Documenti di Didattica
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pipes
"La Trahison des Images" ("The Treachery of Images") by Ren Magritte, 1928
and fractures
outline
This is said to be the world's largest free-standing boulder. It's called Giant Rock (California)
fracture propagation
On 26 March 2000, we received a communication from Doug H., who wrote: () Ended up at Giant Rock about dusk
and discovered that Giant Rock is now Giant Rocks () Unfortunately nobody was hurt in the "accident
http://www.deuceofclubs.com/rv/cal230b.htm
ALERT Doctoral School 2007 Damage and Fracture in Geomaterials
Triaxial compression
on Vosges Sandstone
(Bsuelle 1999)
Nasseri & Mohanty (2007) - Fracture toughness anisotropy in granitic rocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences (in press)
Nasseri & Mohanty (2007) - Fracture toughness anisotropy in granitic rocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences (in press)
" in materials with the properties of crystalline rock, mode II fracture does not exist "
" sliding along pre-existing fracture surfaces, in conjunction with eventual type I (new) fractures "
Doz & Rierab (2000) - Towards the numerical simulation of seismic excitation. Nuclear Engng. and Design, 196:3
.
Post-mortem X-ray micro tomographic images of shear fractures in Beaucaire Marl (Marello et al. 2003)
ALERT Doctoral School 2007 Damage and Fracture in Geomaterials
Shear fracture in rock in a deep level gold mine showing Riedel Structures (Ortlepp 1997)
Westerley granite
Intergranular vs intragranular (and
transgranular) cracks
Crack density
defining Damage = setting the scale
for modeling (and observations)
KONDO dixit: " the main objective of
standard Continuum Damage Mechanics
is to propose a continuum-mechanics
based framework allowing to
characterize, represent and model at
the macroscopic scale the effects of
distributed defects and their growth on
the material behavior "
and clay ?
Is clay "clastic"?
7 MPa confinement
grains cracked,
not crushed
28 MPa confinement
intense crushing
and pulverisation
7 MPa confinement
grains cracked,
not crushed
28 MPa confinement
intense crushing
and pulverisation
transverse and longitudinal slices through concrete cylinders after loading. Magnetic Resonance
Imaging allows us to see the fractures (and to carry out measurements on fracture patterns)
Marfisi & Burgoyne, Cambridge University Engineering Dept.
ALERT Doctoral School 2007 Damage and Fracture in Geomaterials
Triaxial test
3D Volumetric DIC
(ANDRA)
a few characteristics
Clay content : 40 %
Water content : 6 %
Permeability : 10-20 to 10-22 m
In situ vertical stress
? effective 10 MPa total 6 MPa
basic principle
Otani 2000
X-ray characteristics
Experimental set-up
The triaxial compression test is performed in situ on the beam line
X-ray micro tomography scans are taken during the test
loading system
x-ray source
X-ray
source
Frelon camera
fastshutter
shutter
fast
mirror
X-ray
imaging
x-ray imaging
system
system
positioning system
displacement controlled loading (1 to 100 m/min) max axial load: 7.5 kN
Experimental set-up
Triaxial cell + XR scan set-up
14
X-Ray beam
Confining cell
Imager
Callovo-Oxfordian
argillite specimens
10 mm in diameter
Specimen
Results
25
horizontal cut
Deviateur (MPa)
20
15
10
0
0
0.01
0.02
Dformation axiale
0.03
20
30
Horizontal cut
Deviateur (MPa)
20
4
5
10
0
0
7
0.02
0.04
Dformation axiale
10 mm
20 mm
Specimen
after test
0.06
0.08
Vertical cut
30
Deviateur (MPa)
20
10
0
0
7
0.02
0.04
Dformation axiale
10 mm
20 mm
Specimen
after test
0.06
0.08
Preliminary conclusions
impressive, huh ?
Micro tomography :
Improved resolution
if density field
changes !
transformation ?
(D)
g( (x))
f(x)
(x)
30
20
10
0
0
0.02
0.04
Axial strain
0.06
0.08
12
Element size
280 m
Incremental strain field
Radiographic cut
at the peak cut
Radiographic
at the peak
12
Radiographic cut
after thecut
peak
Radiographic
after the peak
specimen description
prismatic blocks
preexisting slits made using a
diamond wire saw
length = 12 mm
aperture = 0.4 mm
Inclination = 45
12 mm
100 mm
100 mm x 50 mm x 35 mm
8 /12
mm
45
45
45
45
60
45
75
Overlapping slits
45
90
45
105
45
120
50 mm
35 mm
no slits:
axial splitting
single slit
Wing Cracks
Secondary Cracks
failure mechanism
depends on
=45
=105
=120
Coalescence of rock-bridge
60
Sliding
75105 Opening+sliding
> 105
Opening
10,0
8,0
R (MPa)
di Sanctis (2005):
onset of coalescence
(internal/interaction cracks),
initiation of rock bridge
6,0
4,0
2,0
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
()
photographic analysis
deformation tracked using
Best correlation
displacement vector
(integer - pixel)
Sub-pixel refinement
- search peak of function
describing local crosscorrelation variation
Vectorial conditioning
-to edit poor points
-sensitive to correlation
strength
-prevents folding of field
and other inconsistencies
2 images of specimen
at different load states
Continuum
hypothesis
Vector-displacement field
with sub-pixel accuracy
Best correlation
displacement vector
(integer - pixel)
Sub-pixel refinement
- search peak of function
describing local crosscorrelation variation
Vectorial conditioning
-to edit poor points
-sensitive to correlation
strength
-prevents folding of field
and other inconsistencies
2 images of specimen
at different load states
Quantification of
displacement
jumps
Vector-displacement field
with sub-pixel accuracy
DIC
dN
dT
dz
dx
d
dz
dT
dx
dN
Displacement jumps
along fracture
[uN] & [uT]
PhotoWarp
(DIC-2D)
12
10
0
0
time (hours)
Max.
shear
strain
ongoing work
further development of DIC-discontinuity method and analysis
of tests to analyse failure processes
(unconfined) plane-strain punch-through shear:
PhD T. Backers
Triaxial PTS test in tufo (collab. 3S-R - GFZ)
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This book derives from the symposium held in September 1993. The contributions discuss recent advances in fracture mechanics studies of concrete, rock, ceramics and other brittle disordered
materials at micro and structural levels. It draws together research and new applications in continuum, damage and fracture mechanics approaches.Introduction. Keynote paper : the scaling laws and
renormalization group in the mechanics and micromechanics of fracture. Fracture in brittle matrix composites. Fracture mechanics of concrete. Fracture mechanics of rock. Fracture mechanics of
ceramics. Continuum models. Discrete crack models. Micromechanisms and micromechanical models. Damage, localization and size effect. Application of fracture mechanics.