FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENTAL REPORT

MODULE H-05
FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT

GROUP 22
Daniel Andiga Wibisana

1306437076

John William Horasia

1306437082

Raihan Alisha Nabila

1306437126

Fikri Dwisatrio

1306437132

Sabrina Nurul Hidayah

1306437145

Name of Assistant

: Rusdi Aufar

Date of Experiment

: November 1, 2014

Date of Approval

Score

Assistants Signature :
LABORATORY OF HYDRAULIC, HYDROLOGY, AND RIVER
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTEMENT
ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK 2014

FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT

1. Objective
Demonstrating various type of basic flow rate measurements working principles through
comparison of several configurations as well as understanding the characteristics of basic
flow rate measurement.
2. Basic Theory
Various methods of fluids flow rate measurement have been developed in accordance
with their specific purposes.
Venturimeter, orifice plate, and pitot pipe are several equipment that are utilized to
measure the flow rate through a pipe.
Deriving from the Bernoullys energy equation, we may obtain:
For venturimeter and orifice plate:
A2 2 1 /2
Q=Cd A [2 g ( h1h2 ) ] [1
]
A1
2

( )

1/ 2

Where:
Q = flow rate through pipe
Cd = empirical flow rate coefficient obtained from observation
A1 = cross sectional area of pipes opening (inlet)
A2 = cross sectional area of pipes end (outlet)
h1 = pressure head measured from the manometer of the pipes opening (inlet)
h2 = pressure head measures from the manometer of the pipes end (outlet)
For pitot pipe:
1/ 2

Q=Cd A 2 [2 g ( h1h2 ) ]
Dimana :

Q = flow rate through pipe

Cd = empirical flow rate coefficient obtained from observation
h1 = pressure head measured from the manometer of the pipes opening (inlet)

h2 = pressure head measured from the manometer of the pipes end (outlet)
Note: Technical data

For venturimeter
o Diameter of pipes opening

: 29 mm

o Diameter of pipes end

: 17 mm

For orifice
o Diameter of pipes opening

: 29 mm

o Diameter of pipes end

: 20 mm

For pitot pipe

o Diameter of pipe

: 19 mm

3. Instruments

Hydraulic Table
Instrument of flow rate measurement
9

10

3
8

7
5

Picture 1. Instrument of flow rate measurement

Variable Area Flowmeter

1. Manometers of Orifice
2. Manometers of Venturimeter
3. Manometer of Pitot
4. Venturimeter
5. Orifice
6. Pitot
7. Pressure Gauge
8. Outlet

4. Procedure of Experiment
1. Place the apparatus required for doing the observation on the edge of the hydraulic table.
2. Connect the inflow pipe with the supply pipe of the hydraulic table and place the outflow
pipe so that it aims onto the water tank. Turn up both the water supply and flow meter
valve thoroughly.
3. Turn up the air valve of the manometers; let water fill all the manometers and wait until
the bubbles vanish from the manometer.
4. Set up the water supply and flow meter valves on the instrument until manometers
reading is clear enough. If necessary, apply more pressure onto the manometers by
adjusting the air valve.
5. Recording all the manometers reading. Then, determine the flow rate by measuring the
outflows volume for a specified time period by using a graduate flask and stopwatch.
6. Repeat step 1-6 in accordance with the flow rate variations.

5. Observation and Data Calculation

No
Orifice Pipe
3
4
19,7
19,4
13,2
12,3
12,5
10,5
16,7
13,5
19,3
14,7
22,3
15,9
26,8
18,5
34,5
24

5
7,5
10
12,5
15
17,5
20
22,5

d1

Manometer Reading (cm)

Venturimeter
Pitot Pipe
5
6
7
8
19,4
18,8
18
18,5
12
10,8
9,5
10,5
9,8
7,7
4,5
6,3
13,8
9,5
6
8,9
15,2
8,7
4
8,5
16,2
7,5
2,5
8,5
19,5
8
2
9,8
26
11,5
4
14

d2

A1

A2

Volume
(mL)

Time
(s)

215
350
430
570
750
800
940
1050

3,05
3,30
3,00
3,28
3,08
3,00
3,12
3,03

A2/A1
2

Orifice
Pipe

(m)
(m)
(m2)
(m )
0,029
0,02
0,00066052
0,00031416

Venturi
meter
Pitot

0,029

0,017

0,00066052

0,019 -

0,000047563

0,00022698 0,000034364
0,00028353 -

A. Determining Flow Rate Coefficient (Cd)

I.
Orifice Pipe
Q=Cd . A2 [ 2 g ( h 1h2 ) ]

1
2

2 1
2

[ ( )]
A2
1
A1

h3

h4

|h3h4|

(m)

