Review of Important Concepts

Lessandro Estelito O. GARCIANO

Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
De La Salle University

Class Policies
o

Download
the
problem
sets
from
my
webpage
www.garcianopage.com/gigi. Important announcements will also be
posted in the website

Problem Sets
should

be written on an clean A4 size bond paper

must

be handed in at the beginning of the class on the due date.

LATE

problem sets will not be accepted !!!

Seatwork - write it on yellow paper and hand it in before class time

ends. Late seatwork will not be accepted.

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Class Policies
o

Attendance in lectures is required. Student who is absent

for more than 5 meetings (7.5 hours) will receive a FDA.

Missed quiz / final exam will be given a grade of 0 for that

quiz or exam.

Cheating will be penalized with a grade of zero in the LQ or

FE.
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Assessment
The general average of each students grade will be
computed as follows:

Problem sets and seatwork

- 10%

Average of the three (3) long quizzes - 60%

Final exam

- 30%
100%

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Resources
o

Textbook
Strength

of Materials, 4th Edition, Singer and Pytel

References
Mechanics

of Materials, 8th edition, 2012, R. C. Hibbeler

of Materials, 4th edition, 2012, Beer, Johnston

and DeWolf

Mechanics

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Observed failure modes

during the 2013 Bohol Earthquake

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What is Mechanics?
o

Mechanics is the science which describes and

predicts the conditions of rest or motion of bodies
under the action of forces

It is divided into three parts: Mechanics of Rigid

Bodies, Mechanics of Deformable Bodies, and
Mechanics of Fluids.

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Introductory Concepts
statics
Rigid Bodies

kinematics
dynamics
kinetics

Mechanics
of Solids

Strength of materials
Deformable Bodies

Engineering
Mechanics

Theory of elasticity

Theory of plasticity
Ideal fluids
Mechanics
of Fluids

viscous fluids
compressible fluids

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Definition
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
o

is a branch of mechanics that studies the

relationships between the external loads applied to
a deformable body and the intensity of internal
forces acting within the body

Involves computing the deformations of the body

and provides a study of the bodys stability when
the body is subjected to external forces
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External Loads
o

Surface forces caused by the direct

contact of one body with the surface of
another

Concentrated force a force applied to

a point on the body

Surface loads a surface load applied

along a narrow area

Body force is developed when one body

exerts a force on another body without
direct physical contact between the
bodies.
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Support Connection

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Support Connection

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Support Connection

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Support Reactions

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Support Reactions

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Definition and Meaning of Equilibrium

o

Equilibrium is the term used to designate the condition

where the resultant of a force system is zero.

The physical meaning of equilibrium, as applied to a body,

is that the body is either at rest or is moving along a
straight line path with constant velocity.

Both these statements are implied in Newtons first law of

motion; namely, a particle acted upon by a balanced force
system has no acceleration.

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Free-Body Diagrams
o

Problems in mechanics always involve the interaction of bodies upon one

another.

Successful solution of these problems generally requires that the bodies

be isolated from one another so that the forces involved may be analyzed
and unknown forces determined.

An isolated view of a body which shows only the external forces exerted
on the body is called a free-body diagram (or FBD).

The external forces are caused either by direct bodily contact or by

gravitational or magnetic attraction.
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Mechanical action of Forces

in two-dimensional analysis

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Mechanical action of Forces

in two-dimensional analysis

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Mechanical action of Forces

in two-dimensional analysis

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Steps involved in drawing a FBD

1. Draw a diagram of the body completely isolated from

all bodies. The free body may consist of an entire

assembled structure or any combination or part of it.

2. Represent the action of each body or support that

has been removed by a force (or its components) as

given in the previous table

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Steps involved in drawing a FBD

3. Label each force by its magnitude if known, or by a

symbol is unknown. If the sense of an unknown force

along its line of action should be incorrectly assumed,
the solution will give a negative sign, but its
magnitude will nevertheless be correct.

4. The FBD should be legibly and neatly drawn, and of

sufficient size that all pertinent data can be clearly

depicted.
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Sample FBDs

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Sample FBDs

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Sample Problem
In each of the following examples, the body to be isolated is shown in
the left-hand diagram, and an incomplete FBD of the isolated body is
shown on the right. Add whatever forces are necessary in each case
to form a complete FBD. The weights of the bodies are negligible
unless otherwise indicated. Dimensions and numerical values are
omitted for simplicity.

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Sample Problem

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Equations of Equilibrium
o Equilibrium is defined as the condition when the resultant of a

force system is equal to zero.

o The FBD should be legibly and neatly drawn, and of sufficient

size that all pertinent data can be clearly depicted.

o Recall that the most general force system may be reduced to a

concurrent force system at any arbitrary point plus a couple

which equals the moment sum of the original system about that
point.
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Equations of Equilibrium
o When the force-couple system is equal to zero, the

basic vector equations of equilibrium therefore are

and
which are equivalent to the following six scalar
equations:

and

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Categories of Equilibrium

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Categories of Equilibrium

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Internal Effects of Forces

(three dimension loadings)

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Internal Effects of Forces

(Coplanar Loadings)
Internal forces and moments are classified
according to their physical effects caused on the
member. These physical effects are
Axial force P tends to pull (stretch, elongate) or

push (compress, shorten) the member in the x direction

Shear force V tends to cause sliding of one part

of a member with respect to an adjacent part.

Torsional moment (torque) Mx or T tends to

twist the member about the x axis

Bending Moments My and Mz tend to bend or

flex the member about the y and z axes,

respectively.
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Internal Effects of Forces

Consider the fixture subjected to loads as shown below.

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Physical Effects of
internal forces / moments

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Check Your Understanding

A connecting rod is subjected to the axial forces

shown. Determine the internal reactions at sections
a a, b b and c c.

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Check Your Understanding

For the cantilever beam shown below, determine the
internal reactions at section a a and section b b.

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Check Your Understanding

For the jib crane shown
below,
determine
the
internal reactions at section
a a (just to the left of the
2000-lb force).

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Check Your Understanding

For the simply supported beam subjected to the
uniformly distributed load shown in the figure,
determine the internal reactions at section a a.

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Seatwork #1
(ID # ending in an even no.)

(ID # ending in an odd no.)

For the member BC supported by

a bar AB and pin at C and
subjected to the linearly varying
line load shown below, determine
the internal reactions at section a
a.

For the simply supported member

shown below, determine the
internal reactions at section a a.

Seatwork #1
(ID # ending in an even no.)

(ID # ending in an odd no.)

Determine the internal reactions at

section a a and section b b for
the beam shown.

Determine the axial force, shear

force, and moment at point C.

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