1/28 Day 3

Sunday, January 26, 2014

6:17 PM

- Angiosperms have seeds

Mass/ferns dont
No roots either
Stressors: enviromental obstacles for plants
- Pollen produces sperm
Interacts with ovule in bud
Embryo in seed
- Animal cells
Do not move
- Roots
Absorbs ions/water
Anchor plant
- Stems
Internodes between leaf branches
Catalyst for reproduction
Supports leaves/flowers
- Primary growth
Get longer
Meristems
Extends stem
Apical meristem
Tip of roots/shoot
- Dermal tissues
Skin of plant
Stomas
Gas exchange
Guard cells contain them
- Ground Tissue
Production/storage of molecules
Carbs, toxins, pigments
- Vascular tissue
Phloem
Transports sugar, other molecules
Alive
Xylem
Dead
Conducts water
Only goes upwards

Bio 153 Page 1

1/30 Day 4
Thursday, January 30, 2014
3:49 PM

- Cohesion Tension Theory

Water is taken up by roots
Water is pulled up through xylem
Into leaves
- Vessel Elements
Better transporters
Many slits
- Tracheids
Longer/taller Xylem cells

Secondary Growth
- Getting thicker
- More structural support,
Nutrients need to flow quicker
- Cork
Very outside of bark
Waxy
- Secondary Phloem
Transports food inside the bark
- More water transport in wood
- Cork Cambium
Adds cells to outside
Between bark and cork
Vascular Cambium
Adds cells to inside
Between wood and bark
- Cylindrical Meristems

Plants Nutrients
- Can create all the food they need
Need light
And non-organic molecules
- Essential Nutrients
- Macronutrients
Need lots of it
- Micronutrients
Need little of it
- Soil
- Inorganic/organic molecules, water, rock
Tons of organisms
- Takes long time to form

Bio 153 Page 2

2/4 Day 5
Tuesday, February 04, 2014
3:51 PM

- Composition of soil effects nutrient availability

- Leaching
Water pushing nutrients down very far
Happens to anions and cations
- Ions are important for creation of food
Anions stay in solution
Cations bind to soil
Harder for plant to take up
Protons can unbind them

- Nitrogen Fixation
Plants can't process nitrogen gas
Need ammonium
Bacteria can turn nitrogen gas into ammonium
Can infect legume roots if signaled to
Ability to fix nitrogen for plant
Safety and food for bacteria

- Evolution
Acclimatization
Short term response to environmental flucation

- Thermoregulation
High temperature
Denatured proteins
Metabolism coordination is lost
Low temperature
Enzymes need more energy
Cell membrane would get too stiff
Ice particles could destroy cell

Bio 153 Page 3

2/6 Day 6
Thursday, February 06, 2014
3:55 PM

- Endotherms
Generate heat inside body
- Ectotherms
Heat source is outside body
- Heterotherm
Body temp goes along with outside
- Homeotherm
Body temp stays the same
- Radiation
Heat coming onto and out of organism
- Evaporation
Cooling process via water evaporation
- Convection
Body flow creating heat
- Conductions
Between two surfaces
surfaces moves heat
- Countercurrent exchangers
Property of two liquids transferring
Have to be flowing in opposite directions.

- Metabolic rate = rate of energy consumption

Can be measured as consumption of Oxygen
BMR
Metabolism at rest
Can measure energy per gram of tissue
Oxygen per gram of tissue

- Neurons
- Resting Potential
Electric potential between out/inside membrane
Negative means inside is more negative
Membrane potential of a neuron not communicating
- Action Potential
Shoots down synapse
Becomes positive then negative as it goes down synapse
Depolarizes as it gets ready to shoot
Repolarized as it shoots
Bio 153 Page 4

1367

 Repolarized as it shoots
- Action potential spreading
Depolarization = Na+ coming in
Na+ pushes cations and pulls in anions
Causes nearby channels to open
K+ channels then open, to counter
Starts repolarization
Channels are constantly working
Mostly Na outside, K inside

Bio 153 Page 5

2/11 Day 7
Tuesday, February 11, 2014
3:46 PM

- Axons with larger diameter go faster

- Depolarization
Inside is more positive
- Hyperpolarization
Inside is more negative