(m)

0,197

0,194

0,003

0,132
0,125
0,167
0,193

0,123
0,105
0,135
0,147

0,009
0,02
0,032
0,046

Qorifice (X)

Volume

Time

Qreal (Y)

(m3/s)

(m3)

(s)

0,000076179
8
0,000131947
0,000196695
0,000248802
0,000298303

0,00022

3,05

(V/t)
(m3/s)
0,0000704918

0,00035
0,00043
0,00057
0,00075

3,3
3
3,28
3,08

0,000106061
0,000143333
0,00017378
0,000243506

0,223 0,159 0,064 0,000351859

0,268 0,185 0,083 0,000400699
0,345 0,24 0,105 0,000450685
Table Data for Orifice Pipe

0,0008
0,00094
0,00105

3
3,12
3,03

0,000266667
0,000301282
0,000346535

Graph of QOrifice and Qreal

f(x) = 0.87x

Graph of Linear Regression of Orifice

y=m.x

Qreal = Cd . QOrifice

Regression line obtained, y = 0,8664x

Value of Flow rate coefficient (Cdorifice) = 0,8664
Manual method
b=

n x y[ ( x )( y ) ]
2

n x (x )

b = Cd = 0,846678496044
So, value of Cdorifice = 0,846678496044
Venturi meter
Q=Cd . A2 [ 2 g ( h 1h2 ) ]

1
2

2 1
2

[ ( )]
A2
1
A1

Cd = m

h5

h6

(m)

(m)

0,194
0,12
0,098
0,138
0,152
0,162
0,195
0,26

x
|h5h6|

Qventuri (X)

Volume

Time

Qreal (Y)

(m3/s)

(m3)

(s)

0,000215
0,00035
0,00043
0,00057
0,00075
0,0008
0,00094
0,00105

3,05
3,3
3
3,28
3,08
3
3,12
3,03

(V/t)
(m3/s)
0,0000704918
0,000106061
0,000143333
0,00017378
0,000243506
0,000266667
0,000301282
0,000346535

0,188
0,006 0,0000778379
0,108
0,012
0,00011008
0,077
0,021
0,00014562
0,095
0,043
0,00020838
0,087
0,065
0,0002562
0,075
0,087
0,0002964
0,08
0,115
0,00034077
0,115
0,145
0,00038265
Table Data for Venturimeter

Graph of QVenturi and Qreal

f(x) = 0.96x

Graph of Linear Regression of Venturi meter

y=m.x

Qreal = Cd . QOrifice

Regression line obtained, y = 0,9617x

Value of Flow rate coefficient (Cdventuri) = 0,9617
Manual method

Cd = m

b=

n x y[ ( x )( y ) ]
2

n x (x )

b = Cd = 0.938393092725
So, value of Cdventuri = 0.938393092725

II.

Pitot Pipe
Q=Cd . A2 [ 2 g ( h 1h2 ) ]

h7

h8

(m)

(m)

1
2

x
|h7-h8|

Qpitot (X)

Volume

Time

Qreal (Y)

(m3/s)

(m3)

(s)

(V/t)

0,18

0,185

0,005

0,0000887589

0,000215

3,05

(m3/s)
0,0000704918

0,095

0,105

0,01

0,00012552

0,00035

3,3

0,000106061

0,045

0,063

0,018

0,00016841

0,00043

0,000143333

0,06

0,089

0,029

0,00021376

0,00057

3,28

0,00017378

0,04

0,085

0,045

0,00026628

0,00075

3,08

0,000243506

0,025

0,085

0,06

0,00030747

0,0008

0,000266667

0,02

0,098

0,078

0,00035057

0,00094

3,12

0,000301282

0,04

0,14
0,1
0,00039694
Table Data for Pitot Pipe

0,00105

3,03

0,000346535

Graph of QPitot and Qreal

f(x) = 0.87x

Graph of Linear Regression of Pitot Pipe

y=m.x

Qreal = Cd . QOrifice

Regression line obtained, y = 0.8654x

Value of Flow rate coefficient (Cdpitot) = 0,8654
Manual method
b=

n x y[ ( x )( y ) ]
n x 2 ( x ) 2

b= Cd = 0.892465266392
So, value of Cdpitot = 0.892465266392

Cd = m

B. Determining Head Loss Coefficient (k)

I.
Orifice Pipe
Q
V2
Q2
V ( velocity )= , h' t he ory = =
A2
2 g 2 g A 22
Variable
Area

h3

h4

(m)

