Bruce Lee

For other uses, see Bruce Lee (disambiguation).

This is a Chinese name; the family name is Lee.
Bruce Lee (Chinese: ; born Lee Jun-fan,
Chinese: ; November 27, 1940 July 20, 1973)
was a Hong Kong American martial artist, Hong Kong
action lm actor, martial arts instructor, lmmaker,* [3]
and the founder of Jeet Kune Do. Lee was the son of
Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-Chuen. He is widely considered by commentators, critics, media and other martial artists to be one of the most inuential martial artists
of all time,* [4] and a pop culture icon of the 20th century.* [5]* [6] He is often credited with helping to change
the way Asians were presented in American lms.* [7]
Bruce Lee as a baby.

Lee was born in Chinatown, San Francisco on November

27, 1940 to parents from Hong Kong and was raised in
Kowloon with his family until his late teens. He was introduced to the lm industry by his father and appeared
in several lms as a child actor. Lee moved to the United
States at the age of 18 to receive his higher education,
at the University of Washington,* [8] and it was during
this time that he began teaching martial arts. His Hong
Kong and Hollywood-produced lms elevated the traditional Hong Kong martial arts lm to a new level of popularity and acclaim, sparking a surge of interest in Chinese
martial arts in the West in the 1970s. The direction and
tone of his lms changed and inuenced martial arts and
martial arts lms in the United States, Hong Kong and the
rest of the world.* [9]

1 Early life
Bruce Lee was born on November 27, 1940, at the
Chinese Hospital, in San Francisco's Chinatown. According to the Chinese zodiac, Lee was born in both the
hour and the year of the Dragon, which according to tradition is a strong and fortuitous omen.* [13]
Bruce's father, Lee Hoi-chuen, () was Han Chinese, and his mother, Grace Ho ( ), was halfChinese and half-Caucasian.* [14] Specically, Grace Ho
was purportedly a half-German Catholic,* [15] and may
have been adopted.* [16] Grace Ho was the daughter of
Ho Kom-tong (Ho Gumtong, ) and the niece of
Sir Robert Ho-tung, both notable Hong Kong businessmen and philanthropists.* [17] Bruce was the fourth child
of ve children: Phoebe Lee (), Agnes Lee (
), Peter Lee (), and Robert Lee ().
Lee and his parents returned to Hong Kong when he was
three months old.* [18]

He is noted for his roles in ve feature-length lms:

Lo Wei's The Big Boss (1971) and Fist of Fury (1972);
Golden Harvest's Way of the Dragon (1972), directed
and written by Lee; Golden Harvest and Warner Brothers' Enter the Dragon (1973) and The Game of Death
(1973), both directed by Robert Clouse.* [10] Lee became an iconic gure known throughout the world, particularly among the Chinese, as he portrayed Chinese nationalism in his lms.* [11] He trained in the art of Wing
Chun and later combined his other inuences from various sources, in the spirit of his personal martial arts philosophy, which he dubbed Jeet Kune Do (The Way of
the Intercepting Fist). Lee held dual nationality of Hong
Kong and the United States.* [12] He died in Kowloon
Tong on July 20, 1973 at the age of 32.

1.1 Names
Lee's Cantonese birth name was Lee Jun-fan (
).* [19] The name homophonically means return
again, and was given to Lee by his mother, who felt
he would return to the United States once he came of
age.* [15] Because of his mother's superstitious nature,
she had originally named him Sai-fon (), which is
a feminine name meaning small phoenix.* [20] The
English name Bruceis thought to have been given by
the hospital attending physician, Dr. Mary Glover.* [21]
1

EARLY LIFE

1.3 Wing Chun

See also: History of Wing Chun
The largest inuence on Lee's martial arts develop-

Bruce Lee and his family, when he was a child.

Lee had three other Chinese names: Li Yuanxin (

), a family/clan name; Li Yuanjian (), which
he used as a student name while he was attending La Salle
College, and his Chinese screen name Li Xiaolong (
; Xiaolong meanslittle dragon). Lee's given name
Jun-fan was originally written in Chinese as , however, the Jun () Chinese character was identical to part
of his grandfather's name, Lee Jun-biu (). Hence, Lee, before the age of 18.
the Chinese character for Jun in Lee's name was changed
to the homonym instead, to avoid naming taboo in Chi- ment was his study of Wing Chun. Lee began training in Wing Chun when he was yet 16 years old unnese tradition.
der the Wing Chun teacher Yip Man in 1957, after
losing a ght with rival gang members. Yip's regular classes generally consisted of the forms practice, chi
sao (sticking hands) drills, wooden dummy techniques,
1.2 Family
and free-sparring.* [24] There was no set pattern to the
classes.* [24] Yip tried to keep his students from ghting
Lee's father, Lee Hoi-chuen, was one of the leading in the street gangs of Hong Kong by encouraging them to
Cantonese opera and lm actors at the time, and was em- ght in organized competitions.* [25]
barking on a year-long opera tour with his family on the After a year into his Wing Chun training, most of Yip
eve of the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong. Lee Hoi- Man's other students refused to train with Lee after they
chuen had been touring the United States for many years learned of his mixed ancestry, as the Chinese were generand performing at numerous Chinese communities there. ally against teaching their martial arts techniques to nonAsians.* [26]* [27] Lee's sparring partner, Hawkins Cheung states,Probably fewer than six people in the whole
Wing Chun clan were personally taught, or even partly
taught, by Yip Man.* [28] However, Lee showed a keen
interest in Wing Chun, and continued to train privately
with Yip Man and Wong Shun Leung in 1955.* [29] Wan
Kam Leung, a student of Wong's, witnessed a sparring
bout between Wong and Lee, and noted the speed and
Lee's mother, Grace Ho, was from one of the wealthiprecision with which Lee was able to deliver his kicks.
est and most powerful clans in Hong Kong, the Ho-tungs.
Lee continued to train with Wong Shun Leung after later
She was the niece of Sir Robert Ho-tung,* [17]* [22] the
returning to Hong Kong from America.
Eurasian patriarch of the clan. As such, the young Bruce
Lee grew up in an auent and privileged environment.
Despite the advantage of his family's status, the neighbor1.4 Leaving Hong Kong
hood in which Lee grew up became overcrowded, dangerous, and full of gang rivalries due to an inux of refugees After attending Tak Sun School ( ) (several
eeing communist China for Hong Kong, at that time a blocks from his home at 218 Nathan Road, Kowloon),
British Crown colony.* [20]
Lee entered the primary school division of La Salle ColAlthough many of his peers decided to stay in the United
States, Lee Hoi-chuen returned to Hong Kong after
Bruce's birth. Within months, Hong Kong was invaded
and the Lees lived for three years and eight months under Japanese occupation. After the war ended, Lee Hoichuen resumed his acting career and became a more popular actor during Hong Kong's rebuilding years.

