TABLE

DIFFERENCE IN THE COMMUNITY RELATED PROTECTIVE FACTORS

BETWEEN PREGNANT AND NON PREGNANT

Items

1.Availability of counsel
and guidance in
school/community
2.School provision of
Health education and
insight on prevention of
teenage pregnancy.
3.Lives in safe and
peaceful community
4. Presence of friends who
are supportive and good
role models.
5.Joins in after school
youth development
activity
6.High prevalence of
teenage pregnancy in
community
7.Availability of
community wide
campaigns on pre
marital sex.
8.Access to porno
materials
9.Availability of youth
oriented community
activities.
10.Access to
contraceptives.

Pregnant
(200)
f
%
146 73

Non pregnant
(200 )
f
%
183
91.50

Total

%(400)

Chi
Square

329

0.82

Significant

149

74.50 173

86.50

322

0.80

Non
Significant

141

70.50 181

90.50

322

0.81

Significant

110

55

191

92.50

301

0.75

Significant

95

47.50 101

50.50

196

0.49

Non
Significant

140

70

135

67.50

275

0.69

Non
Significant

110

55

147

73.50

257

0.64
Significant

95

47.50 123

61.50

218

0.55

Significant

136

68

129

64.50

265

0.66

Non
Significant

128

64

115

57.50

243

0.61

Non
Significant

This table discusses the differences of the Protective factors in the community between the
Pregnant and the Non pregnant Teenagers.In column 5,The Four highest community related
protective factor between Pregnant Teenagers and Non pregnant are 1. Living in safe and
peaceful community. 2.Availability of counsel and guidance in school/community.3.School

provision of Health education and insight on prevention of teenage pregnancy . 4.Presence of

friends who are supportive and good role models. The first highest protective factor is Living in
a safe and peaceful community which shows that majority of the respondents who are not
pregnant scores high . In terms of teen pregnancy prevention, it is important to keep in mind
that the health of the community directly affects the health of the individual. According to
Community Research Alliance. (2008) , Individuals who become empowered and optimistic
about the possibility of change help to create a stronger community that will in turn support its
members. In contrast to Pregnant Teenagers, When a community is ignored, neglected or
exploited, then the people who live there will be similarly ignored, neglected and exploited.

The second
highest protective factor is Availability of counsel and guidance in
school/community which shows that majority of the respondents who are not pregnant scores
high .Counsel and guidance should be present in every school as well in the community.
Counsel and guidance give their own time, effort and skill to serve people most especially
teenagers. They have a responsibility in guiding teenagers when it comes to their education and
their personal choices as well. According to Standards of Practice for Counsellors, Extending
concerns of teenagers would be identified and be a way for them to share their problems and
thoughts ,resolving their dilemma in an early stage. Standards of Practice for Counsellors (2001)
stated that, School counselors consult and plan collaboratively with students, other educators, the
school based student services team, parents, other community agencies and outside professionals
in planning goals and effective strategies to promote the emotional, intellectual, social, academic
and career development of students. Consultation may focus on students individual needs or on
school, district or community programs or services. Establishment of rapport is very important to
be able to have a therapeutic communication to teenagers. Most teenagers are only open to their
friends that is why it is really important to establish a rapport to them and we should understand
every behavior that a teenager must have. According to Haregewoin & Yusuf, (19949,said that
the rationale to offer guidance and counseling services to high school students is clear. The high
school years is a periods of academic, social, personal, emotional and intellectual growth for
most adolescents. By resolving physical, emotional, social and academic difficulties of the
students and by helping students understand their learning strengths and weaknesses; their
academic achievement can be improved and their overall development can be enhanced. On top
of this, the increasing complexities in the society, industrial and technological development,
changes of the nation's educational system and increasing number of students necessitated the
provision of effective guidance and counseling service more than any other time. Thus,
supporting adolescents in all aspects of their development is very critical to their success. School
systems must be ready, willing and able to deal with challenges that adolescents face in going
through the transitions. In contrast for Pregnant Teenagers, School-based prevention programs
do not reach those who have left the school system. In-school programs it may also fail to
engage youth in the school system, who have limited connection with school culture.
Community based programming offers a way to reach in-school and out-of-school youth on
neutral ground, without the connection to an educational system that may be perceived as
irrelevant or alienating according to Cater, S. & Coleman, L. (2006).