(m)

h=|h3h4|
(Y)

Qorifice (Y)

V (Q/A2)
(m/s)

h =V2/2g
(X)

(m /s)
5
7,5
10
12,5
15
17,5
20
22,5

0,197
0,194
0,003
0,132
0,123
0,009
0,125
0,105
0,02
0,167
0,135
0,032
0,193
0,147
0,046
0,223
0,159
0,064
0,268
0,185
0,083
0,345
0,24
0,105
Table Data for Orifice Pipe

0.00006707242
0.00011617283
0.00017318024
0.00021905760
0.00026264083
0.00030979423
0.00035279496
0.00039680577

0,2243818
0,3376019
0,4562420
0,5531576
0,7751019
0,8488254
0,9590081
1,1030526

Graph of h' and h (Orifice)

f(x) = 1.29x

Graph of head loss coefficient of Orifice

y=m.x

h = k.h

|h4-h3| = k.V2/2g

Regression line obtained y = 1,2924x

Value of head loss coefficient (korifice) = 1,2924
Manual method

k=m

0.002321
0.006964
0.015476
0.024761
0.035594
0.049522
0.064224
0.081247

b=

n x y[ ( x )( y ) ]
2

n x (x )

m = k = 1.292354385
So, value of korifice = 1.292354385
II.

Venturi meter
2

V ( velocity )=

Variable
Area

h5

h6

(m)

(m)

h=|h5h6|
(Y)

0,194

0,188

0,006

7,5

0,12

0,108

0,012

10

0,098

0,077

0,021

12,5
15
17,5
20
22,5

0,138
0,152
0,162
0,195
0,26

Q
V
Q
, hteori= =
A2
2 g 2 g A22

0,095
0,087
0,075
0,08
0,115

0,043
0,065
0,087
0,115
0,145

Table Data for Venturimeter

Qventuri (Y)

V (Q/A2)
(m/s)

h =V2/2g
(X)

(m3/s)
0.0000731645
0
0.0001034702
2
0.0001368782
4
0.0001958659
7
0.0002408138
4
0.0002786021
0
0.0003203123
5
0.0003596737
6

0,310563926
0.0052915
0,467270244
0.0105830
0,631478544
0.0185202
0,765618116
0.0379222
1,072808177
0.0573243
1,174848004
0.0767264
1,327350427
0.1014199
1,526720416
0.1278773

Graph of h' and h (Venturi meter)

f(x) = 1.13x

Graph of head loss coefficient of Venturimeter

y=m.x

h = k.h

|h4-h3| = k.V2/2g

k=m

Regression line obtained y = 1,13398x

Value of head loss coefficient (kventuri) = 1,1339
Manual method
b=

n x y[ ( x )( y ) ]
n x 2 ( x ) 2

m = k = 1.133899256
So, value of kventuri = 1.133899256
III.

Pitot Pipe
V ( velocity )=

Variable
Area

5
7,5

Q
V2
Q2
, hteori= =
A2
2 g 2 g A22

h7

h8

(m)

(m)

0,18 0,185
0,095 0,105

h=|h7h8|
(Y)
0,005
0,01

Qpitot (Y)

V (Q/A2)
(m/s)

(m3/s)
0.00008883955 0,248622015
0.00012563810 0,37407329

h
=V2/2g
(X)
0.005000
0.010000

10
12,5
15
17,5
20
22,5

0,045 0,063
0,018
0,06 0,089
0,029
0,04 0,085
0,045
0,025 0,085
0,06
0,02 0,098
0,078
0,04 0,14
0,1
Table Data for Pitot Pipe

0.00016856120
0.00021395397
0.00026651865
0.00030774923
0.00035088811
0.00039730255