- Neuron communication
Presynaptic neuron open up calcium channels
Neurontransmitter is released through channels
Presynaptic neuron reuptakes up transmitter
Flow of ions between neurons increases chance for action potential
Postsynaptic
When many neurons are connected to each other
More likely to fire, more excitable
Action potential at presynaptic
Doesnt always lead to action potential at postsynaptic
- Strong stimulus = high frequency of action potential
- Weak stimulus = low frequency of action potential

- Short term memory

- Coded on the synapse
- Long term memory
- Creation of more synapse connections

Bio 153 Page 6

2/20 Day 8 (2/13 snow day)

Thursday, February 20, 2014
3:56 PM

- Tetanus
Bacterial infection
Prevents inhibition of NT that relaxes muscles
Vaccinated

- Flu
Changes a lot
Have to get vaccinated every year
If one individual gets infected with multiple strains
Strains will combine to form new strain
Bird flu
Transmitted from contact with birds
Pandemic potential
Could be GLOBAL crisis
Would require human-human transmission

- Immune system
Can fight
Bacteria, viruses, parasite, toxins
In cells, outside of cells
Innate immune system
Doesn't adapt to reinfection
All animals have it
Faster
Attacks anything
External
Skin, secretions, mucus membranes
Internal
Phagocytic cells
Natural killer cells
Adaptive immune system
Targets specific pathogens
Only a few for each disease
Once one attacks, makes tons of copies
Only vertebrates have
Slower
Produces antibodies
B cells, T cells
Helper T cells
Binds to foreign cells
Sends out chemical signals (cytokines)
If its an antigen, antibodies/t cells will kill
Makes memory T cells for repeat infection
Antibody-mediated (Humoral)
Attacks free floating pathogens
Antibodies released by activated B Cells (plasma cells)
Bio 153 Page 7

 Antibodies released by activated B Cells (plasma cells)

B cells bind to antigen
Makes ton of plasmas cells
Some memory B cells for repeat infection
Cell-mediated
Attacks pathogens in cells/cancer cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Binds to target cell and kills it
Makes tons of copies of itself
Some memory T cells for repeat infections
Can only target cells with antigens that other cells point out
Cant attack self
When t/b cells made, they are tested for this
Lymphatic System
Infection
- Skin is stabbed
- Phagocytic cells eat bacteria

- Lymphocytes
B cells T cells
- In bone marrow
Maturation
- B cells in bone marrow
- T cells in Thymus
Home (they stored in)
- Spleen
- Lymph nodes
Transport via
- Lymphatic ducts
- Blood vessels

Bio 153 Page 8

2/25 Day 9
Tuesday, February 25, 2014
3:50 PM

- Fossils
Thought of as evidence of evolution
Radiometric dating
Could determine age of fossil
- Extinct species
If species get extinct, domain of species changes
- Vestigial Trait
Reduced structure with reduced (or no) function
- Homology
Trait similar to species
Because both species inherited
Shared ancestor
- Homoplasy
Similar traits
Not from shared ancestor

Bio 153 Page 9

2/27 Day 10
Thursday, February 27, 2014
3:53 PM

Darwin postulates
- Trait is variable
- Variation is heritable
- Individual differences exist in reproductive success
- Differences in success are due to differences in the expression of trait

- Evolutional Development
Genes which regulate genes which cause traits
Difference between species

Bio 153 Page 10

3/4 Day 11
Tuesday, March 04, 2014
3:48 PM

- Types of Natural Selection

Directional
Average value of trait changes
Decrease in genetic variation
Stabilizing
No change in mean, variation of trait changes
Disrupted
Same mean, but extremes of spectrum are most common
Letter m
- Mutations
Insignificant for allele frequencies
Significant for genetic variation
Germ-line mutations
Effect offspring
Somatic cells mutations can not

Bio 153 Page 11

3/6 Day 12
Thursday, March 06, 2014
3:56 PM

Exam review
Tuesday 6-8
Morrill 131

Hardy weinberg
- Only applies if
No evolution occuring
Random mating

Bio 153 Page 12

3/11 Day 13
Tuesday, March 11, 2014
3:48 PM

- Post-zygotic isolation
Hybrid sterility
Grows to adult, but can never reproduce
Hybrid
- Allopatric Speciation
Gene flow between populations interrupted
By geographical barriers

Bio 153 Page 13

Exam 3
Thursday, March 13, 2014
3:52 PM

Bio 153 Page 14

3/13 Day 14
Thursday, March 13, 2014
3:52 PM

- Sympatric (same area) Speciation

Happens through:
Internal events: polyploidy
External events: Disruptive Selection
- Incipient species
New species "in the making"
Species diverging but gene flow still possible

