750

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 25, NO. 4, JULYIAUGUST 1989

Electrical Studies for an Industrial Gas Turbine

Cogeneration Facility

the cogeneration facility. The 120-MVA generator is unitconnected to the 138-kV line through a 80/119 MVA step-up
transformer and 138-kV oil circuit breaker. Gas-turbine
auxiliary power is supplied from the plants 6.9-kV distribution system for start-up. The plants 6.9-kV bus is independently supplied by four steam turbine generators with a total
rating of 18.7 MVA. The plant electrical system is designed to
isolate from the utility and maintain operation in the event of
severe utility undervoltage or underfrequency conditions. The
INTRODUCTION
HE SUBJECT cogeneration project was authorized to isolating breakers are shown in Fig. 1.
Plant connected load consists primarily of motors and is
install a General Electric Frame-7 combustion gas turbine
generator (CTG) and waste-heat boiler at a large industrial broken down as follows:
petrochemical plant. The cogeneration facility is designed to
synchronous motors:
77 0oO hp
produce approximately 300 0oO Ib/h of 550 psig superheated
induction motors:
152 000 hp
steam, 30 000 Ib/h of 175 psig saturated steam. and 76 M w
static loads:
8000 kVA.
average (98-MW peak) of electric power. Normal plant
50
percent of the plant
Electrical
demand
is
approximately
electrical demand before cogeneration was 108 MW at 0.9
connected
load.
Most
motors
operate
below
rated horsepower.
power factor (PF). If generated electricity exceeds plant load
requirements, the design provides for the excess to be sold to
STUDY
OBJECTIVES
the electric utility.
Plant management required the cogeneration facility to
The model PG7111E gas turbine bums natural gas as
primary fuel. The gas turbine is directcoupled to a two-pole maintain or improve plant steam and electric system availabilframe 9H2 generator which is base rated 120.5 MVA at 0.85 ity. Accordingly, electrical studies were deemed necessary to
power factor and 30 psig hydrogen pressure. The rated ensure that the cogeneration facility met or exceeded managegenerator three-phase voltage is 13.8 kV at 60 Hz. Subtran- ment objectives. Special emphasis was placed on maximizing
sient reactance (saturated) is 12.5 percent on a 120.5-MVA the cogeneration system availability and minimizing the effect
of transient disturbances on plant chemical production. The
base.
The generator shunt (SCR) static excitation system is stated design goal was to achieve an improved 95 percent
designed to provide a minimum of 325 percent of three-phase cogeneration unit availability compared with typical industry
full-load current for 10 s during a three-phase short circuit at gas-turbine availabilities of 88 to 90 percent.
Objectives of the electrical studies are listed as follows.
the generator terminals. Exciter ceiling voltage is 200 percent

Abstract-Electrical studies are required to assure the proper integration of a gas-turbine cogeneration facility into an existing industrial-plant
electrical system and the connected utility grid. Details of such a study
effort are presented, including boundary-limit definition for the system
model, individual component modeling, load-flow and short-circuit
studies, stability studies, and simulation of on-line isolatiom from the
electric utility during system undervoltage or underfrequency conditions.
The impact o f the studies o n the design process and plant system
reliability is discussed.

of full-load exciter voltage. Excitation system response time is

0.05 s (high initial response).
A simplified one-line diagram of the plant electrical
distribution system including the CTG is shown in Fig. 1. A
new 138-kV line was installed from plant substation No. 1 to
Paper ICPSD 8647, approved by the Power Systems Engineering
Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society for presentation at the
1986 Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, September
28-October 2. Manuscript released for publication December 20, 1988.
R. L. Doughty and E. W. Kalkstein are with the Engineering Department,
E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company, P.O. Box 6090, Newark, DE 197146090.
L. Gise is with The Ralph M. Parsons Company, 100 West Walnut Street,
Pasadena, CA 91124.
R. D. Willoughby is with the Thomas A. Edison Technical Center, Cooper
Power Systems, 11131 Adams Road, Frankville, WI 53126.
IEEE Log Number 8927806.

Verify the adequacy of the CTG excitation and voltage

regulation systems.
Select the optimum transformation ratio for the CTG
unit transformer.
Verify the adequacy of generator protection, including
out-of-step relaying.
Develop design criteria for the generator power factor
and var limiter controls (not discussed).
Identify design changes required in the CTG controls to
optimize operating availability or to provide equipment
protection.
Evaluate the electrical impact loading capability of the
CTG.
Determine the increased short-circuit duties for existing
plant switchgear.

0093-9994/89/0700-0750$01
.OO O 1989 IEEE

75 1

DOUGHTY et al.: ELECTRICAL STUDIES FOR GAS TURBINE COGENERATION FACILITY

SUBSTATION NO. 3

STEAM TURBINE
GENERATORS (STG)