After Lee was involved in several street ghts, his parents decided that he needed to be trained in the martial
arts. Lee's rst introduction to martial arts was through
his father, from whom he learned the fundamentals of
Wu-style t'ai chi ch'uan.* [23]

lege at the age of 12. In around 1956, due to poor academic performance (or possibly poor conduct as well),
he was transferred to St. Francis Xavier's College (high
school) where he would be mentored by Brother Edward,
a teacher and coach of the school boxing team.

1.5

New life in America

Lee and his teacher Yip Man.

With son Brandon in 1966

1.5 New life in America

Lee in 1958, dancing Cha-cha.

In the spring of 1959, Lee got into yet another street ght
and the police were called.* [30] Until his late teens, Lee's
street ghts became more frequent and included beating
the son of a feared triad family. Eventually, Lee's father
decided his son should leave Hong Kong to pursue a safer
and healthier avenue in the United States. His parents
conrmed the police's fear that this time Lee's opponent
had an organised crime background, and there was the
possibility that a contract was out for his life.

The police detective came and he says

Excuse me Mr. Lee, your son is really
ghting bad in school. If he gets into just one
more ght I might have to put him in jail.
Robert Lee* [20]

At the age of 18, Lee returned to the United States with

$100 in his pocket. After living in San Francisco for several months, he moved to Seattle in 1959, to continue his
high school education, where he also worked for Ruby
Chow as a live-in waiter at her restaurant.
Chow's husband was a co-worker and friend of Lee's
father. Lee's elder brother Peter Lee () would
also join him in Seattle for a short stay before moving
on to Minnesota to attend college. In December 1960,
Lee completed his high school education and received
his diploma from Edison Technical School (now Seattle
Central Community College, located on Capitol Hill in
Seattle).
In March 1961, Lee enrolled at the University of Washington, majoring in drama according to the university's
alumni association information,* [31] not in philosophy
as claimed by Lee himself and many others. Lee also
studied philosophy, psychology, and various other subjects.* [32]* [33] It was at the University of Washington
that he met his future wife Linda Emery, a fellow student studying to become a teacher, whom he married in
August 1964.
Lee had two children with Linda Emery, Brandon Lee
(196593) and Shannon Lee (born 1969).

In April 1959, Lee's parents decided to send him to the

United States to stay with his older sister, Agnes Lee (
), who was already living with family friends in San
Francisco.

2 Martial arts career

2.1

2 MARTIAL ARTS CAREER

Jun Fan Gung Fu

punch to the face, and all he had to do was to try to block

it. Lee took several steps back and asked if Moore was
ready, when Moore nodded in armation, Lee glided
towards him until he was within striking range. He
then threw a straight punch directly at Moore's face, and
stopped before impact. In eight attempts, Moore failed
to block any of the punches.* [40]* [41]

Lee began teaching martial arts in the United States in

1959. He called what he taught Jun Fan Gung Fu (literally Bruce Lee's Kung Fu). It was basically his approach to Wing Chun.* [34] Lee taught friends he met
in Seattle, starting with Judo practitioner Jesse Glover,
who continued to teach some of Lee's early techniques.
Taky Kimura became Lee's rst Assistant Instructor and
continued to teach his art and philosophy after Lee's 2.3 Fight with Wong Jack Man
death.* [35] Lee opened his rst martial arts school,
named the Lee Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute, in Seattle.
In Oakland, California in 1964 at Chinatown, Lee had a
Lee dropped out of college in the spring of 1964 and controversial private match with Wong Jack Man, a dimoved to Oakland to live with James Yimm Lee ( rect student of Ma Kin Fung known for his mastery of
). James Lee was twenty years senior to Bruce Lee Xingyiquan, Northern Shaolin, and T'ai chi ch'uan. Acand a well known Chinese martial artist in the area. To- cording to Lee, the Chinese community issued an ultigether, they founded the second Jun Fan martial art studio matum to him to stop teaching non-Chinese. When he
in Oakland. James Lee was also responsible for introduc- refused to comply, he was challenged to a combat match
ing Bruce Lee to Ed Parker, American martial artist, and with Wong. The arrangement was that if Lee lost, he
organizer of the Long Beach International Karate Cham- would have to shut down his school; while if he won,
pionships at which Bruce Lee was laterdiscoveredby then *Lee would be free to teach Caucasians or anyone
else. [42] Wong denied this, stating that he requested to
Hollywood.
ght Lee after Lee issued an open challenge during one
of Lee's demonstrations at a Chinatown theatre, and that
discriminate against Caucasians or
2.2 Long Beach International Karate Wong himself did not
other non-Chinese.* [43] Lee commented, That paper
Championships
had all the names of the sifu from Chinatown, but they
don't scare me.* [44]
At the invitation of Ed Parker, Lee appeared in the 1964
Long Beach International Karate Championships* [36] Individuals known to have witnessed the match included
and performed repetitions of two-nger push-ups (using Cadwell, James Lee (Bruce Lee's associate, no relation),
the thumb and the index nger of one hand) with feet at and William Chen, a teacher of T'ai chi ch'uan. Wong
approximately a shoulder-width apart. In the same Long and witness William Chen stated that the ght lasted an
*
Beach event he also performed the "One inch punch. unusually long 2025 minutes. [43] According to Bruce
*
[37] Lee stood upright, his right foot forward with knees Lee, Linda Lee Cadwell, and James Yimm Lee, the ght
bent slightly, in front of a standing, stationary partner. lasted 3 minutes with a decisive victory for Lee. The
Lee's right arm was partly extended and his right st ap- ght ensued, it was a no-holds-barred ght, it took three
proximately an inch away from the partner's chest. With- minutes. Bruce got this guy down to the ground and said
out retracting his right arm, Lee then forcibly delivered 'do you give up?' and the man said he gave up Linda
*
the punch to his partner while largely maintaining his Lee Cadwell. [42]
posture, sending the partner backwards and falling into Wong Jack Man published his own account of the battle
a chair said to be placed behind the partner to prevent in- in the Chinese Pacic Weekly, a Chinese-language newsjury, though his partner's momentum soon caused him to paper in San Francisco, which contained another chalfall to the oor. His volunteer was Bob Baker of Stockton, lenge to Lee for a public rematch.* [43] Lee had no reCalifornia. I told Bruce not to do this type of demon- ciprocation to Wong's article, nor were there any further
stration again, Baker recalled. When he punched me public announcements by either, but Lee had continued
that last time, I had to stay home from work because the to teach Caucasians.
pain in my chest was unbearable.* [38]
It was at the 1964 championships where Lee rst met
Taekwondo master Jhoon Goo Rhee. The two developed 2.4 Jeet Kune Do
a friendship a relationship from which they beneted as
martial artists. Rhee taught Lee the side kick in detail, Main article: Jeet Kune Do
and Lee taught Rhee thenon-telegraphicpunch.* [39]
Lee appeared at the 1967 Long Beach International
Karate Championships and performed various demonstrations, including the famous unstoppable punch
against USKA world Karate champion Vic Moore.* [36]
Lee told Moore that he was going to throw a straight