- Polyploidization
Common, esp in plants
Gamete has full set of chromosomes
Form a tetraploid
With self fertilization both gametes become doubled

- Adaptive Radiations
Rapid emergence of many new species
Happen when:
Empty habitats become available
So lack of competitors
New adaption allows exploration of new niches

- Hybridization
2 populations coming back together and mating
Relatively uniform mix of alleles
- Introgression
New alleles introduced into parent species

- Hybrid swarm
Population of hybrids
If hybrids are as viable as parent
Merge with parents
If they can mate with them (backcross)
If hybirds aren't very fit, cant mate well
Reinforcement
Of the two species not mating

Bio 153 Page 15

3/25 Day 15
Tuesday, March 25, 2014
3:50 PM

- Taxon
Grouping of organisms (at any level)
- Monophyletic Group
Contains all descendants of an ancestral species
And no other species
A part of a tree
- Synapomorphy
Shared, derived trait
Defines a monophyletic group
- Polyphyletic Group
Group which doesnt include the most recent common ancestor
Between species in group
- Paraphyletic group
Monophyletic, minus some of the descendants
- Parsimony Principle
When making a tree
The one with the least changes of traits
Some are more/less parsimony

- Fossilization
Is very rare
Requires slow decomposition, fast burial
Much more likely in certain groups/habitats/eras
Ex mollusks
Also less likely if organism is rare/low population
- Mass Extinctions
Things which destroy lots of life on earth
Perhaps over 1000s of years
Background extinctions
Are natural, gradual change
Not mass extinctions
Massive change in environment

Bio 153 Page 16

3/27 Day 16
Thursday, March 27, 2014
4:00 PM

- Bacteria
Prokaryotic
Tend to live as individuals
Sometimes do labor together
Endospores
Protective coating to survive lethal conditions
Binary fission
Act of splitting into two cells and growing
- Bacterial Diversity
Size, shape, how they move, cell wall
Metabolism
Many different things they can eat
Autotrophs
Self synthesized carbon
Heterotrophs
Carbon from molecules from other organisms
Energy can come from:
Sunlight, organic molecules, inorganic molecules
Phototrophs, chemoorganictrophs, chemolithotrophs
- Archaea
Same diversity as bacteria
- Differences between archaea and bacteria
Plasma membrane
Different RNA polymerase

Bio 153 Page 17

4/1 Day 17
Tuesday, April 01, 2014
4:00 PM

- Eukaryote
Protists
Very general phrase
Not monophyletic group
Not evolutionary relevant, simply convenient
Ciliates
Aquatic, covered in cilia
Dinoflagellates
Freshwater, free-floating plankton
Two flagella
Apicomplexans
Parasitic, no cilia or flagella
Diatom
Unicellular, glassy cell walls
Bilateral symmetry, photosynthetic, primary producer in ocean
Brown Algae
Leaf-like blades, stalks, look like plants; photosynthesis
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Closer to animals than plants
Common ancestor
Single cell, with mitochondria, nucleus, no cell wall
- Endosymbiont theory of mitochondria
Archaeon engulfed bacterium

Bio 153 Page 18

4/3 Day 18

4/8 morrill 131 7pm exam review

Thursday, April 03, 2014

3:58 PM

- Green Plants
Monophyletic group
Algae moved from sea to land
First group completely on land
Necessary Adaptions
Waxy cover on body (cuticle)
Retains water
Stomata for CO2
Lignin
Structural support
Water Conducting Cells (Tracheid)
Gametangium
Protects gametes from drying out
Embryo develops on parent

Nonvascular Plants
First plants
Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns
Seed plants
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Gymnosperms
- Fungi
Most of body is underground
Massive single-celled chains
High surface area to volume ratio
Unlikely to dry out
Heterotrophs
Absorb organic molecules
After breaking down outside of body
Symbiotic relationship with plants
Sometimes parasites
Used my humans for many things (chocolate)
Monophyletic group
Much not known about the phylogenetic tree
Single celled (yeast)
Then multicellular

Bio 153 Page 19

Nonvascular

Cuticle, gametangium, pores

Seedless

Tracheids , lignin, leaves, roots, stomata

Gymnosperm Seeds, pollen

Angiosperm

Pollen, seeds, flowers, fruits

READ: pg619-623
myccorhizae