SUBSTATION NO. 4
r l , T2, T3 = 15/20/25 MVA

~~~

13.8 KV

GAS TURBINE
GENERATOR (CTG)

80/119 MVP

*I
.

138KV

SUBSTATION NO. 1

SUBSTATION NO. 2
W

z
>

6.9 KV
KV

OD

138KVLlNE

138 KV

12/16/20 MVA

138 KV LINE

I
UTILITY

138 KV
%tA!ON

OCB

UTlL

138 KV LINE

GRID

Fig. 1.

System one-line diagram

8) Investigate the stability of the CTG, existing plant

steam tuibine generators (STGs). and synchronous
motors during system disturbances.
9) Select optimum tap settings for plant distribution
substations.
10) Determine the adequacy of existing plant and utility
protective relay settings when connected to the utility
or isolated.
11) Determine the effect of a full-load CTG trip on the
plant.
12) Investigate the effect of large-motor starting when
isolated from the utility.
13) Determine the underfrequency and undervoltage relay
settings to initiate isolation from the utility grid.
14) Design an electrical load-shed scheme to prevent
overload of plant generation when isolated from the
utility.
An overall flow chart of the study process is shown in Fig.
2. Computer facilities and study software are described in
Appendix I.

UTILITY
SYSTEM
MODEL
Load-flow and stability data representing the utility system
for 1986 summer peak loading was provided on magnetic tape.
The utility system model used actual data and system
equivalents to simulate system conditions. The model included
three generating stations near the industrial plant, representing
nearly 3000 MW of generation. Fig. 3 shows a simplified oneline diagram, through the 500-kV level, to illustrate the
modeled utility generating stations and the 15 synchronous

generators represented in detail. The generator model includes

maximum detail on direct and quadrature axes, saturation, and
full-excitation representation (IEEE Type 1). Governors were
not modeled due to documented long response times. One of
the generating stations (Fig. 3) was designated as the swing
bus.
COGENERATOR
MODEL

Generator
The CTG was represented using transient and subtransient
circuits on both the direct and quadrature axes, including
saturation. This detail is necessary 1) to accurately reproduce
internal flux conditions during faults and during large rotor
angle swings, which affect internal voltage and powergenerating capability; and 2) to accurately simulate the
damping between synchronous machines due to induced
generator currents and the associated electrical losses. Table I
lists the generator data.

Excitation System
The excitation system corresponds to IEEE Type ST3, a
compound source-controlled rectifier exciter, represented by
the data listed in Table I1 [ 1J.
The excitation system stabilizer is provided by a series laglead element, represented by the time constants TB and TC.
An inner-loop field voltage regulator is comprised of the gains
KA and KG and the time constant TA. The EFDMAx limit is
established by the saturation level of the power components.
The value of EFDMAx specified in Table I1 is 4.64. There
are some situations, however, when the exciter ceiling is

752

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 25, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 1989

Governor System

SELECT COMPUTER
SOFTWARE

DEFINE SYSTEM MODEL

- WE N

EXISTING
PROVEN

REPRESENTATION

DEVELOP
REPRESENTATION

TEST AND VERIFY

OBTAIN EOUIPMENT

ASSEMBLE SYSTEM
MODEL

RUN SYSTEM

RUN CASES

I
-

REVISE DESIGN
TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE

Fig. 2 . Electrical studies flow chart.

limited to a lower value. For instance, when the cogenerator is

paralleled with the utility, the cogenerator protects itself
against excessive vars due to system undervoltage by automatically clamping the excitation voltage below full-load field
voltage after a time delay of 15 s. A similar situation occurs
when starting an 8000-hp induction motor on the cogenerator
when isolated from the utility as discussed later.
Accurate excitation system models are important in stability
analysis because of their influence on critical clearing times
and on the damping of rotor oscillations. The general effect of
the excitation system is to reduce the initial rotor swing angle
by increasing the flux level in the machine during periods of
low terminal voltage. Increased flux causes a greater restoring
torque, which slows the machine more rapidly after a fault
clears.

A Type-13 gas-turbine governor model was added to the

Westinghouse stability program,( based on [2], and was
validated using IBMs continuous-system modeling program
and field verification tests. This model is appropriate for
simple-cycle single-shaft generator-drive gas turbines for a
speed range of 95-107 percent of rated speed. Both droop and
isochronous operating modes were modeled to permit evaluation of the cogenerator when connected to the utility grid
(droop) or operating in an isolated mode (isochronous or
droop). The governor model is shown in Fig. 4 and uses data
in Table 111. Refer to Appendix I1 for variable definitions.
The limits, VU and VL, represent per-unit incremental
power. For instance, the change would be 50 percent for the
governor to provide an output of 150 percent of full load.
Since UV represents the maximum incremental power for the
turbine, its value varies with the initial load according to the
equation in Table III. The value of VU is 0.91 for an initial
loading of 5 MW and 0.3 for an initial loading of 76.4 MW.
During an underfrequency condition, turbine output power
decreases as the square of speed due to the turbine exhaust
temperature control. The governor model, however, does not
account for exhaust temperature control. The model produces
a linear increase in output power as frequency declines due to
the droop characteristic. The following alterations to model
parameters were required to simulate the effect of turbineexhaust temperature control.
1) VU was set to 0.005 to limit turbine output power to the
rated load (76.4 MW).
2) The CTG damping coefficient (0)
was changed from
1.O to 0, decreasing the accelerating power.
3) The plant induction motors were represented as a
constant MW load instead of a load varying proportional
to the cube of speed, thereby preventing a reduction in
load.
As part of the development process for the Type-13
governor model, testing was done to determine model sensitivity to different values of network balance intervals or time
steps. A range of time intervals was tried, and a time step
greater than 0.01 s was rejected due to numerical instability