Jeet Kune Do originated in 1967. After lming one season of The Green Hornet, Lee found himself out of work
and opened The Jun Fan Institute of Gung Fu. The controversial match with Wong Jack Man inuenced Lee's
philosophy about martial arts. Lee concluded that the

5
tried traditional bodybuilding techniques to build bulky
muscles or mass. However, Lee was careful to admonish
that mental and spiritual preparation was fundamental to
the success of physical training in martial arts skills. In
Tao of Jeet Kune Do, he wrote
Training is one of the most neglected
phases of athletics. Too much time is given to
the development of skill and too little to the development of the individual for participation.
... JKD, ultimately is not a matter of petty techniques but of highly developed spirituality and
physique.* [48]
According to Linda Lee Cadwell, soon after he moved to
the United States, Lee started to take nutrition seriously
and developed an interest in health foods, high-protein
The Jeet Kune Do emblem is a registered trademark held by the drinks and vitamin and mineral supplements. He later
Bruce Lee Estate. The Chinese characters around the Taijitu symconcluded that in order to achieve a high-performance
bol read:Using no way as wayandHaving no limitation as
body, one could not fuel it with a diet of junk food, and
limitationThe arrows represent the endless interaction between
with the wrong fuelone's body would perform slug*
yang and yin. [45]
gishly or sloppily.* [49] Lee also avoided baked goods and
rened our, describing them as providing calories which
*
ght had lasted too long and that he had failed to live did nothing for his body. [50]
up to his potential using his Wing Chun techniques. He
took the view that traditional martial arts techniques were
too rigid and formalistic to be practical in scenarios of 3 Acting career
chaotic street ghting. Lee decided to develop a system
with an emphasis onpracticality, exibility, speed, and
Main article: Bruce Lee lmography
eciency. He started to use dierent methods of trainLee's father Lee Hoi-chuen was a famous Cantonese
ing such as weight training for strength, running for endurance, stretching for exibility, and many others which
he constantly adapted, including fencing and basic boxing
techniques.
Lee emphasised what he called the style of no style.
This consisted of getting rid of the formalised approach
which Lee claimed was indicative of traditional styles.
Lee felt the system he now called Jun Fan Gung Fu was
even too restrictive, and eventually evolved into a philosophy and martial art he would come to call Jeet Kune Do or
the Way of the Intercepting Fist. It is a term he would later
regret, because Jeet Kune Do implied specic parameters
that styles connote; whereas the idea of his martial art was
to exist outside of parameters and limitations.* [46]

2.5

Fitness and nutrition

At 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) and 64 kg (141 lb),* [47] Lee

was renowned for his physical tness and vigorous, dedicated tness regimen to become as strong as he possibly
could. After his match with Wong Jack Man in 1965, Lee
changed his approach toward martial arts training. Lee
felt that many martial artists of his time did not spend
enough time on physical conditioning. Lee included all
elements of total tness muscular strength, muscular
endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and exibility. He

Bruce Lee in The Kid.

opera star. Because of this, Lee was introduced into lms

at a very young age and appeared in several lms as a
child. Lee had his rst role as a baby who was carried
onto the stage in the lm Golden Gate Girl. By the time
he was 18, he had appeared in twenty lms.* [13]
While in the United States from 1959 to 1964, Lee abandoned thoughts of a lm career in favour of pursuing
martial arts. However, a martial arts exhibition on Long
Beach in 1964 eventually led to the invitation by William

6
Dozier for an audition for a part in the pilot for Number One Son. The show never aired, but Lee was invited for the role of Kato alongside Van Williams in the
TV series The Green Hornet. The show lasted just one
season, from 1966 to 1967. Lee also played Kato in
three crossover episodes of Batman. This was followed
by guest appearances in three television series: Ironside
(1967), Here Come the Brides (1969), and Blondie (1969).
At the time, two of Lee's martial arts students were Hollywood script writer Stirling Silliphant and actor James
Coburn. In 1969 the three worked on a script for a lm
called The Silent Flute, and went together on a location
hunt to India. The project was not realised at the time;
but the 1978 lm Circle of Iron, starring David Carradine, was based on the same plot. In 2010, producer
Paul Maslansky was reported to plan and receive fundings for a lm based on the original script for The Silent
Flute.* [51] In 1969, Lee made a brief appearance in the
Silliphant-penned lm Marlowe where he played a henchman hired to intimidate private detective Philip Marlowe,
(played by James Garner), by smashing up his oce with
leaping kicks and ashing punches, only to later accidentally jump o a tall building while trying to kick Marlowe
o. The same year he also choreographed ght scenes for
The Wrecking Crew starring Dean Martin, Sharon Tate,
and featuring Chuck Norris in his rst role. In 1970, he
was responsible for ght choreography for A Walk in the
Spring Rain starring Ingrid Bergman and Anthony Quinn,
again written by Silliphant. In 1971, Lee appeared in four
episodes of the television series Longstreet, written by Silliphant. Lee played the martial arts instructor of the title
character Mike Longstreet (played by James Franciscus),
and important aspects of his martial arts philosophy were
written into the script.

