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9.1 Basics
Process design
Softening behavior
Micro-alloying elements
Topic 9:
Metallurgical effects during hot strip rolling
Outline
Bandgieanlage
A = 7.500 m
50
Vg = 30 - 90 m/min
m
= 55 - 100 t/hm
150 m
A = 17.500 m
Thin slab
Vg = 4 - 6 m/min
= 100 - 160 t/hm
m
50
9.1 Basics
Process design
Softening behavior
Micro-alloying elements
350 m
A = 105.000 m
Slab
15
0
700 m
Source: Lindenberg, H.-U.: Vorlesung Edelsthle. 16.12.2004, Institut fr Eisenhttenkunde RWTH Aachen
Outline
1. slab warehouse
material flow
2
3
4
6
7
11
10
12
9. coiler
5. descaler
12. roll grinding shop
furnace
cooling section
coiler
-4
austenitisation
temperature 1150C
-2
400
300
grain size, m
2
4
1050C
6
8
10
950C
2
6
8 10 12
4
austenitisation time, h
14
100
0
800
12
0
200
16
C-Mn
900
Al
Nb
1100
1000
temperature, C
1200
Ti
1300
9.1 Basics
Process design
Softening behavior
Micro-alloying elements
.
.
.
1
,0
4
6
9
8
,0
2
ild:2.5
B
2
,1
0
l
A
%
0
2
1
0
1
l/N
A
1
=
,0
3
5
4
N
%
0
6
9
8
,7
.
.
Outline
strain hardening
1,0
dynamic
recovery
dynamic
recrystallisation
dynamic
recrystallisation
0,8
recrystallised
fine grain
rolling gap
strain
coarse
initial grain
0,6
Nb-steel
0,4
Ti-Stahl
Ti-steel
static
recovery
static
recrystallisation
0,2
deformed
0
900
z
z
temperature, C
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
microstructure
character
of formation
transformation
range
temperature, C
700
diffusion in
then transformation
pearlite range
bainite
diffusion in
then shear
then diffusion in und
bainite range
500
300
100
ferrite, carbide
pearlite
martensite
shear
then glide or twinning
(then diffusion in )
martensite range
Microstructure formation
in unalloyed steels
9.1 Basics
Process design
Softening behavior
Micro-alloying elements
9.2 Thermomechanical treatment (TMT)
.
.
.
.
Outline
Metal
Atomic radius
nm
Difference to Fe atom
%
Ti
V
Cr
0.147
0.136
0.128
+14.8
+ 6.2
+0
Zr
Nb
Mo
0.160
0.148
0.140
+25.0
+15.6
+ 9.4
Hf
Ta
W
0.168
0.148
0.141
+31.3
+15.6
+10.2
Nb content, %
0,001
250
0,01
0,05 0,10
10
200
15
s , MPa
20
150
30
100
40
50
50
0
0,1
100
200
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
1 /3
( %Nb)
200
AlN
Nb(C,N)
very coarse
precipitates
approx. 100 nm
acceleration of
transformation
coarse
precipitates
approx. 50 nm
grain refinement
100
80
60
40
average strength
good toughness
20
fine
precipitates
approx. 10 nm
precipitation hardening
high strength
average toughness
800
1000
1200
precipitation temperature, C
Influence of precipitation
temperature on particle size
Outline
1200
TMT
1000
StE 890
yield strength, MPa
9.1 Basics
Process design
Softening behavior
Micro-alloying elements
800
StE 530
tempered (air)
StE 460
600
400
200
0
1900
StE 960
St 37
normalised
hot rolled
1925
1950
1975
2000
Thermomechanical treatment
normalising
rolling
conventional
rolling
600
500
400
Strain
Ti
Strainhardening
hardeningthrough
throughTMT+Nb,
TMT + MAE
Precipitation
Ti
Precipitationhardening
hardeningthrough
throughTMT+Nb,
TMT + MAE
Grain
Ti
Grain refinement
refinementthrough
throughTMT+Nb,
TMT + MAE
300
200
100
temperature
700
thermomechanical
rolling
micro-alloys
+
-not
recrystallised
Mn
coiling
accelerated
cooling
TNR
Ar3
Ar1
Basic strength
0
time
Strengthening mechanisms
Microalloying for
thermomechanical rolling
Minimum temperature
for complete recrystallisation in C
1100
Nb
1050
Steel composition:
0.07% C, 1.4% Mn
deformation per pass
10-15%
1000
950
Ti
900
Al
850
800
750
0
increase of
yield strength in MPa
400
impact transition
temperature T27 C
Interactions between
recrystallization and precipitation
40
GR = grain refinement
P = precipitates
300
200
GR
GR
100
P
GR
0
60
20
P
P+GR
P+GR
-20
GR
P+GR
GR
GR
-40
-60
0
0.04 0.08 0
% Nb
1.0
Degree of deformation
End
Ti-steel
Nb-steel
0.8
Start
0.6
0.4
Ti-Stahl
0.2
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
Deformation temperature in C
austenisation temperature
deformation temperature in the last step
total strain
deformation distribution on several deformation steps
final strain rate
interpass time between the deformation steps
cooling rate
coiling temperature
Influence of parameters on
strength and toughness
10