The third highest protective factor is School provision of health education and insight on the
prevention of teenage pregnancy which shows that majority of the respondents who are not
pregnant scores high . It has a big influence and fastest way to reach out to teenagers wherein
for they would be able to recognize their risk and be an eye opener improving their reproductive
health. According to Community Research Alliance. (2008), School approaches provides
information about sexual and reproductive health, and providing access to birth control Other
issues are strongly tied to the determinants of health, and no amount of sexual health information
or services will make a difference. In contrast to Pregnant Teenagers, Some teenagers are not
interested in the Health education .One factor would be inadequate Health education and insight
to teenagers covering specific teachings and does not cover all aspects leading to teenage
pregnancy. According to Cater & Coleman, 2006 , School-based sexual health education
programs are critical, an emphasis on sexual and reproductive knowledge alone does not address
many factors that predispose teens to an early pregnancy . As well, such programs may not touch
upon the reasons why some young women choose to become pregnant as teens. A realistic
approach to pregnancy prevention recognizes the complexity of personal, social, and cultural
issues that affect youth, in addition to providing important health information. Ideally,
prevention programs designed for youth in disadvantaged communities integrate knowledge and
behavior change approaches with social justice initiatives that encourage collective action and
advocacy. ; Bonell et al., 2005 said that , Combining programs that provide information, services
and skills, with social justice approaches of advocacy and mobilization, will address both the
individual and societal factors that contribute to teen pregnancy. Research has shown that many
young women who become pregnant have already left, or are alienated from, the formal
educational system (Bonnell et al., 2005). Pregnancy is not usually the primary factor that causes
young women to drop out of school, since their disengagement from school usually begins
before they become pregnant. Dissatisfaction with school has been associated with increased
likelihood of early sexual involvement and teen pregnancy . To address underlying factors
related to teen pregnancy such as poverty,
it is often helpful to consider out-of-school
approaches (Bonnell et al., 2005).

The fourth highest protective factor is presence of friends who are supportive and good role
models which shows that majority of the respondents who are not pregnant scores high.
Friends is one of the support system of any individual. Friends are the ones whom we shared our
positive and negative thoughts and experience. In the Non Pregnant respondents they have a
good role model friends whom they shared their burden to and gave advices in a right manner.
They gave good advices and influence in the right path. According to Botvin, Epstein(1994)Peer
influences are commonly believed to powerfully shape adolescents behavior, perhaps even more
so than parents .

In table 6 using the Chi square formula the following significant protective community factors
between the Pregant and Non pregnant are 1.Availability of counsel and guidance in
school/community, 2.Lives in safe and peaceful community,3. Presence of friends who are
supportive and good role model , 4.Availability of community wide campaigns on pre marital
sex and 5.Access to porno materials.
As we compared the table on the differences in the community related factors between pregnant
and Non pregnant teenagers.On row 1 we can see here that Non pregnant teenagers have the
highest community related factor of availability of counsel and guidance in school/community
having a frequency of 183 compared to Teenagers who got pregnant having a frequency of 146
.Counsel and guidance have a great responsibility not only in the school but in the community as
well.Since there are many available and adequate Counsel and guidance ,Many teenagers would
be counseled. According to Society for Adolescent Medicine (2010), Early intervention services
- Student assistance programs, counseling support groups, and school linked health centers
provide the learning supports that are often critical to helping students stay in school. Student
assistance programs provide prevention and intervention services to those students whose lives
have been impacted by alcohol and drug abuse, violence, divorce, death, child abuse, stress or
depression. This may include support or education in problem solving, self-esteem, social skills,
and conflict resolution.

