PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

KANPUR-208020
A
Synopsis Of Project
On

SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING PULSE WIDTH

MODULATION
Submitted to:

Submitted By:

Mr. Ravi Gupta

(Project Guide)

Pradeep Agrahari
Priyam Kaushik
Gaurav Ajay Raj Singh
Alok Kumar Maurya

Submitted to the DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

UTTAR PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

ABSTRACT
The PWM switching circuit and the H-bridge is simulated and integrated for controlling the
speed of DC motor using the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique. A hardware construction for
the integrated circuit is implemented and tested for different speeds.
Keywords: H-Bridge, PWM, motor speed control, PWM technique, MOSFET, duty cycle variation,
555timer, astable multivibrator.

INTRODUCTION
The direction control of the motor drives can be controlled using the H-bridge and the speed of
the motor is controlled by the Pulse Width Modulation techniques (PWM)by varying the duty cycle.
One such H-bridge is designed and simulated using the software tool Proteous and a PWM switching
circuit is designed using a 555 timer to control the speed of the motor. The H-bridge software
implementation is done using thyristors whereas the hardware implementation is done using the
MOSFETs. Power MOSFETs have high switching speed and low switching losses hence it is suitable
device that can be used for high frequency rather than low frequency application. Therefore even today
power MOSFETs are considered the more suitable device to be used in high frequency applications.

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF PWM SWITCHING CIRCUIT

Pulse Width Modulation is a technique used to vary the width or duration on the pulses generated
representing the amplitude of the analog input signal. The duration of the pulse width or the conducting
time of the pulse can be varied by varying the duty cycle (D). PWM switching circuit is used to control
the switching period of the power devices or the on state of the devices. In this case we are using a
NE555 timer to generate the pulses. An astable based multivibrator is designed using the 555 timer,
which generates a stream of pulses, while the output bounces between the Vcc and the Ground (GND)
generating a series of pulses. The Fig (1) shows the pin configuration of the NE555 timer IC. This timer
consists of an RS flip-flop, whose inputs are with the output of the comparators.

FIGURE 1:555PIN CONFIGURATION

The comparator connected to the R input is set with a thresh-old value, when the control voltage
exceeds the threshold value, a positive edge of a pulse id triggered and for lesser the threshold value, a
negative edge of a pulse is triggered, thus a series of pulses is generated.

Figure 2: Astable Multivibrator

The Fig(2)shows the circuit design of an astable multivibrator. In the figure, the pin 2 (Trigger)
and the pin 6 (threshold) is shorted and the pin 2 triggers depending on the threshold voltage. The
capacitor C1 charges through resistors R1 and R2, but discharges only through resistor R2. The resistor
R1 can be assumed to be a certain value based on which the value of R2 can be set to obtain the
particular duty cycle by varying the resistance using a potentiometer.

Figure 3: Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) switching circuit

The Fig(3)shows the design of Astable timer circuit design using the 555 timer with the help of a
software tool known as Proteous ISIS. While designing this circuit, three parameters come into picture
i.e.R1, R2 resistances and the charge capacitor C1. The value of R1 is assumed to be 3.3 K, based on
which the value of the resistance R2 is calculated for a particular duty cycle using the formula,
D = R2 +R1/R1+2R2 (1)
Where the desired resistance R2 can be calculated for a duty cycle of below 95% and above 50% . In
place of the resistance R2, a potentiometer or a variable resistance can be used to vary the resistance in
order to vary the duty cycle. The value of R2 in the above design is 0.033K that gives the maximum
duty cycle of 80% to 90%.The value of the capacitor C2 is calculated using,
Frequency (f) = 1.44/(R1+2R2)C2 (2)

Figure 4: PWM Simulation

Considering the switching frequency to be 1 KHz, capacitance C2 is calculated,
1K = 1.44/(3.3K + 2(33.6))C2 (From 2)
Therefore C2 is 0.43F, which is the charging and discharging capacitor. The Fig (4)shows the
simulation of the PWM switching circuit using a 555 timer in the oscilloscope. The resistance R2 is
varied to 9.9K, giving a duty cycle of 60%. Hence the pulse width can be varied by varying the ratio
between resistance R1 and R2. Varying the duty cycle using PWM switching circuit will help us control
the conduction time or period of the power devices used in H-bridge to control the speed of the DC
motor. The output generated from pin 3 is the pulses which are given to the gate to trigger the thyristors
in the H-Bridge to drive the DC motor.

DESIGN AND SIMULATION H-BRIDGE DRIVER FOR DCMOTOR

The H--bridge is a circuit design that is used to drive the DC motor and it also help to control the
direction of rotation of the DC motor i.e. clockwise or anti-clockwise rotation. The direction of rotation
of the DC motor changes with the change in the direction of the flow of current.

Figure 5: H-Bridge

DETERMINATION OF DUTYCYCLES
The duty cycle is varied by varying the resistance R2 in ratio with the resistance R1 in the PWM
switching circuit in order to control the speed of the motor. In this design a mini-mum duty cycle of 50%
was obtained and a maximum of 90% duty cycle was obtained.

HARDWARE INTEGRATION (PWMSWITCHING

BRIDGE DRIVER FOR DCMOTOR)

CIRCUIT+H-

Now that the PWM switching circuit and the H-bridge using MOSFET has been designed, both
must be inte-grated in order to use PWM to control the speed of the motor.

Figure 6: Hardware Integration Block Diagram

The Fig (6) shows the integration of the PWM circuit, H-bridge and the motor. The output pin 3
is used to give pulse to the gate of the MOSFET which in turn drives the motor in either clockwise or
anticlockwise direction depending on which thyristors or MOSFETs are triggered using the gate pulse.
The speed of the motor is controlled by varying the duty cycle of the pulses using the PWM switching
circuit i.e.555 timer.

CONCLUSION
.
The speed control variation of the DC motor has been demonstrated for duty cycles i.e. 60%,
70% and 90% in software simulation and in the hardware, a DC motor rotating at a speed of duty cycle
50% has been demonstrated in the oscilloscope. A Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switch is used for
the software simulation, which is used to shift the output pulses from the PWM switching circuit to
different gate thyristors in the H-Bridge, depending upon which direction you want the motor to rotate.

REFERENCES
1. Bodduri Veera Pratap, K.Veeresham (2012), Closed loop control of AC to DC step up and step down
converter applied to DC motor drive IJESR, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India, September.
2. Tao Zhaol, Qunjing Wang (2009), Application of MATLAB/SIMULINK and PSPICE Simulation in
Teaching Power Electronics and Electric Drive System Anhui University, China.
3. Vibhor Gupta (2010), Working and Analysis of the H Bridge Motor Driver Circuit Designed for
Wheeled Mobile Robots Panjab University, Chandigarh, INDIA.
4. Gaurav Nanda (2006), A survey and comparison of characteristics of motor drives used in electric
vehicles University of Windsor, Canada, May.
5. Micha KNAPCZYKF*F, Krzysztof PIEKOWSK (2006) Analysis of PWM techniques for AC/DC
line side con-vertersPolitechnika Wrocawska .