problems. A time interval of 0.008 s was found to give
acceptable results while minimizing the computer resources
required to execute the simulation. A drawback of the 0.008-s
time step is the high-frequency noise produced as shown
later in Figs. 14, 15(a), 15(b), and 17. If the interval is
reduced to 0.001 s, the noise disappears and the curves smooth
out. However, the time step of 0.008 s was retained since the
overall curve shapes do not change and the same conclusions
can be drawn with and without the noise.
An accurate representation of the gas-turbine governor is
important because of its rapid response as compared to utility
steam-turbine generators. In either case, a detailed governor
model is essential when investigating impact loading or the
effects of load shedding on system response. Accuracy of
CTG simulations during underfrequency conditions would

DOUGHTY el al.: ELECTRICAL STUDIES FOR GAS TURBINE COGENERATION FACILITY

753
KV

230, KV

230 KV
138 KV

138 KV

3
PLANT

_5

Fig. 3.

Simplified utility one-line diagram.

to derive the parameters. All synchronous motors were

modeled as synchronous generators. All 480-V motors were
modeled as constant-impedance megawatts and megavars.

TABLE I
GENERATOR DATA

H =
4.64
D =
1.00
RA =
0.003
XL =
0.085
base = 120.5
freq = 60.0

XD =
XDP =
XDPP =
TDOP =
TDOPP =

1.430
0.180
0.125
3.717
0.033
0.073
0.250

SI

=
S1 =

XQ =
XQP =
XQPP =
TQOP =
TQOPP =

v1

1.377
0.452
0.122
1.OOO
0.085

1.OOO

v2 =

1.200

See Reference 3 for variable definitions

TABLE I1
TYPE-ST3 EXCITATION SYSTEM DATA

KA =
TA =
TB =
TC =
KP =

9.900
0.400
1O.OOO
1.OOO
9.700

RC=

0.000

VImax =
VI min =
VR rnax =
VR min =
TR =
KI =

xc=

0.200
KJ=
-0.200
KG =
1.OOO VG rnax =
0.OOO EFD max =
0.300
theta =
3.400
XL =
0.OOO
KC =

200.0
1.OOO
4.600
4.640
0.OOO
0.250
1.170

Static Loads
Static loads were represented as constant-impedance megawatts and megavars.

LOAD-FLOW
STUDIES
A total of 170 buses with over 200 branches was used to
represent the entire system. Data preparation was in accordance with chapters 4 and 5 of [ 5 ] . The Newton-Raphsonl
Gauss-Seidel solution was chosen because fewer iterations are
required.
Load-flow studies were used to confirm distribution transformer tap settings and to provide initial conditions for the
stability studies. The utility supply, plant generation and load,
and system losses are summarized in Table I V .
Unit Transformer (UT) Parameters

have been improved by including exhaust temperature control

in the governor model.

PLANTSYSTEM
MODEL
Steam Turbine Generators
Steam-turbine generators were modeled using maximum
detail on the direct and quadrature axes, similar to the CTG.
Excitation was IEEE Type 7 and the governor was modeled on
Fig. 16 in [3].

Motors
Induction motors 400 hp and above were represented using
the equivalent circuit of Fig. 1 in [4].The induction motor
loads were represented as speed-dependent polynomials.
Synchronous motors being started as induction motors were
also modeled in this manner. The techniques of [4] were used

Transformer parameters, including MVA rating, impedance, high-voltage winding taps, and turns ratio, were
evaluated and selected to optimize overall system performance
at minimum investment.
The MVA rating was calculated per (1) to provide full
generator utilization. The maximum allowable impedance
manufacturing tolerance of - 7.5 percent was assumed [ 2 ] :
MVAZ, = MW;,

+ Mvar;, = MW,
+ (MvarG- 0.925 - X U T M V A U T ) * .

(1)

Unit transformer impedance was selected at 8-percent

nominal (low end of standard impedance range) to improve
stability and to minimize transformer var losses.
Selection of the transformation ratio was made based on the
utility system voltage profile and generator operating voltage
limits of f 5 percent. Typically, UT low-voltage ratings are

754

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 25. NO. 4, JULYiAUGUST 1989

l;o
I

= Transport Delay

KD = Governor Gain
KF

12

= (&)

For F

Fuel System Feedback Gain

(WI

F)

0.5 (1

W)

= 0.23,

12 = 1.3 (Wr

Fig. 4.

- 0.23) +

0.5 (1

-.)

Type13 gas turbine governor. (See Appendix I1 for variable definitions.)

TABLE IV

TABLE 111
TYPE-13 GT GOVERNOR DATA
Variable
T
T1
T2

KD
TD

vu

VL
F
T3
T4
a

b
c

TF
KF
D
(I

VU

PREF

Droop

PLAhT LOAD AND SUPPLY SUMMARY

Isochronous
0.83
2.50
0.01
5.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
15.60
0.05

CTG
STG-s
Utility

Mw

Mvar

MVA

76.4
10.0
21.7

50.2
1.1
11.4

90.9
10.0
24.5

62.1

125.0

0.87

52.0
10.7
_
_
62.7

119.0
10.7
_
125.0

0.90
0.05

~~

0.23
0.00
0.00
1 .OO
0.05
1 .OO
0.40
0.00
0.25

1.00
0.23
0.00
0.00
1.OO
0.05
I .OO
0.40
0.00
0.25

0.84
0.99
0.89

Total supply

108.1

- 1.00

PF

107.5
0.6
~
_
Plant load
108.1
Load
Losses

0.87

(iso-rating (MW) x I .5) - initial load (MW)/generator base MVA

MAX.

GEN. VOLT.

95-100 percent of the generator voltage while high-voltage

ratings are 100-105 percent of the system rated voltage. The
low-voltage winding was rated 13.8 kV (100 percent) to avoid
over-exciting the transformer at maximum generator operating
voltage.
Fig. 5 was developed using (2) to show the effect of various
transformation ratios and varying generator output voltage [6].
The relationship between generator voltage and Mvar output is
approximately linear over the range shown:

v,= v,v,base

(MW +- j Mvar) *
MVAr

I
I

I
I
0

30

60

Fig. 5. Turns ratio nomograph. System voltage: 138 kV. Generator rated
voltage: 13.8 kV. MW input to UT: 76. UT MVA rating: 80. UT
immdance (DU): 0.08.

755

DOUGHTY et al.: ELECTRICAL STUDIES FOR GAS TURBINE COGENERATION FACILITY

Operation of the generator in the absorbing under-excited

region to reduce system voltage was not a system requirement.
Fig. 5 shows the change in generator voltage with a change in
reactive power output at rated MW. Variation in the turns ratio
determines the position on the vertical scale while variations in
impedance determine the slope of each line (fixed at 8 percent
in this example). A transformation ratio of 13.8-142.1 kV was
selected as providing optimum performance over a wide range
of load conditions and utility voltages while maintaining
generator voltage within allowable limits.
SHORT
CIRCUIT
STUDIES
Short-circuit studies were performed to calculate threephase bolted and line-to-ground fault currents in the 138 kV
and medium voltage systems. Calculated fault currents were
used to evaluate circuit-breaker ratings. and to coordinate
protective relays.
The data collected for load flow and stability studies is