0,505530279
0,612915741
0,858836807
0,940524812
1,062610658
1,222216344

0.018000
0.029000
0.045000
0.060000
0.078000
0.100000

Graph of h' and h (Pitot Pipe)

f(x) = 1x

Graph of head loss coefficient of Pitot Pipe

y=m.x

h = k.h

|h4-h3| = k.V2/2g

Regression line obtained y = 1x

Value of head loss coefficient (kpitot) = 1
Manual method
b=

n x y[ ( x )( y ) ]
n x 2 ( x ) 2

m=k=1
So, value of kpitot = 1

k=m

6. Analysis
i. Analysis of Experiment
The flow rate measurement experiment has the objective to demonstrate the
various types of fundamental flow rate principles by using different configurations.
Another objective is to obtain understanding of the characteristics of basic flow rate
measurement. First of all, students have to prepare the instruments that will be used in the
experiment by referring to the module. To begin the experiment, the inflow pipe has to be
connected with the supply pipe of the hydraulic table and the outflow pipe has to be
placed in the water tank. After that, the water supply is turned on; students have to turn
up the air valve of the manometers until water fills all the manometers and no air bubbles
are inside the tubes. So then, the water supply and flow meter valves on the instrument
are set by one student until the manometer reading is stable and clear enough. The student
is free to adjust the water supply to add more pressure on the manometers.
After the manometer reading is stable, another student records the readings on the
manometers; there are 6 manometers that need to be recorded. Each pair of manometer
represents the 3 different types of pipes that are being examined. The 3 pipes are called
orifice pipe, venture meter, and pitot pipe. These pipes are defined by their different
diameters at the opening and end. So the manometer readings show the flow of water at
each of the pipes opening and end. On this experiment, the orifice pipe is connected to
manometer reading number 4 and 5, venturi meter is connected to manometer number 6
and 7, while the pitot pipe is connected with manometer number 7 and 8.
To help students determine the flow rate, the volume of the outflow of water at a
specific setting and time is also measured. The volume is measured using a flask and
stopwatch to measure the time of flow of 3 seconds. After this process is done, the setting
of the air valve is adjusted to 8 different flow rate pressures, or variable areas. Starting at
5 and ending at 22.5, the flow rate variable is increased by 2.5 every time. Then the
manometer reading and volume is measured in accordance at each flow rate variations.
ii. Result Analysis
From this experiment, students obtained the manometers reading for the 3
different pipes, which are recorded in centimeters. Students also obtained the volume,

time of each manometer reading at a specific variable area. After all the data is collected,
the measurements are then used to determine the flow rate coefficient (Cd) and also the
head loss coefficient (k). The diameters of the each pipes opening and ending are already
given in the module. The area of the opening and end are calculated. All the data that is
collected is converted to meters (m).

Orifice
Pipe
Venturi
meter
Pitot

d1
(m)
0,02
9
0,02
9
0,19

d2
(m)
0,02
0,01
7
0,01
9

A1
(m2)

A2
(m2)

A2/A1

0,0006605
2
0,0006605
2
0,0002835
3

0,0003141
6
0,0002269
8
0,0002835
3

0,00004756
3
0,00003436
4
1

Students determined low rate coefficient for each of the pipe by using the formula:
Q=Cd . A2 [ 2 g ( h 1h2 ) ]

1
2

2 1
2

[ ( )]
A2
1
A1

This is used for orifice pipe and venturimeter. Ultimately, students are looking to
determine the regression line (y = mx + a). According to this equation, Q is the value of y

axis,

A 2 [ 2 g ( h 1h 2 ) ]

1
2

2 1
2

[ ( )]
A2
1
A1

is the value of x, which means that the flow rate

coefficient (Cd) is the value of m. But for the pitot pipe, the equation is:
1

Q=Cd . A2 [ 2 g ( h 1h2 ) ] 2

because the diameter of opening and end of pitot pipe is the

1

same, so there is no difference in the area. Here the value of x is

A 2 [2 g ( h 1h 2 ) ] 2 .

