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Solution to Assignment 2
September 7, 2006
Causality: The system is NOT causal because for any t < 1, the output
depends on a future input, e.g. y(0) = x(2) + x(2).
Invertibility: The system is NOT invertible because, if w(t) is even, then the
output y(t) corresponding to x1 (t) = w(t)u(t) is indistinguishable from
that corresponding to x2 (t) = w(t)u(t).
Linearity: The system is linear because if
y1 (t) = x1 (t 2) + x1 (2 t),
y2 (t) = x2 (t 2) + x2 (2 t), and
x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t),
(1)
(2)
(3)
x(t 2) + x(2 t)
(x1 + x2 )(t 2) + (x1 + x2 )(2 t)
x1 (t 2) + x2 (t 2) + x1 (2 t) + x2 (2 t)
(x1 (t 2) + x1 (2 t)) + (x2 (t 2) + x2 (2 t))
y1(t) + y2(t).
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
R2
x( )d
(9)
(10)
(11)
The character a on the left hand side of the equals sign is a label. The variable a on the right
hand side represents an arbitrary real number. It may be easier to think of a specific number, say, 3, so
long as you note that for the system to be time invariant, the test must work for any real value, not just
3.
Solution to Assignment 2
September 7, 2006
Causality: The system is NOT causal because for any t < 2, the output
depends on a future input.
Invertibility: The system is NOT invertible because only the integral and
not the input function itself determines the output, e.g. the output corresponding to input x1 (t) = u(t) u(t 1) is the same as that corresponding
to input x2 (t) = 2[u(t) u(t 1/2)].
Linearity: The system is linear because if
Z
y1 (t) =
y2 (t) =
x1 ( )d, and
(12)
x2 ( )d,
(13)
and x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t), then the output y(t) corresponding to the
input x(t) is
y(t) =
=
(x1 + x2 )( )d
x1 ( )d +
= y1 (t) + y2(t).
x2 ( )d
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
y(t) =
(18)
x( )d
Z 1
0
(19)
= 1,
(20)
x3 ( )d
Z 2
3
x( )d
= 0
6
=
y(t 3).
2
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
We need only a single delay value for which the property does not hold to show that the system is
not time invariant, so 3 will do.
Solution to Assignment 2
September 7, 2006
(25)
(26)
and x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t), then the output y(t) corresponding to the
input x(t) is
y(t) = (d(x1 + x2 )/dt)(t)
= (dx1 /dt)(t) + (dx2 /dt)(t)
= y1 (t) + y2 (t).
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
Causality: The system is NOT causal because if t < 0, then the output
depends on future values of the input, e.g. for t = 3 we have y(3) =
x(1).
Invertibility: The system is invertible by applying the function w(t) = y(3t).
Linearity: The system is linear because if
y1 (t) = x1 (t/3), and
y2 (t) = x2 (t/3)
(31)
(32)
and x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t), then the output y(t) corresponding to the
input x(t) is
y(t) = (x1 + x2 )(t/3)
= x1 (t/3) + x2 (t/3)
= y1 (t) + y2 (t)
(33)
(34)
(35)
Solution to Assignment 2
September 7, 2006
Time Invariance: The system is time invariant. To see this, we let y(t) be
the output corresponding to the input x(t) and let xa (t) = x(t a). Then
the output ya (t) corresponding to the input signal xa (t) is
ya (t) = xa (t/3) = x((t a)/3) = y(t a)
(e) y(t) = cos(x(t))
(36)
(37)
(38)
and x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t), then the output y(t) corresponding to the
input x(t) is
y(t) = cos(x1 (t) + x2 (t))
= cos(x1 (t)) cos(x2 (t)) sin(x1 (t)) sin(x2 (t))
6= cos(x1 (t)) + cos(x2 (t))
(39)
(40)
(41)
in general. (We used an identity from Chapter B of the texbook to get the
second equality above.)
Memorylessness: The system is memoryless because the output at time t
depends on input values at only time t.