valuable when preparing the short-circuit data base. The
system was represented on a R + j X basis. Large synchronous and asynchronous rotating machines were represented by
their respective positive-sequence subtransient reactances and
appropriate multipliers for interrupting and momentary duty
per ANSI C37.010. Lumped equivalent-source impedances
were used to represent small motors. The utility sourcepositive and zero-sequence impedance values were obtained
for both maximum (all elements in service) and minimum
(138-kV line out) conditions.

TABLE V
UTILITY FAULT CLEARING TIMES
Fault Type
Three phase
Double line-to-ground
Single line-to-ground

Time in Cycles
8
17

30

distribution voltage levels. Phase-to-phase reduced fault current was below the minimum recommended pick-up setting for
pilot-wire relays. Three-phase and line-to-ground fault levels
were sufficient for pilot-wire relay pick-up. Increased sensitivity to phase-to-phase faults was achieved by replacing type
HCB pilot wire relays with type HCB-1 relays, which also
detect negative-sequence currents. Other relay coordination at
distribution levels was maintained, although relay pick-up
time in most cases was extended due to lower fault currents.
The reduced fault levels on secondary buses of the main
substations resulted in longer relaying times (2 s), so that
virtually all plant motors trip out due to low voltage or loss of
synchronism during a fault. To avoid shutdown of critical
process equipment not on the fault bus, high-speed bus
differential protection could be provided.

STABILITY
STUDIES
Thirty case studies were performed to determine the
stability of the cogenerator. the plant motors, and steam
turbine generators, during and following a system disturbance.
Simulations ranged from 2 s to 10 s, depending upon the
Parallel Operation
severity of the disturbance and the time required for the system
As expected, the short-circuit study indicated a 10-percent to stabilize. An average of ten plots was developed for each
increase in the 138-kV three-phase fault current with the utility case study, resulting in a total of 300 plots. Printouts and plots
and cogenerator operating in parallel. The cogenerator had contained the following information as a function of time:
even less effect on the distribution voltage levels, approxiI ) real and reactive power flow,
mately a one-half percent increase.
2 ) voltage magnitude and angle,
The studies indicated that in several medium-voltage sys3) system frequency,
tems, calculated fault values exceeded equipment momentary
4) turbine mechanical power output and generator electric
ratings due to past plant load growth. Motor contribution was
power output,
significant, as high as 28 percent in one case.
5) synchronous machine rotor angle, torque, and speed,
6 ) synchronous machine field current and field voltage,
Isolated Operation
7) induction motor torque and slip.
Fault studies were also performed to evaluate operating the
Items 3), 4), and 5) provided the data required to evaluate
cogenerator isolated from the utility grid. The objective was to
establish the minimum three-phase, phase-to-phase, and single the stability of synchronous machines while item 7) indicated
line-to-ground fault currents for comparison with recom- the behavior of induction motors. Remaining items were
useful in analyzing the overall system performance. Printouts
mended relay minimum pick-up settings.
contained a chronological summary of all switching events.
RELAYCOORDINATION
STUDIES
Significant findings and recommendations are described next.
The modest increase in available fault current in parallel Critical Clearing Times
operation did not notably influence primary relay coordination
The critical clearing time (CCT) is the maximum allowable
at 138 kV or distribution voltage levels. Inherently selective
time that a fault can be sustained without a synchronous
138-kV-line pilot-wire relaying and inverse ground directional
machine becoming unstable. Based on utility practice, the
relay coordinating time intervals were virtually unaffected.
maximum allowable fault clearing times (MCT) for various
However, settings on zone-2 and zone-3 phase distance relays
types of faults are shown in Table V and are based on the
were reviewed because of in-feed effect at the cogenerator
following criteria.
138-kV tap.
Reduced fault level, when isolated from the utility, signifi1) For three-phase faults the MCT includes relay operating
cantly affected relay operation at both the 138-kV and
plus breaker opening times.

756

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS. VOL. 25, NO. 4, JULYiAUGUST 1989

~~

12/03/85

LL-G 30-CYCLE FAULT

PARALLEL OPERATION
61. + 60

CASE 5

UESTCAT

R60.5
1
R
60.

0
59.5
H

9z

59.

0
58*5!O-*Oi:

2-

TINE
BUS 32

JO

3:

-1.

54

(SEC)

00

G1

Fig. 6. CTG performance for 30-cycle double line-to-ground fault.

PARALLEL OPERATION

200

1 I /27/85
UESTCAT

200

::E

1
U

..

CASE 3

..L

100

::E

"P

':U

:.R

!'-3OO

100

io-300

5
2

TlHE

Fig. 7.

(SEC)

CTG performance for 30-cycle three-phase fault.

2) For double line-to-ground faults, the MCT includes

breaker failure as well as relay operating and breaker
opening times.
3) For line-to-ground faults, the MCT includes the back-up
relaying operating and breaker opening times.
Critical clearing times for the cogenerator and plant steam
turbine generators exceeded the times shown in Table V. Fig.
6 shows that the cogenerator is stable for a 30-cycle 138-kV
double line-to-ground fault close to the plant. The cogenerator
is mt stable, however, for a 30-cycle 138-kV three-phase fault
as shown in Fig. 7, and confirmed by the swing curves (not
stman).The 30-cycle three-phase fault represents an extreme
d improbable case, and stability is not considered to be a
k q n requirement for that case.

Generator Out-of-Step Protection

Generator out-of-step protection was recommended by the
utility company to isolate the CTG from their system
following a major system disturbance. However, based upon
the performance of the cogenerator for a 30-cycle double lineto-ground fault (Fig. 6 ) , out-of-step protection was considered
to be unnecessary.

Synchronous Motors
During a three-phase fault on the 138-kV system, virtually
all synchronous motors pull out as the minimum fault clearing
time (8 cycles) exceeds the motor critical clearing time (5.5
cycles). The majority of these motors (46 500 hp total) are
tripped off by a power-factor relay after an adjustable time

757