On row 3 The Non pregnant have the highest factor of Lives in safe and peaceful community
having a frequency of 181 as compared to Teenagers who got pregnant having a frequency of
141.Teenagers who are living in a safe and peaceful community would help them control their
behavior and provide them with the skills and opportunities to be successful. Often referred to as
protective factors, these resources reduce the chance that youth will be pregnant. According to
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
(2010),Safe supportive connected
neighborhood - While relationships with caring adults on an individual basis are very important,
the collective feeling of safety and support coming from the community or neighborhood as a
whole adds a synergistic component of protection against risk behaviors. This protective factor
has three features: connection, positive social norms, and monitoring. Connection refers to young
peoples perception of feeling safe, valued, attached, and belonging to their neighborhood,
community, or in some cases, youth programs. Positive social norms are maintained when
community members have high expectations for children and monitoring and accountability
refers to the degree to which neighbors watch out for each other and monitor the whereabouts
and behaviors of their children, as well as hold them accountable for their behaviors.

On row 4 The Non pregnant have the highest factor of Presence of friends who are supportive
and good role models having a frequency 191 as compared to Teenagers who got pregnant
having a frequency of 110.Having Friends are very influential not only in physical but in
behavior too. When we have peer good models, This protective factor relates to youth who have

friends with the following qualities: a positive attitude about health, good grades, no involvement
in risk behaviors, and close relationships with parents ,Kirby, D. (2001).

On row 7

On row 8

In table 6 using the Chi square formula the following Non significant protective community
factors between the Pregant and Non pregnant are 1. School provision of Health education and
insight on prevention of teenage pregnancy,2. Joins in after school youth development activity,3.
High prevalence of teenage pregnancy in community,4. Availability of youth oriented
community activities and 5. Access to contraceptives.

On row 2 the Non pregnant teenagers have the highest factor of School provision of Health
education and insight on prevention of teenage pregnancy having a frequency of 173 as
compared to teenagers who got pregnant having a frequency of 149.School has a big influence to
teenagers wherein knowledge and maturity is develop.The School gives us information to
broaden our knowledge preventing us to be ignorant and to decide wisely.Providing Insight on
prevention to teenage pregnancy would be a way for teenagers to be aware and gain knowledge
on that matter.

On row 5 The Non pregnant have the highest factor of Joins in after school youth development
activity having a frequency of 101 as compared to Teenagers who got pregnant having a
frequency of 95. Development programs encourage a positive view of youth, their assets, and
their potential, rather than focusing on how to fix the problem of disadvantaged youth. However,
they should also include a realistic, critical appraisal of systemic barriers to success, and support
youth in their efforts to confront and change the conditions that limit their achievement.Darisi, T.
(2007).Meeting the needs of a teenager would be a way for her to participate in any school
activity.According to Berenson AB, San Miguel, VV. Wilkinson GS(1992) said that effective
prevention strategies include improving educational and economic opportunities and intervening
in the numerous social and psychological factors associated with sexual risk-taking. Strategies
should be designed for the individual young people and need to include access to Psychosocial
counseling, including treatment for sexual abuse, drug and alcohol use, and/ or family
distress,Mentoring programs for youth to develop a close relationship with an adult,Educational
opportunities, including tutoring and access to higher education,Recreational activities such as

sports, drama, and social clubs, Vocational and job skills, including job placement,Community
service opportunities. In contrast to Teenagers who got pregnant Youth express frustration with
programs that reach a certain level of development, then end due to funding constraints (Warner,
2005). Often what is lost is the trust and commitment that has been built up in the course of the
program, and this loss can result in avoidance of future programs. Youth development programs
are designed to provide the motivation for teens to avoid a pregnancy. They complement, rather
than replace, sexual and reproductive health programs that increase capacity to prevent
pregnancy through a focus on information and skills. These two aspects of prevention,
motivation and capacity, address a range of issues that affect teen pregnancy rates (Brindis&
Davies, 1998)..Short-term approaches do not lead to long-term solutions. Working with youth
should be a marathon and not a sprint.(Philliber et al., 2002).A major factor in the
effectiveness of pregnancy prevention programs is a long-term commitment to program delivery
,(Philliber et al., 2002). Short-lived programs can offer limited opportunities for youth but cannot
provide an ongoing, supportive environment necessary for sustained and meaningful change.