3 ACTING CAREER
According to statements made by Lee, and also by Linda
Lee Cadwell after Lee's death, in 1971 Lee pitched a
television series of his own tentatively titled The Warrior, discussions which were also conrmed by Warner
Bros. In a December 9, 1971 television interview on
The Pierre Berton Show, Lee stated that both Paramount
and Warner Brothers wanted him to be in a modernized type of a thing, and that they think the Western idea
is out, whereas I want to do the Western.* [52] According to Cadwell, however, Lee's concept was retooled
and renamed Kung Fu, but Warner Bros. gave Lee no
credit.* [53] Warner Brothers states that they had for some
time been developing an identical concept,* [54] created
by two writers and producers, Ed Spielman and Howard
Friedlander. According to these sources, the reason Lee
was not cast was in part because of his ethnicity, but more
so because he had a thick accent.* [55] The role of the
Shaolin monk in the Wild West, was eventually awarded
to then-non-martial-artist David Carradine. In The Pierre
Berton Show interview, Lee stated he understood Warner
Brothers' attitudes towards casting in the series: They
think that business wise it is a risk. I don't blame them. If
the situation were reversed, and an American star were to
come to Hong Kong, and I was the man with the money,
I would have my own concerns as to whether the acceptance would be there.* [56]

Wan Kam Leung and Bruce Lee in a screen test for Game of
Death.

Publicity photo of Williams and Lee for The Green Hornet.

Producer Fred Weintraub had advised Lee to return to

Hong Kong and make a feature lm which he could showcase to executives in Hollywood.* [57] Not happy with
his supporting roles in the United States, Lee returned
to Hong Kong. Unaware that The Green Hornet had been
played to success in Hong Kong and was unocially referred to as The Kato Show, he was surprised to be
recognised on the street as the star of the show. After
negotiating with both Shaw Brothers Studio and Golden
Harvest, Lee signed a lm contract to star in two lms
produced by Golden Harvest. Lee played his rst leading role in The Big Boss (1971) which proved to be an
enormous box oce success across Asia and catapulted
him to stardom. He soon followed up with Fist of Fury
(1972) which broke the box oce records set previously
by The Big Boss. Having nished his initial two-year contract, Lee negotiated a new deal with Golden Harvest.

7
Lee later formed his own company, Concord Production
Inc. (), with Chow. For his third lm,
Way of the Dragon (1972), he was given complete control
of the lm's production as the writer, director, star, and
choreographer of the ght scenes. In 1964, at a demonstration in Long Beach, California, Lee had met Karate
champion Chuck Norris. In Way of the Dragon Lee introduced Norris to movie-goers as his opponent in the
nal death ght at the Colosseum in Rome, today considered one of Lee's most legendary ght scenes and one of
the most memorable ght scenes in martial arts lm history.* [58] The role was originally oered to American
Karate champion Joe Lewis.* [59]

stopped to allow him to work on Enter the Dragon. In addition to Abdul-Jabbar, George Lazenby, Hapkido master
Ji Han-Jae and another of Lee's students, Dan Inosanto,
were also to appear in the lm, which was to culminate
in Lee's character, Hai Tien (clad in the now-famous yellow track suit) taking on a series of dierent challengers
on each oor as they make their way through a ve-level
pagoda. In a controversial move, Robert Clouse nished
the lm using a look-alike and archive footage of Lee
from his other lms with a new storyline and cast, which
was released in 1978. However, the cobbled-together lm
contained only fteen minutes of actual footage of Lee
(he had printed many unsuccessful takes)* [64] while the
rest had a Lee look-alike, Kim Tai Chung, and Yuen Biao
as stunt double. The unused footage Lee had lmed was
recovered 22 years later and included in the documentary
Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey.* [65]

Bruce Lee's star at the Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong.

In late 1972, Lee began work on his fourth Golden Harvest Film, Game of Death. He began lming some scenes
including his ght sequence with 72 American Basketball star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, a former student. Production was stopped when Warner Brothers oered Lee
the opportunity to star in Enter the Dragon, the rst lm
to be produced jointly by Golden Harvest and Warner
Bros. Filming commenced in Hong Kong in February
1973. One month into the lming, another production
company, Starseas Motion Pictures, promoted Bruce Lee
as a leading actor in Fist of Unicorn, although he had
merely agreed to choreograph the ght sequences in the
lm as a favour to his long-time friend Unicorn Chan. Lee
planned to sue the production company, but retained his
friendship with Chan.* [60] However, only a few months
after the completion of Enter the Dragon, and six days
before its July 26, 1973 release,* [61] Lee died. Enter the
Dragon would go on to become one of the year's highest
grossing lms and cement Lee as a martial arts legend.
It was made for US$850,000 in 1973 (equivalent to $4
million adjusted for ination as of 2007).* [62] To date,
Enter the Dragon has grossed over $200 million worldwide.* [63] The lm sparked a brief fad in martial arts,
epitomised in songs such as "Kung Fu Fighting" and TV
shows like Kung Fu.
Robert Clouse, the director of Enter the Dragon and
Golden Harvest revived Lee's unnished lm Game of
Death. Lee had shot over 100 minutes of footage, including out-takes, for Game of Death before shooting was

Bruce Lee's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Apart from Game of Death, other future lm projects

were planned to feature Lee at the time. In 1972, after
the success of The Big Boss and Fist of Fury, a third lm
was planned by Raymond Chow at Golden Harvest to be
directed by Lo Wei, titled Yellow-Faced Tiger. However,
at the time, Lee decided to direct and produce his own
script for Way of the Dragon instead. Although Lee had
formed a production company with Raymond Chow, a
period lm was also planned from SeptemberNovember
1973 with the competing Shaw Brothers Studio, to be directed by either Chor Yuen or Cheng Kang, and written
by Yi Kang and Chang Cheh, titled The Seven Sons of the
Jade Dragon.* [66] Lee had also worked on several scripts
himself. A tape containing a recording of Lee narrating the basic storyline to a lm tentatively titled Southern
Fist/Northern Leg exists, showing some similarities with
the canned script for The Silent Flute (Circle of Iron).* [67]
Another script had the title Green Bamboo Warrior, set in
San Francisco, planned to co-star Bolo Yeung and to be
produced by Andrew Vajna who later went on to produce
First Blood.* [60] Photo shoot costume tests were also organized for some of these planned lm projects.