Time Invariance: The system is time invariant. To see this, we let y(t) be
the output corresponding to the input x(t) and let xa (t) = x(t a). Then
the output ya (t) corresponding to the input signal xa (t) is
ya (t) = cos(xa (t)) = cos(x(t a)) = y(t a).
(42)
Solution to Assignment 2
September 7, 2006
(43)
(a) Suppose = 5.
i. Find the eigenvalues and modes.
Solution: Solving Q() = 2 + 5 + 6 = ( + 2)( + 3) = 0, we obtain the
eigenvalues 1 = 2 and 2 = 3. The corresponding modes are c1 e2t
and c2 e3t .
ii. Find the zero input response y0 (t) corresponding to the initial conditions
y(0) = 1, y(0)
= 3.
Solution: The ZIR is
y0 (t) = c1 e2t + c2 e3t , so
y 0 (t) = 2c1 e2t 3c2 e3t .
(44)
(45)
y0 (0) = 1 = c1 + c2 and
y0 (0) = 3 = 2c1 3c2
(46)
(47)
Solving
(48)
(49)
(50)
(51)
Solution to Assignment 2
September 7, 2006
(52)
The degree of Q(D) being one greater than the degree of P (D), the value
of b0 is zero. We obtain
h(t) = [(D + 4)yn (t)]u(t)
= [2e2t + 3e3t + 4(e2t e3t )]u(t)
= [2e2t e3t ]u(t).
(53)
(54)
(55)
= 3.
Solution: For readability, Ill write the intermediate equations in terms
of and and substitute for them at the end. The ZIR is
y0 (t) = c1 e(+j)t + c2 e(j)t , so
y 0 (t) = ( + j)c1 e(+j)t + ( j)c2 e(j)t .
(56)
(57)
y0 (0) = 1 = c1 + c2 and
y0 (0) = 3 = ( + j)c1 + ( j)c2
(58)
(59)
Solving
j(3 )
+ j(3 )
and c2 =
2
2
(60)
so
j(3 ) (+j)t + j(3 ) (j)t
e
+
e
2
2
!
!
jt
j(3 )et ejt + ejt
+ ejt
t e
+
= e
2
2
t
(3 )e
sin(t)
= et cos(t) +
7et/2
sin( 23t)
= et/2 cos( 23t/2) +
23
y0 (t) =
(61)
(62)
(63)
(64)
Solution to Assignment 2
September 7, 2006
(65)
(66)
1
1
and c2 = j
2
2
so
1
(e(+j)t + e(j)t )
2
!
t sin(t)
, and
= e
!
t sin(t)
y n (t) = e
+ et cos(t)
yn (t) = j
(67)
(68)
(69)
(70)
The degree of Q(D) being one greater than the degree of P (D), the value
of b0 is zero. We obtain
h(t) = [(D + 4)yn (t)]u(t)
"
!
#
t sin(t)
t
= ( + 4)e
+ e cos(t) u(t)
(71)
(72)
(73)
6t
and
eigenvalues
1 = 2 = 6. The corresponding modes are c1 e
c2 te 6t .
Solution to Assignment 2
September 7, 2006
ii. Find the zero input response y0 (t) corresponding to the initial conditions
y(0) = 1, y(0)
= 3.
Solution: The ZIR is
y0 (t) = c1 e 6t + c2 te 6t , so
y 0 (t) = 6(c1 e 6t + c2 te 6t ) + c2 e 6t .
(74)
(75)
Solving
y0 (0) = 1 = c1 and
y 0 (0) = 3 = 6c1 + c2
for c1 and c2 yields
c1 = 1 and c2 = 3 +
so
y0 (t) = (1 + (3 +
6)t)e
(76)
(77)
6t
6t
Solving
yn (0) = 0 = c1 and
y n (0) = 1 = 6c1 + c2
(78)
(79)
yn (t) = te 6t , and
yn (t) = 6te 6t + e 6t
(80)
(81)
(82)
The degree of Q(D) being one greater than the degree of P (D), the value
of b0 is zero. We obtain
h(t) = [(D + 4)yn (t)]u(t)
(83)
(84)
(85)