DOUGHTY et al.: ELECTRICAL STUDIES FOR GAS TURBINE COGENERATION FACILITY

STABILITY STUDY
PMMLEL
60.

DROOP
500

59.5

02/ 07/ 86
WESTCAT

CASE 15A3

1
59.

:LR

-500

A
N

58.5
D

n 58.
R

57.5

. -2000
10
0.

.5

I.

1.5

2.

2.5

3.

T I E (SEC)

eus
ID

32
GI

m
Fig. 8.

Impact loading of CTG.

delay. The remainder (26 500 hp total) operate as induction

motors after the field is disconnected on pull-out and will make
an attempt to resynchronize. It was found that these motors
lacked sufficient torque to accelerate against a full load. Since
unloading facilities were nonexistent. the motors stalled.
drawing about 100 MVA at low power factor from the system.
With the plant isolated from the utiliv. this added load
produced a significant voltage drop and resulted in higher slips
and longer recovery times for other running induction motors.
These stalled synchronous motors should be tripped by a
power-factor relay rather than slower locked rotor protection
devices to prevent unnecessary heating and to improve system
performance.
Modeling of the synchronous motors in the stalled condition
was accomplished by creating a positive and negative load
bus-connected in parallel with the synchronous motor bus
through zero-impedance lines. The positive and negative loads
were represented as constant-impedance MWs and Mvars
equal to the starting in-rush of the synchronous motor at zero
speed and rated voltage. Each of these loads was switched on
at zero time in the simulation. The negative load was switched
off at synchronous-motor pull-out after a short delay of 0.25 s,
leaving only the positive load to represent the stalled condition. As the load is constant impedance, it correctly duplicates
the motor starting characteristics.

Impact Louding
The cogenerator can withstand a sudden increase in load,
from 5 to 70 MW, without tripping on low frequency (57 Hz)
or disrupting plant operations. Such an event might occur
during startup, when sudden separation from the utility would
shift the entire plant load to the cogenerator.
Fig. 8 shows the frequency reaching a low level of 57.3 Hz
for a 65-MW step-load increase with 4 percent governor
droop, before rising to its final steady-state value of 57.8 Hz in
a projected time of about 5 s. The corresponding minimum and
steady-state frequencies for a 2-percent droop were 57.6 Hz

and 58.9 Hz. providing greater turbine trip margin. The lower
droop setting results in greater variations in generator loading
with changes in system frequency. and was not recommended.
A major concern with impact loading was whether the gasturbine air-inlet guide vanes (IGVs) would open immediately
after a sudden increase in load. The manufacturer advised that
the necessary controls were provided.
When isolated with the governor set in the droop mode, the
frequency must be readjusted manually to 60 Hz after major
load changes. Similarly, the voltage must be adjusted to
account for voltage regulation in the generator unit transformer. Partial compensation of the voltage drop can be
achieved automatically by setting the reactive compensator in
the voltage regulator to + 4 percent, approximately one-half of
the unit transformer impedance.

Sudden Drop In Load-Isolated

The sudden loss of a manufacturing process line, representing about 20 percent of the plant load, will not produce
instability or voltage problems in the plant. While oscillations
are induced by the sudden change in load, the system stabilizes
in about 5 s.

Loss of the Cogenerator

The tripping of the cogenerator in parallel with the utility
had no significant effect on the rest of the plant. Fig. 9 shows
the variation in rotor speed, rotor angle, and terminal voltage
for one of the steam-turbine generators during a 5-s simulation.
PLANT
VOLTAGEPROFILE
DURING
FAULTS
Fig. 10 shows the voltage profile of several plant load buses
before, during, and after a three-phase, 2 s fault on the 13.8kV bus of plant substation No. 3 when isolated. The sudden
dip in vpltage at about 0.43 s is due to the tripping of 21 OOO
hp of synchronous motors after loss of synchronism, with a
subsequent reduction in motor leading vars. Fig. 11 shows the

758

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 25, NO. 4, JULYIAUGUST 1989

CO-CEN TRIPPED
PARALLEL OPERATION

59.94 f

-26. f

-915

12/04/85
YES T CAT

CASE 6

t.. . .
. - - - - :

: :

TIHE (SEC)
BUS 46

3
Fig. 9.

ISOLATE0

STG response following CTG trip.

DROOP

CASE I28

12/19/85
NESTCAT

t
I.
V

0
L
T

.9

c .8
E

n .I
A

.6

.5
.4

.5

0.

IBUS 2

BUS 16

I.

I .5
T I R E (SEC)

BUS 29

2.

2.5

3.

Ls

Fig. 10. Plant load-voltage profile during 13.8-kV fault.

will automatically clamp the field voltage at a lower value.

The field voltage remains at this level until the protective
device is manually reset. The clamped field prevents the CTG
terminal voltage from reaching normal, as illustrated in Fig.
LARGE
MOTORSTARTING-ISOLATED
12, but aside from prolonging motor starting, there is no
The effect of starting an 8000-hp induction motor when the apparent disruption to plant operations.
As the computer program has no provision for changing the
plant was isolated was studied. This motor is supplied from the
138-kV system through two transformations, one of which is a field-voltage clamping during a run, a field-voltage clamping
dedicated 10-MVA transformer. Normal starting time, assum- of 2.05 pu was simulated by starting the run with about 88
ing a constant 138-kV supply, was calculated to be about 30 s, percent (67.5 MW) of rated load.
with the motor terminal voltage dropping to 70 percent due to
ISOCHRONOUS
VERSUS
DROOPCONTROL
transformer regulation.
When the 8000-hp motor is started, the large in-rush forces
The CTG must operate with its governor in droop mode
the cogenerator's excitation system to go to its maximum with the plant connected to the utility, otherwise it would not
ceiling (4.64 pu). After 15 s, a field-voltage protective relay be possible to control the power flow unless a MW load-

voltage at the CTG terminal for the same fault. A similar dip in
voltage and increase in reactive power is observed due to loss
of the synchronous motors.

759

DOUGHTY el al.: ELECTRICAL STUDIES FOR GAS TURBINE COGENERATION FACILITY

- DROOP

ISOLATED

0
L1.05

CASE I 2 8

12/17/85

YESTCAT

::v

R 1 2 0 :1

3.

"1

: I . '

:IO0

"A
::c2.5

::E

.95

80::

2.

A
1.5

60

*9

.5

0.

1.5

1.

2.

2.5

3.

T I M E (SEC1

CTG performance during 13.8 kV fault.

Fig. 1 1 .

ISOLATED

1.07

2.06

__

1:

2.05

.os

::