4
4.1

5 DEATH

Artistry
Philosophy

Lee is best known as a martial artist, but he also studied

drama and philosophy while a student at the University
of Washington. He was well-read and had an extensive
library. His own books on martial arts and ghting philosophy are known for their philosophical assertions, both
inside and outside of martial arts circles. His eclectic
philosophy often mirrored his ghting beliefs, though he
was quick to claim that his martial arts were solely a
metaphor for such teachings. He believed that any knowledge ultimately led to self-knowledge, and said that his
chosen method of self-expression was martial arts.* [68]
His inuences include Taoism, Jiddu Krishnamurti, and
Buddhism.* [69] On the other hand, Lee's philosophy was
very much in opposition to the conservative worldview
advocated by Confucianism.* [70] John Little states that
Lee was an atheist. When asked in 1972 about his religious aliation, he replied,none whatsoever.* [71] In
1972, he was asked if he believed in God, and responded,
To be perfectly frank, I really do not.* [68]

4.2

Poetry

Aside from martial arts and philosophy which focus on

the physical aspect and self-consciousness for truths and
principles,* [72] Lee also wrote poetry that reected his
emotion and a stage in his life collectively.* [73] Many
forms of art remain concordant with the artist creating
them. Lee's principal of self-expression was applied to
his poetry as well. His daughter Shannon Lee said He
did write poetry, he was really the consummate artist
.* [74] His poetic works originally handwritten on paper,
later on edited and published. John Little being the major author (editor), for Bruce Lee's works. Linda Lee
Cadwell (Bruce Lee's wife) shared her husbands notes,
poems and experiences with followers. She mentioned
Lee's poems are, by American standards, rather darkreecting the deeper, less exposed recesses of the human
psyche.* [75] Most of Bruce Lee's poems are categorized as anti-poetry or fall into a paradox. The mood in
his poems show the side of the man that can be compared
with other poets such as Robert Frost, one of many wellknown poets expressing himself with dark poetic works.
The paradox taken from the Yin and Yang symbol in martial arts, also integrated in his poetry. His martial arts, and
philosophy contribute a great part to his poetry. The free
verse form of Lee's poetry reect his famous quote Be
formless ... shapeless, like water.* [76]

Bruce Lee is buried next to his son Brandon in Lakeview Cemetery, Seattle.

5 Death
On May 10, 1973, Lee collapsed in Golden Harvest
studios in Hong Kong while doing dubbing work for
the movie Enter the Dragon. Suering from seizures
and headaches, he was immediately rushed to Hong
Kong Baptist Hospital where doctors diagnosed cerebral
edema. They were able to reduce the swelling through the
administration of mannitol. These same symptoms that
occurred in his rst collapse were later repeated on the
day of his death.* [77]
On July 20, 1973, Lee was in Hong Kong, to have dinner
with James Bond star George Lazenby, with whom he
intended to make a lm. According to Lee's wife Linda,
Lee met producer Raymond Chow at 2 p.m. at home
to discuss the making of the lm Game of Death. They
worked until 4 p.m. and then drove together to the home
of Lee's colleague Betty Ting Pei, a Taiwanese actress.
The three went over the script at Ting's home, and then
Chow left to attend a dinner meeting.* [78]* [79]
Later Lee complained of a headache, and Ting gave
him an analgesic (painkiller), Equagesic, which contained both aspirin and the muscle relaxant meprobamate.
Around 7:30 p.m., he went to lie down for a nap. When
Lee did not turn up for dinner, Chow came to the apartment, but could not wake Lee up. A doctor was summoned, who spent ten minutes attempting to revive him
before sending him by ambulance to Queen Elizabeth
Hospital. Lee was dead by the time he reached the hospital.* [80]
There was no visible external injury; however, according to autopsy reports, his brain had swollen considerably,
from 1,400 to 1,575 grams (a 13% increase). Lee was 32
years old. The only substance found during the autopsy
was Equagesic. On October 15, 2005, Chow stated in an
interview that Lee died from an allergic reaction to the
muscle relaxant (meprobamate) in Equagesic, which he
described as a common ingredient in painkillers. When
the doctors announced Lee's death ocially, it was ruled

6.2

Hong Kong legacy

a death by misadventure.* [81]* [82]

Kune Do certied directly by Bruce Lee and was later

Don Langford, Lee's personal physician in Hong Kong, promoted to Instructor under Dan Inosanto, who felt that
had treated Lee during his rst collapse. Controversy Bruce would have wanted to promote him. Other Jeet
erupted when he stated, Equagesic was not at all in- Kune Do instructors since Lee's death have been certied
directly by Dan Inosanto, some with remaining Bruce Lee
volved in Bruce's rst collapse.* [83]
signed certicates.
Donald Teare, a forensic scientist recommended by
James Yimm Lee, a close friend of Lee, certied a few
Scotland Yard who had overseen over 1,000 autopsies,
was assigned to the Lee case. His conclusion wasdeath students including Gary Dill who studied Jeet Kune Do
by misadventurecaused by an acute cerebral edema due under James and received permission via a personal letter
to a reaction to compounds present in the combination from him in 1972 to pass on his learning of Jun Fan Gung
Fu to others. Taky Kimura, to date, has certied only one
medication Equagesic.* [84]
person in Jun Fan Gung Fu: his son Andy Kimura. Dan
The preliminary opinion of Peter Wu, the neurosurgeon Inosanto continued to teach and certify select students in
who treated Lee during his rst seizure, was that the cause Jeet Kune Do for over 30 years, making it possible for
of death should have been attributed to either a reaction thousands of martial arts practitioners to trace their trainto cannabis or Equagesic. However, Wu later backed o ing lineage back to Bruce Lee. Prior to his death, Lee
from this position, stating that:
told his then only two living instructors Kimura and Inosanto (James Yimm Lee had died in 1972) to dismantle
his schools.
Professor Teare was a forensic scientist recommended by Scotland Yard; he was
Both Taky Kimura and Dan Inosanto were allowed to
brought in as an expert on cannabis and we
teach small classes thereafter, under the guidelinekeep
can't contradict his testimony. The dosage of
the numbers low, but the quality high. Bruce also
cannabis is neither precise nor predictable, but
instructed several World Karate Champions including
I've never known of anyone dying simply from
Chuck Norris, Joe Lewis, and Mike Stone. Among the
taking it.* [83]
three of them, during their training with Bruce they won
every karate championship in the United States.* [88]
At the 1975 San Diego Comic-Con convention, Bruce In Japan, Junichi Okada is a certied Japanese instructor
Lee's friend Chuck Norris attributed it to a reaction be- in Jeet Kune Do.* [89]
tween the medication he had been taking since 1968 for a
ruptured disk in his back and the medication he was given
for his headache on the night of his death.* [85]
6.2 Hong Kong legacy
Lee's wife Linda returned to her hometown of Seattle,
and had him buried at lot 276 of Lakeview Cemetery.* [86] Pallbearers at his funeral on July 31, 1973 included Taky Kimura, Steve McQueen, James Coburn,
Chuck Norris, George Lazenby, Dan Inosanto, Peter
Chin, and Lee's brother Robert.
Lee's iconic status and untimely demise fed many theories
about his death, including murder involving the Triads
and a supposed curse on him and his family.* [87] There is
also a theory that Bruce Lee used electrical muscle stimulation and that may have exacerbated or resulted in his
condition.