The value of the regression line is determined by using the graphical and manual method.
In the graphical method, the x-axis is plotted from the results of

A 2 [2 g ( h 1h 2 ) ]

1
2

and

the y-axis is obtained from the values of Q. The manual method is determined by using

the formula

b=

n x y[ ( x )( y ) ]
n x 2 ( x )2

The results obtained are shown below:

Flow Rate Coefficient
Graph Method
Manual Method
Orifice pipe
Venturimeter
Pitot pipe

0,8664
0,9617
0,8654

0.846678496044
0.938393092725
0.892465266392

This table shows that orifice pipe has the smallest flow rate coefficient than the other 2
pipes, which makes sense when the value of head loss coefficient is determined because
orifice pipe lost the most energy among the other pipes.
To determine the head loss coefficient (k), students use the formula:
2

h'=

V
Q
=
2 g 2 g A 22

and h = k.h = k.V2/2g. The value of k is related to V which is the volume of the
outflow that is measured for 3 seconds. The value of V is obtained by Q/A. The
gravitational acceleration used in the calculation is 9,8 m/s2. Again, the graphical method
is used to find the linear regression (y = mx +a) of the data for each type of pipe. Here,
the value of the x-axis is h, the value of the y-axis is h, and the value of m is k. For
the manual method, the value of k is determined by using the formula

b=

n x y[ ( x )( y ) ]
2

n x (x )

, here the value of k is equal to b. The results obtained for

head loss coefficient are:

Head Loss Coefficient

Orifice pipe
Venturimeter
Pitot pipe

Graph Method
1,2924
1,1339
1

Manual Method
1.292354385
1.133899256
1,0000

This table shows that energy that is lost in each pipe is different than one another. Orifice
pipe lost more energy than the other 2 pipes, and pitot pipe shows the least amount of
energy loss.

iii. Graphical Analysis

According to observation and data calculation using linear regression, students
obtained 3 graphs for the flow rate coefficient and 3 graphs for the head loss coefficient.
To determine the value of Cd, the relationship between Qreal and Qpipe is compared. To find
the value of k, the relationship between htheory and hpraktikum is compared. All the graphs
show a linear relationship. Which means that the both x and y-axis has a directly
proportional relationship. So as the values in the x-axis increases, the value in the y-axis
will also increase. The points on all the graphs are located close the trend line, which
means that the data shows some accuracy and can be depended on.
iv. Error Analysis
During this flow rate measurementexperiment, there will be some mistakes or
errors that can occur. These errors will affect the data that will be collected and the
measurements that follow. This is evidence because there are some still differences
between the values that are determined using the graphical and manual method. Even if
the difference is really small, the are still minor errors in reading the manometers which
will then affect the data calculation at the end.These errors could be caused by several
factors

Inaccurate readings of the manometer. When reading the height of the

manometer, the eye position of the reader is not straight with the
manometer, resulting in a slight error of the reading of the number on the
manometer.

Inaccurate calcualation of the graphical and manual method because there

are so many numbers that have to be processed, so the calculation might

not be perfect.
There could also be some errors in the rounding of the numbers during the

calculation process
Error in collecting water for the volume of the outflow. The timing of the
collector might not be accurate because it is done manually. There could
also be water left in the flask after previous measurement, so the next
measurement might have a slightly bigger volume than it is supposed to

have.
The scale on the manometer could also be hard to read, when it is not in a
stable position. In some ocasion, the manometer is instable, causing the
reader to estimate the value of the reading.

7. Conclusion
1. The value of flow rate coefficient (Cd) and head loss coefficient (k) can be determined
experimentally and calculated by using the graphical and manual method.
2. From Bernoullis equation, one can obtained the formulas to find the value of flow rate

coefficient:

Q=Cd . A2 [ 2 g ( h 1h2 ) ]

1
2

2 1
2

[ ( )]
A2
1
A1

for orifice and venturimeter

1
2
and Q=Cd . A2 [ 2 g ( h 1h2 ) ]

for pitot pipe.

V (mL)
3. Flow rate can be determined by using the formula: Q= t (s)
4. The coefficient of head loss for orifice pipe is 1,2924. For venturimeter the value is
1,1339. And the value for pitot pipe is 1, all according to the graphs
5. The coefficient of flow rate for orifice pipe is 0,8664. For venturimeter the value is
0,9617. And the value for pitot pipe is 0,8654.
6. Orifice pipe has the least value flow rate coefficient than venturimeter and pitot pipe. It
also has the largest value of head lost compared to venturimeter and pitot pipe. Orifice
pipe has a smaller coefficient of flow rate because it has a larger coefficient of head loss.
It is losing more energy than the other 2 pipes.

8. References
Departemen Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia. Modul Praktikum
Mekanika Fluida dan Hidrolika. Depok: Laboratorium Hidrolika, Hidrologi, dan
Sungai, 2013.
Potter, Merle C., David C. Wiggert, Bassem H. Ramadan, and Tom I-P.Shih.Mechanics
of Fluids. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991. Print.

9. Attachment