~~~

CAS

DROOP

~~

1381

01/15/86

YESTCAT

::~2*04

!I

"1 2 . 0 3

::D

..
L 1-01 .*V2.02
0

:'o

'L

H
::T2.01
A 1-05 ..A

fC
,.E

..
'*

I .02

2.

I . 99

1.01

1.98

0.

.5

I.

1 .5

2.

2.5

3.

TIME (SEC)
BUS 32

oo
Fig. 12. CTG performance-8000-hp motor starting.

sharing controller was used. The CTG can operate with its
governor set in either droop or isochronous mode, with the
plant isolated. The latter has the advantage of restoring
frequency to normal after a load change, while the former has
a better response to large load changes since its gain KA is
three times larger. Comparative performance of the two
modes may be seen in Fig. 13. Variation in turbine mechanical
and generator electric power output is shown for a sudden load
change (65 MW).
SEPARATION
FROM UTILITY
SYSTEM
Plant separation was desirable for the following abnormal
conditions in the utility system: 1) sustained undervoltage, 2)
underfrequency, and 3) faults, causing generator out-of-step
operation. As indicated previously, out-of-step operation is
considered unlikely, so this condition will not be discussed.

Undervoltage
Failure in 1985 of a utility generating station near the plant,
prior to the installation of the cogenerator, resulted in a 20percent reduction in voltage at the plant. The depressed
voltage endured for two hours and resulted in a major
shutdown. Using the system model, the drop in voltage was
duplicated. The cogenerator was placed in service and the test
repeated. Results are displayed in Fig. 14. Significant findings
are:

1) supplying vars to the system, the cogenerator raised

system voltage by 10 percent;
2) during the undervoltage condition, var output of the
cogenerator increased approximately 3.5 times, exceeding the generator's capability by 55 percent.
It is apparent from the preceding that, unless the cogenerator is

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 25, NO. 4, JULYIAUGUST 1989

760

PARALLEL

DROOP

CASE 1 5 A 1

01 /21/86
UESTCAT

100

BO

60

40

lo

oc*
: :

: : : :

: : : :

: :

,
6

TlWE (SEC)

PARALLEL

ISOCH.

CASE 1501

01/21 /86
WESTCAT

120T 1 2 0 T

IO0
T

0 80

60

P
U

40

H
U

20

0
0

3
TIWE (SEC)

L-..
Bus

32

Fig. 13.

(b)
CTG step load response. (a) Droop mode. (b) Isochronous mode.

an underfrequency excursion occur, and to provide suitable

frequency settings for three steps of plant load-shedding to
insure continuous and stable operation of the cogenerator and
the plant after separation.
An underfrequency condition was simulated by opening one
of the major tie lines in the utilitys network, producing a
frequency drop of 0.7 Hz/s. Representing a worse-case
situation, it was assumed that this frequency decay rate would
remain constant prior to separation. Normally, the utilitys
load-shedding scheme would retard the frequency decline and
might restore the frequency to normal if a balance between
load and generation is achieved.
The separation frequency was established at 58.5 Hz, with a
short time delay to coordinate with the utilitys last load-shed
Underfrequency
frequency step. As the plant normally would be importing
The purpose of this case study was to establish frequency power, the first load shed, of about 15.5 MW, was established
and time-delay settings for separation from the utility should at the same frequency as separation. Load shed NO. 2 (6.5

separated from the utility or its field excitation limited, the

field could be damaged.
The excitation system incorporates field protection, which
clamps the field voltage below the rated value if field voltage is
excessive for more than 15 s. In addition, separation from the
utility is desirable to raise the plant voltage back to normal.
Separation is initiated by undervoltage relays set at 88 percent
with a 2-s time delay to coordinate with the utilitys maximum
voltage swing during normal operation.
The effect of field clamping and separation is illustrated in
Fig. 15. Note that the generator var output is reduced below
rated value by field clamping prior to separation, and is
restored to almost its original value after separation.

DOUGHTY et al.: ELECTRICAL STUDIES FOR GAS TURBINE COGENERATION FACILITY

PARALLEL

DROOP

76 1

CASE 8A

04/28/86
UESTCAT

IO

T I M E (SEC)
BUS 3 2

00

GI

Fig. 14. CTG performance-utility undervoltage.

PARALLEL
1.08

110

1.06

100

11.04
;

DROOP

CASE 8E

01 / 2 0 / 8 6
YESTCAT

DROOP

CASE 8E

01 / 2 0 / 8 6
YESTCAT

90
A

1.02

80

0
L

I.

'

'y

70

60

ff

50

M -98

.96
e94 ..

40

-0

PARALLEL

2.09

3.

2.08

f h
2.8

~2.07

L2.6
~2.06 L
0
D

I?

V2.05

C2.4
U
R
R
2.2
N

/d"'
2.01

T
2.

1.81:::::::::::::;:::;:
0
1
2
3

TIME
BUS 3 2

ID GI

Fig. 15.

: - : : : : : : : : : : :

1
(SEC)

00

(b)
Effect of field clamping and separation during utility undervoltage. (a) CTG performance. (b) Field voltage and current.

762

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,VOL. 25, NO. 4, JULYIAUGUST 1989

I -

UNDER-FREO LOAD-SHEDDING CASE

CASE TC4A
PARALLEL
OROOP

03/21 / 8 6

60.

UESTCAT

500

R59.s
1
R

"r

-500

..R

;59. "A-looo
-N

E
E

:; - I500

-E

58.5

.'

H
R

-2000

58.

0
57.5

TIRE (SEC)
BUS 32

IO GI

Fig. 16. Underfrequency isolation and load-shedding.