Legacy

Bruce Lee statue in Hong Kong

There are a number of stories (perhaps apocryphal) surrounding Lee that are still repeated in Hong Kong culture.
Bruce Lee personally certied only three instructors: One is that his early 1970s interview on the TVB show
Taky Kimura, James Yimm Lee, and Dan Inosanto. In- Enjoy Yourself Tonight cleared the busy streets of Hong
osanto holds the 3rd rank (Instructor) directly from Bruce Kong as everyone was watching the interview at home.
Lee in Jeet Kune Do, Jun Fan Gung Fu, and Bruce Lee's On January 6, 2009, it was announced that Bruce's Hong
Tao of Chinese Gung Fu. Taky Kimura holds a 5th rank Kong home (41 Cumberland Road, Kowloon, Hong
in Jun Fan Gung Fu. James Yimm Lee held a 3rd rank Kong) will be preserved and transformed into a tourist
in Jun Fan Gung Fu. Ted Wong holds 2nd rank in Jeet site by philanthropist Yu Pang-lin.* [90]* [91]

6.1

Certied instructors

10

12 NOTES

Awards and honours

Main article: List of awards and honors received by

Bruce Lee
Bruce Lee was named by Time Magazine as one of the
100 most inuential people of the 20th century.* [7]
In April 2013, he was posthumously awarded the prestigious Founders Award at The Asian Awards.* [92]
A Bruce Lee statue was unveiled in Los Angeles'
Chinatown on June 15, 2013. It stands at 7-foot tall and
was made in Guangzhou, China.* [93]
In April 2014, it was announced that Lee would be a featured character in the video game EA Sports UFC, and
will be playable in multiple weight classes.* [94]
Bruce Lee was voted as the Greatest Movie Fighter Ever
in 2014 by the Houston Boxing Hall Of Fame. The HBHOF is a combat sports voting body comprised exclusively of current and former ghters and Martial Artists.

9.1 Film
9.2 Television

10 Bibliography
Chinese Gung-Fu: The Philosophical Art of Self Defense (Bruce Lee's rst book) 1963
Tao of Jeet Kune Do (Published posthumously)
1973
Bruce Lee's Fighting Method (Published posthumously) 1978

11 See also
Bruce Lee Library
Bruceploitation
Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story the semi-biographic
motion picture played by Jason Scott Lee
Mostar Bruce Lee statue

Martial arts lineage

12 Notes

Lee was trained in Wu Tai Chi Chuan (also known as Ngga) and Jing Mo Tam Tui for the twelve sets. Lee was
trained in the martial arts Choy Li Fut, Western Boxing,
pe fencing, Judo, Praying Mantis kung fu, Hsing-I, and
Jujitsu.

[1] Chu, Karen (June 26, 2011). Proposed Bruce Lee Museum Shelved in Hong Kong. The Hollywood Reporter.
[2] Awards, Honors, Achievements, and Activities. Los
Angeles: Bruce Lee Foundation. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
[3] Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do. Bruce Lee Foundation.

When Bruce arrived in the US he (already)

had training in Wu Style Tai Chi, sometimes
in Hong Kong called Ng-ga. And he had of
course training in western boxing. He had
training in fencing from his brother, that's
Epee, that goes from toe to head. He had
training obviously in Wing Chun. And the
other area was the training he had received in
Buk Pie, or Tam Toi, he was twelve sets in
Tam Toi. And I believe he had traded with a
Choy Li Fut man.
Danny Inosanto* [95]

[4] Bruce Lee Lives Documentary.

[5] From Icon to Lifestyle, the Marketing of Bruce Lee
. The New York Times. December 11, 2009. Retrieved
June 3, 2011.
[6] Bruce Lee's 70th birth anniversary celebrated. The
Hindu (India). November 30, 2010. Retrieved June 3,
2011.
[7] Stein, Joel (June 14, 1999).Bruce Lee: With nothing but
his hands, feet and a lot of attitude, he turned the little guy
into a tough guy. The Time 100. New York. Retrieved
June 7, 2010.
[8] Lee 1989, p. 41
[9] Bruce Lee inspired Dev for martial arts. The Times
of India. July 1, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2011.

Filmography

[10] How Bruce Lee changed the world-Series. The Hindu

(India). May 29, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
[11] Dennis 1974

Main article: Bruce Lee lmography

[12] Bruce Lee at Hong Kong Cinemagic. (look under the 'nationality' section)

11

[13] Biography. Bruce Lee Foundation. Retrieved June 7,

2010.
[14] Description of the parent's racial makeup as described by
Robert Lee at minute mark 3:35 in the cable television
documentary, First Families: Bruce Lee, which premiered
on Fox Family on October 26, 1999.
[15] Lee 1989, p. 20
[16] Kom Tong Hall and Bruce Lee's Eurasian Ancestry.
[17] Kom Tong Hall at 7 Castle Road, Mid-levels, Hong
Kong. People's Republic of China. Retrieved September 12, 2010.

[39] Nilsson, Thomas (May 1996). With Bruce Lee: Taekwondo Pioneer Jhoon Rhee Recounts His 10-Year Friendship With the Dragon"". Black Belt Magazine 34 (5):
3943. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
[40] Uyehara 1993, p. 27
[41] Bruce Lee Victor Moore unblockable closing Long
Beach International Tournament 60s. YouTube. June
11, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
[42] Bruce Lee: The Immortal Dragon, January 29, 2002, A&E
Television Networks
[43] Dorgan 1980

[18] Bruce Lee: Biography. Bruce-lee.ws. Retrieved January 22, 2010.

[44] Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition, Summer 1993

Rainbow Publications Inc, p. 117

[19] ; Mandarin Pinyin: Zhnfn)Lee 1989

[45] Bishop 2004, p. 23

[20] Bruce Lee: the immortal Dragon, January 29, 2002, A&E
Television Networks

[46] Thomas 1994, p. 81

[21] Lee, Grace (1980). Bruce Lee The Untold Story. United
States: CFW Enterprise.