In Row 9 the Teenagers who got pregnant have the highest factor of Availability of youth
oriented community activities having a frequency of 136 as compared to Non pregnant teenagers
who have the frequency of 129.The population that accesses an out-of-school program may not
be large enough for a statistically relevant assessment of the impact of the services on teen
pregnancy rates.In the ,organizations that offer community-based programming are often
underfunded and may lack the resources necessary to design and implement a rigorous
evaluation. The programs may not be able to follow youth after the intervention, loosing
information about any ongoing impact of the program on sexual and reproductive health. In
addition, evaluation processes vary from program to program, making it difficult to compare
their impact and potential Darisi, T. (2007).Most communities already have school-based
strategies in place, including sexual and reproductive health education and access to birth
control. These are important foundational strategies but they do not address the full range of
reasons why teens might get pregnant. Their sole focus is teens who might get pregnant due to
lack of information and lack of access to services,Community Research Alliance. (2008).In
contrast in the side of Non pregnant teenagers,Giving young people meaningful roles in
developing and running a teen pregnancy prevention program is critical to the success of such
efforts. Their input helps ensure that a program is relevant and that messages,products and
methods reach their intended audience.Youth may avoid programs that they feel will be boring,
childish, or aimed at troubled youth. It is important to promote programs by pointing out the
advantages to be gained by participants (i.especific skills, academic improvement, sport training
and practical work experience). Parents also need to be reassured that programming offers real
advantages for their children, ratherthan just a place to hang outDarisi, T. (2007).In order to meet
the needs of youth through out-of-school programming, it may be necessary to work together in a
community, pooling available resources and skills to develop a program that will be available for
the long-term, and is flexible enough to meet the changing needsof participants

Out-of-school programming is strengthened through community connections and grassroots

approaches. Program effectiveness can be increased through partnerships with community
organizations, local businesses, arts and cultural groups and families (Kirby, 2006). Effective
programs touch upon and integrate a variety of issues relevant to the lives of youth and do not
limit themselves to a specific aspect of life, such as health, education, recreation or work.
Advocacy is an important component of social justice approaches to programming. The Toronto
Charter for a Healthy Canada emphasizes the importance of advocacy and advises that, Public
health and health care associations and agencies should educate their members and staff about
the impacts of governmental decisions upon the social determinants of health and advocate for
thecreation of positive health promoting conditions(Raphael, 2004). Advocacy can involve
lobbying local governmentrepresentatives for a community centre, youth programs, or access to
sexual health services. It can be done on a community, federal or global level and can involve a
range of issues that are important to youth. Darisi, T. (2007).Out-of-school programs should not
be a continuation of school. They should offer greater freedom and choice than youth might have
in a more structured and controlled school environment. Ideally, there should be a range of ageappropriate activities available for participants, including academic, employment related, athletic
and cultural opportunities, as well as opportunities for youth to influence and improve the
services provided by the program

On row 10

References:
Society for Adolescent Medicine (2010)Positive Youth Development as a Strategy to Promote
Adolescent Sexual & Reproductive Health Journal Adolescent Health. Vol 6:3 Supplement
March 2010.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. To Live To See the Great Day That Dawns:
Preventing Suicide by American
Indian and Alaska Native Youth and Young Adults. SAMHSA (2010).
http://www.sprc.org/library/Suicide_Prevention_Guide.pdf

Kirby, D. (2001). Emerging Answers. Research Findings on Programs to Prevent Teen

Pregnancy. National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Berenson AB, San Miguel, VV. Wilkinson GS. Violence and its relationship to substance use in
adolescent pregnancy. J Adolesc Health 1992;13:470-74.