PARALLEL
105

105

OROOP

03/21 186
UESTCAT

CASE T C I A

11
60

LS#3

' : : - : . : : : : : . . : . : : : : ; : : : ; : : : : : *

I
Fig. 17.

CTG performance-UF isolation and load-shedding.

MW) occurs at 58.2 Hz and load shed No. 3 (15.9 MW) at 57.9
Hz. Fig. 16 shows a plot of rotor speed and angle versus time,
while Fig. 17 shows variation in turbine and electric power
throughout the 6-s simulation.
Underfrequency and undervoltage relays were centrally
located at plant substation No. 1 and were connected as shown
in Fig. 18. The load-shed signal was transmitted to large plant
motors via a distributed control system, specially designed to
limit transmission time to not over 0 . 1 s. The cogenerator and
the rest of the plant were stable throughout the entire
simulation, with recommended frequency settings for separation and load shedding.
CONCLUSION

3
TltlE ( S E C )

1) Project engineers were able to predict performance of

the combustion gas-turbine generator and associated
plant electric system under normal and adverse operating
conditions.
2) Design deficiencies were discovered and corrected
before the startup of the cogeneration facility.
3) Studies developed management confidence in the cogeneration system design and assured that the plant
electric system availability would not be adversely
affected.
4) Studies made possible the design of the utility isolation
and load-shed system, an electric system operating
availability enhancement.

The writers feel that the preceding benefits more than

The electrical studies benefitted the cogeneration project in
justified an expenditure for electric studies of less than 0.5
many ways.

763

DOUGHTY et al.: ELECTRICAL STUDIES FOR GAS TURBINE COGENERATION FACILITY

138 kV PT 2
$A $6 $C

138 kV PT 1
OA OB OC

138 kV PT 1
MFD - 4
RELAYS

RELAYS

SYMBOLS
20UTOF2

FR

-2 0 U T O F 3
DISTRIBUTED CONTROL

Fig. 18. Relaying scheme for separation from utility.

percent of the project authorized funds. An additional bonus is

the availability of the system model for future analysis of the
plant electric system.
I
APPENDIX
COMPUTER
FACILITIES
SOFTWARE
The Westinghouse computer-aided software package,
WESTCAT, was selected for electrical studies. WESTCAT is
a library of interactive power-system analysis programs
including load-flow, short-circuit and dynamic simulations of
generators and motors. Main computer facilities are located in
Pittsburgh, PA. A CRT terminal and printer were leased by
the full-service design contractor to provide remote access to
the main computer. Data was entered via magnetic tape in
Pittsburgh for the utility system, and through the remote CRT
terminal for remaining portions of the system. All programs
were executed using the remote terminal. Results were printed
locally. Plots were reviewed on the terminal and plotted in
color. Case-study files were temporarily stored on disk and
permanently stored on magnetic tape.
APPENDIX
I1
TYPE-1 3 GOVERNOR
VARIABLE DEFINITIONS
Governor gain.
KD
KF
Fuel system feedback gain.
T
Isochronous.
Speed governor.
TI
T2
Speed governor.
TD
Speed governor.
Fuel system.
T3
T4
Fuel system.
TF
Fuel system.
D
Transport delay.
W
Per-unit rotor speed.
Per-Unit fuel flow.
w1
vu, VL Incremental power limits, per unit on machine
base.
Turbine torque, per unit on machine base.
f2
Fuel system transfer function coefficients.
a, b, c,
PM, P ,
PREF Per-unit on machine base.

v
s

v,

V, base
VTHv

Generator nameplate voltage rating, kV.

High-voltage winding tap voltage rating of UT,
kV .
Low-voltage winding rating of UT, kV.

VTLv
(MW k
j Mvar) Generator output MW and Mvar.
MVAT
MVA rating of UT for VTHVtap.
RT +
Resistance and reactance of UT, pu on MVA and
jXT
VTHV base.
*
Complex conjugate.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank Mr. J . T. Woods, Staff Engineer,
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, for supplying data
for the system model and for providing guidance throughout
the electrical studies; and Mr. Jong Lie, Senior Engineer,
Ralph M . Parsons Company, for performing the computer
studies.
REFERENCES
[I1 IEEE Committee Report, Excitation system models for power system
stability studies, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-100, no.
2. Feb. 1981.
121 W. I. Rowen, Simplified mathematical representations of heavy-duty
gas turbines, ASME J. Engineering Power, October 1983.
131 IEEE Committee Report, Procedures for the exchange of power plant
and load data for synchronous stability studies, presented at 1981
IEEE-PES Winter Meeting, Feb. 1981, Paper 81-WM-065-2.
141 S. S. Waters and R. D. Willoughby, Modeling induction motors for
system studies, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-19, no. 5 , Sept./
Oct. 1983.
PI IEEE Recommended Practice For Industrial and Commercial
Power Systems Analysis, IEEE Brown Book, IEEE Std 399-1980.
161 Guide on transformers directly connected to generators, project
report, IEEE Project P785/D7.

Discussion

W. I. Rowen (General Electric Company, 1 River Road,

Schnectady, NY, 12345: The authors are to be complimented
for presenting a very thorough and comprehensive discussion
on their study of a major industrial cogeneration system.
However, a few words of clarification as to the functioning of
the combustion turbine, speed governor, and temperature
controller as a system appear to be in order.
Fuel flow to the combustion turbine and power produced by
APPENDIX
I11
it are under control of either the governor or the temperature
UNITTRANSFORMER
VARIABLE
DEFINITIONS controller. If fuel flow is being controlled by the governor,
System voltage, kV.
then the combustion turbine will respond either to changes of
Generator voltage, pu on V, base (V, is assumed to the governor set point (speed changer) or the frequency
be at zero angle for reference).
deviation of the connected system. This will occur until the

764

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 25, NO. 4, JULYIAUGUST 1989

L
SHIFT UP TO

: t

TURBINE
EXHAUST TEMPERATURE
LIMIT ON I S 0 DAY

.96

94
.92

BASED ON INFORMATION CONTAINED

IN ASME PAPER 83-GT-63

1
/

Fig. 19. Gas turbine speed-power characteristic.

