriolis meter streams
which will permit two meters to be run in series for comparison purposes.
Page 19

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LIQUID METERING

CORIOLIS MASS FLOWMETERS

T11.doc Rev 2 October 1999

T11.doc Rev 2 October 1999

The pipe stops rotating (oscillating)

A radial (centripetal) acceleration (ar) directed towards the point of rotation.

A transverse (Coriolis) acceleration (at) at right angles to the centripedal

T11.doc Rev 2 October 1999

This can be expressed in terms of the Coriolis force (Fc)

represents the length of the particle of mass (m)

The Coriolis force is thus proportional to the mass flowrate.

T11.doc Rev 2 October 1999

MANUFACTURERS [DATE: DECEMBER 1996]

T11.doc Rev 2 October 1999

PERFORMANCE AND INSTALLATION

T11.doc Rev 2 October 1999

WAX AND SOLIDS

Solid particles can:

Accumulate within the meter and affect the calibration.

T11.doc Rev 2 October 1999

A pulse train (frequency) directly proportional to mass flow rate.

If the mass flow rate is output as a pulse train (frequency) signal

Coriolis meter pulse signal in Hz (pulses/second)

This is identical to the liquid turbine meter calculations except that

T11.doc Rev 2 October 1999

Totals Pressure Correction Factor (TPF)

TPF = 1 + K TPF1 f - Pcal

The flowing (operating) pressure

KTPF1 and K TPF2 are calibration constants supplied by the manufacturer.

T11.doc Rev 2 October 1999

The corrected mass flow is given by:

= The uncorrected (raw) mass flow

kg/second [tonne/sec ond]

The increment of total mass (Qm) is:

the cycle pulse counts

Accumulated mass is:

Density Pressure Correction Factor (DPF)

The flowing (operating) pressure

T11.doc Rev 2 October 1999

The density correction (offset) is therefore:

The density at flowing (operating) conditions

Note that the density offset is normally negative i.e.:

VOLUME FLOW RATE

The volume at reference conditions may be calculated by:

The corrected mass flowrate

T11.doc Rev 2 October 1999

NETT FLOW/DRY FLOW

The mass fraction of water is:

By manipulation of these equations it can be shown that:

oil ( wat - mix )

mix ( wat - oil )

wat ( mix - oil )

mix ( wat - oil )

T11.doc Rev 2 October 1999

By manipulation these equations can be rearranged as:

Oil Volume Fraction :

Water Volume Fraction :

Ctlm & Cplm

The reference (base) density of the oil as determined by laboratory

T11.doc Rev 2 October 1999

Water Density: Wagenbreth Equation

Water Density: Kell Equation