[48] Martial Art Disciplines at Hybrid Martial Arts

Academy. Hybrid Martial Art. Retrieved May 30, 2008.

[22] Kom Tong Hall and the Dr Sun Yat-sen Museum.

People's Republic of China. January 10, 2005. Retrieved
September 12, 2010.
[23] Thomas 1994, p. 14

[47] Bruce Lee. china.org.cn. Retrieved July 2, 2014.

[49] Little 1998, p. 162

[50] Little 1998, p. 163

[24] Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 1993

[51] McNary, Dave (April 15, 2010). Bruce Lee's 'Flute'

heads to bigscreen Entertainment News, Film News,
Media. Variety. Retrieved February 22, 2011.

[25] Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 1993, p.

18

[52] From The Pierre Berton Show on YouTube December 9,

1971 (comments at 7:10 of part 2)

[26] Thomas 1994, p. 26

[53] Lee 1975a

[27] Sharif 2009, p. 56

[54] Bleecker, Tom (1996). Unsettled Matters. The Life &

Death of Bruce Lee. Gilderoy Publications

[28] Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 1993

p. 19
[29] Campbell 2006, p. 172
[30] Burrows, Alyssa (2002). Bruce Lee. HistoryLink.
Retrieved May 30, 2008.

[55] From Grasshopper to Caine on YouTube

[56] From The Pierre Berton Show on YouTube December 9,
1971 (comments near end of part 2 & early in part 3)
[57] Tale of the Dragon (Channel 4), directed by Jess Search

[31] U. of Washington alumni records. Washington.edu.

Retrieved January 22, 2010.

[58] Lee 1989

[32] Little 2001, p. 32

[59] Thomas, B. (1994) Bruce Lee Fighting Spirit. Berkeley:

Frog Ltd.

[33] Thomas 1994, p. 42

[34] WING CHUN GUNG FU. Hardcore JKD. Retrieved
May 30, 2008.
[35] Bruce Lee Biography. Bruce Lee Foundation. Retrieved September 4, 2012.

[60] Thomas, B. (2003) Bruce Lee Fighting Words. Berkeley:

Frog Ltd.
[61] Enter the Dragon at the Internet Movie Database
[62] Ination Calculator. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved May 30, 2008.

[36] 2007 Long Beach International Karate Championship [63] Stein, Joel (June 14, 1999). The Gladiator BRUCE
. Long Beach International Karate Championship. ReLEE. TIME. p. 3. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
trieved May 30, 2008.
[64] Bruce Lee, the Legend, 1977, Paragon Films, Ltd., 20th
[37] Two Finger Pushup. Maniac World. Retrieved May
Century Fox Home Entertainment
30, 2008.
[65] Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey at the Internet Movie
[38] Vaughn 1986, p. 21
Database

12

13

REFERENCES

[66] Shaw Brothers Film Project. Retrieved January 6,

2011.

[91] Bruce Lee 35th anniversary. The Hindu (India). July

19, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2011.

[67] Bruce Lee The Man & The Legend (Documentary,

Golden Harvest, 1973)

[92] Winners at the Asian Awards

[68] Little 1996, p. 122

[69] Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey at 31m45s
[70] Bolelli 2008, p. 161
[71] Little 1996, p. 128
[72] Lee, Bruce (1996). John Little, ed. The Warrior Within.
Martial arts-Philosophy: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-80923194-8.
[73] Lee, Bruce; Linda Lee Cadwell (1999). John Little, ed.
Bruce Lee Artist of Life (Book). Tuttle. pp. 93116.
ISBN 978-0-8048-3263-2.
[74] Lee, Shannon. Bruce Lee's Poetry: Shannon Lee reads
one of her father's handwritten poems. Poetry. Retrieved
April 17, 2012.
[75] Lee, Bruce; Linda Lee Cadwell (1999). Part 4 Poetry
. In John Little. Bruce Lee Artist of Life (Book). Martial
Arts: Tuttle. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-8048-3263-2.
[76] John Little (1996). Five: The Running Water. In
John Little. The Warrior Within (Book). Martial artsPhilosophy: McGraw-Hill. p. 43. ISBN 0-8092-3194-8.
[77] Thomas 1994
[78] Campbell 2006, p. 205
[79] Lee 1989, pp. 156157
[80] Bruce Lee: The Immortal Dragon at the Internet Movie
Database
[81] Campbell 2006, p. 206
[82] Bruce Lee died of seizure?". The Hindu (India). February 26, 2006. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
[83] Thomas 1994, p. 228
[84] Thomas 1994, p. 209
[85] Norris Explains What Really Killed Bruce Lee At
The 1975 San Diego Comic-Con Convention Video on
YouTube
[86] Lakeview Cemetery website. Search for Lee. Only use
last name.
[87] Bishop 2004, p. 157
[88] Little 2001, p. 211
[89] V6 Okada Junichi now a martial arts instructor. Tokyo
Hive. September 10, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
[90] Bruce Lee's home to become a museum. The Hollywood Reporter. January 6, 2009. Retrieved August 28,
2010.

[93] Bruce Lee statue unveiled in L.A.'s Chinatown, Los Angeles Times, June 16, 2013
[94] Jason Nawara (April 6, 2014). Bruce Lee revealed as
the hidden EA UFC character, release date conrmed.
mmanuts.com. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
[95] Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do, 1995 Legacy Productions,
New Zealand.
[96] Lee 1989, p. 83

13 References
Bishop, James (2004). Bruce Lee: Dynamic Becoming. Dallas: Promethean Press. ISBN 0-97340540-6.
Bolelli, Daniele (2008). On the Warrior's Path. Blue
Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-219-X.
Campbell, Sid (2003). The Dragon and the Tiger:
The Birth of Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do 1 (illustrated
ed.). Frog Books. ISBN 1-58394-089-8.
Campbell, Sid (2006). Remembering the master (illustrated ed.). Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394148-7.
Clouse, Robert (1988). Bruce Lee: The Biography (illustrated ed.). Unique Publications. ISBN
0-86568-133-3.
Dennis, Felix (1974). Bruce Lee, King of Kung-Fu
(illustrated ed.). Wildwood House. ISBN 0-70450121-X.
Dorgan, Michael (1980). Bruce Lee's Toughest
Fight. EBM Kung Fu Academy. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
Glover, Jesse R. (1976). Bruce Lee Between Win
Chun and Jeet Kune Do. Unspecied vendor. ISBN
0-9602328-0-X.
Lee, Bruce (1975). Tao of Jeet Kune Do (reprint
ed.). Ohara Publications. ISBN 0-89750-048-2.
Lee, Bruce (2008). M. Uyehara, ed. Bruce Lee's
Fighting Method: The Complete Edition (illustrated
ed.). Black Belt Communications. ISBN 0-89750170-5.
Lee, Linda (1975a). Bruce Lee: the man only I knew.
Warner Paperback Library. ISBN 0-446-78774-4.
Lee, Linda (1989). The Bruce Lee Story. United
States: Ohara Publications. ISBN 0-89750-121-7.