combustion turbine exhaust temperature reaches the set point

of the temperature controller, which then takes control from
the governor to ensure that operating temperatures are
maintained at appropriate levels. At this point the turbine has
reached its maximum capability for the prevailing conditions
of ambient temperature, inlet guide vane angle, and connected
system frequency. These conditions are illustrated for an IS0
day in Fig. 19. The paper cited in [2] includes a simulation of
the temperature controller and forms the basis for the exhaust
temperature limit line shown in Fig. 19.
The fuel command limits, VU and VL, are designed to
allow the control system to operate from maximum-output
low-ambient temperature capability to just above lean combustor blowout fuel flow. The upper limit VU is usually set at a
maximum of 1.5 pu of nameplate rating and is normally not
encountered during turbine operation. The lower limit VL is
selected to maintain adequate fuel flow to ensure against lean
blowout under all conditions of turbine speed and ambient
temperature. It is typically set at a torque deficiency of 10
percent, or -0.10 pu of nameplate rating, but it will vary
somewhat depending on site conditions and fuel characteristics. Furthermore, the reverse power relay is normally set for
- 5 percent at 6-10 s, allowing transient power absorption by
the combustion turbine or up to 10 percent for shorter
durations.
Discussions in [2] with regard to simulation of the temperature control using a maximum fuel limit apply only in cases
where load change is accomplished at the slow rate of the
governor set point. Where load change occurs as a result of the
much faster variation due to system frequency excursions, a
hard fuel limit does not accurately represent the exhaust
temperature control limit function. This is due to the time
constant associated with the exhaust temperature measurement
system, which is approximately 2.5-3 s. Although the
temperature control algorithm incorporates a lead term to
campensate for the measurement system lag, studies have
sboa-n that some overshoot in fuel flow and combustion
turbine output power still occur, and these help in restoring
q a e m frequency and ameliorating the effects of impact
-.

\ W n p received July 29, 1986.

R. L. Doughty, L. Gise, E. W. Kalkstein, and R. D.

Willoughby: The authors thank Mr. Rowen for his informative remarks. We agree that representing the temperature
control by a maximum fuel limit does not accurately represent
the exhaust temperature control limit function when responding to a sudden change in load. We considered modifying the
model to include this additional function, but as the simplified
model represented a conservative approach and produced the
desired results in Fig. 8, it was decided not to make any
changes at this time.
Manuscript received March 29, 1989.

Richard L. Doughty (M75-SM78) received the

B.E.E. and M.E.E. degrees in electrical engineering from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, in 1965
and 1966, respectively.
He has been employed with E. I. du Pont de
Nemours and Company since 1966. He presently
serves as a Senior Consultant in the Project Engineering Division of the Engineering Department.
Since 1974 his assignments have involved design of
electric power systems for industrial plants, including chemical, electrochemical, and cogeneration

facdities.
Mr. Doughty is Chairman of the IAS Power Systems Analysis Subcommittee of the Power Systems Engineering Committee, a member of the Violet
Book Working Group, an Alternate Member on panel 16 of the National
Electrical Code (representing CMA), and a Registered Professional Engineer
In the State of Delaware.

Louis Gise (M39-SM45-M73-SM73-LS83)

was born in New York City on October 23, 1916.
He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1937 and the M.S.
degree in electrical engineering from Columbia
University in 1938.
He joined Westinghouse Electric Corporation in
1938, serving as a Junior Engineer in the Central
Station Engineering Department in Pittsburgh and
then as a Consulting and Application Engineer in
Philadelphia, specializing in generation, transmission, and distribution problems. In 1946 he joined General Foods Corporation, New York, NY, as Electrical Group Leader in the Central Engineering
Department, responsible for the electrical design of food processing plants.
Subsequently, he was Facilities Project Engineer with Republic Aviation
Corporation, Farmingdale, NY, Principal Electrical Engineer with Burns and

DOUGHTY et al.: ELECTRICAL STUDIES FOR GAS TURBINE COGENERATION FACILITY

Roe Inc., Oradell, NJ, and Supervising Electrical Engineer with Sanderson
and Porter, New York, N.Y., responsible for the electrical design of
numerous fossil and nuclear power plants. Currently he is Principal Member
Technical Staff for the Ralph M. Parsons Company, Pasadena, CA, providing
power system analysis and protection studies for engineering and construction
projects, involving both industrial and utility power systems.
Mr. Gise is a member of Tau Beta Pi and Sigma Xi. He is a Registered
Professional Engineer in the State of New Jersey.

Edward W. Kalkstein (M73) was born in Pittsburgh, PA. He received the B.S.E.E. degree from
Carnegie-Mellon University in 1962.
His association with Du Pont began in 1973 in the
Project Engineering and Design Division. His
present title is Senior Consultant in the Electncal
Technology Section. He functions as an electncal
power system Consultant, providing technical assistance to a number of Du Pont cogeneration
facilities.
Mr. Kalkstein is an active member of the IEEEPES Relay Committee, the IAS Protection Committee, and is a member of

765

IEEE-SCC 23, Dispersed Storage and Generation. He is a Registered

Professional Engineer in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Ronald D. Willoughby (M75-SM75) received

the B.S.E.E. degree from the University of Missouri-Rolla, and the M.S.E.E. degree from Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.
In 1974, he joined the Advanced Systems Technology Division of Westinghouse Electric Corporation as a Power Systems Analysis Engineer. In 1982
he was appointed Engineer-in-Charge of the application of transmission software products for system
studies. In 1985 he became Manager of Transmission & Distribution Software and Services; and in
1987, Manager of the Transmission Section, where he was involved in the
development of digital programs for electric power system analysis. In 1989
he left Westinghouse to join Cooper Power Systems as Manager of the
Systems Engineering Department, located at the Thomas A. Edison Technical
Center in Milwaukee, WI.
Mr. Willoughby is a Registered Professional Engineer in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.