13
Little, John (2001). Bruce Lee: Artist of Life. Tuttle
Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3263-3.
Little, John (1996). The Warrior Within The
philosophies of Bruce Lee to better understand the
world around you and achieve a rewarding life (illustrated ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8092-3194-8.
Little, John (1997). Words of the Dragon: Interviews 19581973 (Bruce Lee). Tuttle Publishing.
ISBN 0-8048-3133-5.
Little, John (1997a). Jeet Kune Do: Bruce Lee's
Commentaries on the Martial Way (illustrated ed.).
Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3132-7.
Little, John (1997b). The tao of gung fu: a study in
the way of Chinese martial art. Bruce Lee Library
2 (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-80483110-6.
Little, John (1998). Bruce Lee: The Art of Expressing the Human Body. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9780-8048-3129-1.
Little, John (2002). Striking Thoughts: Bruce Lee's
Wisdom for Daily Living (illustrated ed.). Tuttle
Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3471-7.
Sharif, Sulaiman (2009). 50 Martial Arts Myths.
new media entertainment ltd. ISBN 0-9677546-23.
Thomas, Bruce (1994). Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit:
a Biography. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd. ISBN
1-883319-25-0.
Thomas, Bruce (2006). Immortal Combat: Portrait of a True Warrior (illustrated ed.). Blue Snake
Books. ISBN 1-58394-173-8.
Uyehara, Mitoshi (1993). Bruce Lee: the incomparable ghter (illustrated ed.). Black Belt Communications. ISBN 0-89750-120-9.
Vaughn, Jack (1986). The Legendary Bruce Lee.
Black Belt Communications. ISBN 0-89750-1063.
Ylmaz, Yksel (2000). Dv Sanatlarnn Temel
lkeleri, stanbul, Turkey: Beyaz Yaynlar, ISBN
975-8261-87-8.
Ylmaz, Yksel (2008). Jeet Kune Do'nun Felsefesi,
stanbul, Turkey: Yaln Yaynclk, ISBN 978-9944313-67-4.

14

External links

Bruce Lee Foundation

Bruce Lee at the Internet Movie Database

Bruce Lee at the Hong Kong Movie DataBase

Bruce Lee at AllMovie
Bruce Lee at Rotten Tomatoes
Sijo Bruce Lee
Bruce Lee Interview
Article on Bruce Lee and bodybuilding

14

15

15
15.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Bruce Lee Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee?oldid=631999831 Contributors: Wesley, Bryan Derksen, HelgeStenstrom,

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Samwingkit, Waggers, TastyPoutine, Dhp1080, Tuspm, Midnightblueowl, Intranetusa, Ryulong, Onetwo1, Chronoed, Chinhwa, Victoria
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AbsolutDan, Mostly Zen, Drago Rosson, Alice Mudgarden, JForget, Taskmaster99, Mingjai, Politician818, CmdrObot, Tanthalas39,
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15.2

Images

File:Avenue_of_Stars_Bruce_Lee.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Avenue_of_Stars_Bruce_Lee.

jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Ahleong
File:Before_18_years_old_Bruce_Lee.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Before_18_years_old_
Bruce_Lee.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original artist: Unknown
File:Bruce_Lee_-_son.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Bruce_Lee_-_son.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: RR Auctions Original artist: Unknown photographer
File:Bruce_Lee_1.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Bruce_Lee_1.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: English Wikipedia Original artist: user:FLJuJitsu
File:Bruce_Lee_1950.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Bruce_Lee_1950.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: Historical photo of Hong Kong Original artist: Elephantine Film Co.
File:Bruce_Lee_Walk_of_fame.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Bruce_Lee_Walk_of_fame.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from it.wikipedia
Original artist: Witchblue. Original uploader was Witchblue at it.wikipedia
File:Bruce_Lee_and_his_family_1940s.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Bruce_Lee_and_his_
family_1940s.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original artist: Unknown
File:Bruce_Lee_in_1958.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Bruce_Lee_in_1958.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: Original artist: Unknown
File:Bruce_Lee_with_his_parents_1940s.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Bruce_Lee_with_his_
parents_1940s.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original artist: Unknown
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Hong_kong_bruce_lee_statue.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Hong_kong_bruce_lee_statue.
jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:JeetKuneDo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/JeetKuneDo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work. Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:FunkMonk using CommonsHelper.
Original artist:
Original uploader was RisingSunWiki at en.wikipedia.
File:Padlock-silver.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
http://openclipart.org/people/Anonymous/padlock_aj_ashton_01.svg Original artist: This image le was created by AJ Ashton. Uploaded
from English WP by User:Eleassar. Converted by User:AzaToth to a silver color.
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: ? Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007

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File:Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9f/Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:

http://www.free-press-release.com/news-summer-camp-with-24-7-residence-kungfu-life-style-excellence-like-training-at-the-shaolin-temple-1335901927.
html Original artist:
Shi Deru (a.k.a. Shawn Xiangyang Liu)
File:The_age_of_18_Bruce_Lee_and_Ye_Wen.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/The_age_of_18_
Bruce_Lee_and_Ye_Wen.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original artist: Unknown
File:Van_Williams_Bruce_Lee_Green_Hornet_1966.JPG Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Van_
Williams_Bruce_Lee_Green_Hornet_1966.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: eBay item Original artist: ABC Television. The
press release tag has been wrinkled and doesn't display fully. The ABC Television New York Avenue of the Americas can be seen on it.
There is also another photo from the program at File:Van Williams Green Hornet 1966.jpg with an undamaged tag proving the photo
came from ABC.
File:Wan_Kam_Leung_and_Bruce_Lee.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Wan_Kam_Leung_and_
Bruce_Lee.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Echirlin
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Zhongwen.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Zhongwen.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?

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