Isaac Carp, Stuart Rowe, Ben Chansky

Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
Crookes, William. 1898. Address of the president before
the British Association for the Advancement of Science,
Bristol. Science n.s 8:561-612.

Here, Crookes asks for the establishment of more scientific

plants so that way they can try to find a way to make more food.
At this point in time there is a scarcity of food and finding a way
to make more food is a pressing matter. This source showed us
the significance of Haber's innovation at the time.

Crowther, J.G. “Fritz Haber’s Clue to Germany’s Revival”

New York Times. 19, October 1930.

This article talks about Fritz Haber’s post-war efforts to

bring Germany out of debt. People in Germany referred to Fritz
Haber as “our greatest man.” Also, the article talks about Fritz
Haber and all of his contributions and how he saved Germany a
lot of money. For instance, Germany previously got their nitrates
from Chile but when Haber synthesized ammonia they didn’t
need it any more which saved them a lot.

The Deseret Weekly. 8 Oct. 1898. Web. 2 Jan. 2010.

<http://news.google.com/newspapers/id=KpIdAAAAIBAJ&s
jid=_zADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4053,6349182&dq=w>.

This source helped us because it showed us the world's

reactions to William Crookes' "Doomsday" speech. The reactions
were mixed, but Fritz Haber rose to the occasion, and
synthesized ammonia. This speech also showed the need for Fritz
Haber's innovation. That is how this source has helped us.

Goran, Morris. The Story of Fritz Haber. Norman:

University of Oklahoma, 1967. Print

A story about Fritz Haber about his up-comings, successes,

and declines. This source is different because most only focused
on one part of Haber’s life or success but this book focused on
every aspect of it. Also it thoroughly examined his personal life in
revelation to his discoveries.

Haber, Fritz, and Arthur Becket Lamb. Thermodynamics of

technical gas-reactions; seven lectures. London :
Longmans, Green, 1908

Fritz Haber explains the properties of the substances that

he is working with here. From this we extracted information about
how he was coming about the synthesis of ammonia. This is a
primary source because Fritz Haber wrote it himself it was just
translated by Arthur Lamb.

Haber, Fritz. “The Synthesis of Ammonia from its

Elements”. 2, June 1920 [Online] Available:
"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/19
18/haber lecture.pdf"

The actual speech that Fritz Haber presented when he

received the Nobel Peace Prize for his synthesis of Ammonia from
its elements in 1920. This explains the process and the prime
situations for Ammonia to be synthesized. This is a prime source
because it is the speech that he actually said.

Haber, L. F. (Ludwig Fritz). “Gas warfare, 1915-1945 : the

legend and the facts.” [London] : Bedford College
(University of London), 1976.

This book furthermore explains Haber’s involvement in

chemical warfare. This book is interesting because it’s from the
German point of view, written by Haber’s son and it marvels in all
of Haber’s deadly creations. This is a primary source because this
is Haber’s son writing, so it is someone who has had direct
contact with Haber.

Hentschel, Klaus. “Physics and National Socialism in

Anthology of Primary
Sources.”http://books.google.com/booksid=sl69x6&lpg=p
a63&dg=primary=source +of+fritz+haber

Here, is a series of letters exchanged between Carl Bosch

and Fritz Haber towards the end of his life. Haber could not be
contacted by the German scientists due to the fact that the Nazi
government was involved with them at the time. In addition, the
minister granted Haber’s retirement request. It is a primary
source due to the fact that it is letters exchanged between Carl
Bosch and Fritz Haber

New York Times. 24 Sept. 1921. Web. 2 Jan. 2010.

<http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archivefree/pdf_r=1&res
=9C06E1DB123EEE3ABC4D51DFBF66838A639EDE>.

This source helped us because it showed the beginning of

Fritz Haber's involvement in chemical warfare . It also explained
how the chemical warfare was considered to be far more superior
to the usual warfare and why it was so important. Lastly, it
helped show that chemical warfare was far better because it, "put
men out of action in larger areas." This is how this source has
helped us.

Norris, F James. Proceedings of the American Academy of

Arts and Sciences, Vol. 69, No. 13 (Feb., 1935), pp. 511-
512

The article marks out Haber as the greatest chemist of

his generation. Norris says that he is the scientist that met the
demands at the time and provided for his country. Lastly, it tells
about Haber’s contribution in all fields of chemistry, not just a
single one.

Peru in the Guano Age. London: Richard Bentley and Son,

1877. Internet Archive. Web. 21 Oct. 2009.
http://www.archive.org/stream
peruinguanoagebe00duffrich#page/n5/mode/2u>.

This source is primary and it is an account of a man’s

travels to Peru around 1877. He discusses the guano industry at
this time. It helped give us a sense of the industry at the time
and the lacks and needs that Fritz Haber filled.

Secondary Sources

"AIChE." AIChE Home Page. Web. 03 Jan. 2010.

<http://www.aiche.org/uploadedFiles/CEP/issues/060557.p
df>
.

This article talks about the several different methods for

synthesizing ammonia that came about after the Haber-Bosch
process between 1910 and 1940. It gave us information on how
the Haber- Bosch and other processes compared in terms of
ammonia synthesized and number of plants using each type of
synthesis. The article was especially useful for our Long-Term
Impact: Improvements on and Modern Day Ammonia Synthesis
page because it gave us the information and a quote to show
comparison.

Asimov, Isaac. Asimov’s biographical encyclopedia of

science and technology. New York: Doubleday 1982

In this account of Haber's life, it begins with his

upbringings which are important because he comes from humble
beginnings. Explains how Haber's scientific advances got him his
own institutes which then got him his own workers to duplicate
his brilliance. Lastly, it explains how he used his craftiness to go
around the no shells rule. Instead he filled cylinders full of
chlorine.

“Carl Bosch- Nobel Lecture.” Nobelprize.org Web. 22 Oct.

2009. http://
nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/bos
ch-lecture.html>

Carl Bosch's speech given at the presentation of the Nobel

Prize that he received along with Fritz Haber. This gives insight
on the procedures and methods that they used to extract
ammonia, and how it will benefit the people. It's a primary source
because it’s straight from Carl Bosch who was Fritz Haber's
colleague at the time.

Charles, Daniel. Master Mind: the rise and fall of Fritz

Haber, the noble laureate who launched the age of
chemical warfare. New York: Harper Collins, 2005.

This article talks about Haber’s greatest achievements, but

then watches his life wash away once the Nazi government
comes into power. Gives us a greater respect for Haber’s
patriotism as he still tries to help rebuild Germany. It is a
secondary source since it’s from 2005.

Daniel, Charles, Master mind the rise and fall of Fritz

Haber, a Nobel laureate who launched the age of chemical
warfare. New York: Ecco, 2005. Print.

In this source, it talks about Haber’s duel attributes when

he synthesized ammonia. The good that he created is immense
and now the world had the ability to supply everyone with fuel.
However, these nitrates helped Germany created explosions and
weapons of chemical warfare. This source helps us analyze the
innovations from a positive and negative standpoint.

Dubrawski, Jules V. “Fritz Haber; ammonia synthesis,

poison gas and the Great War.” RCR Engineering, May
2008. Web. 8 Dec. 2009.
http://www.raci.org.au/chemaust/docs/pedf/2008/CiA_May
08p4.pdf
This source revealed more about Haber's ammonia
synthesis and its direct correlation to his poison gas innovations.
It showed us more of a scientific side to it, which then in turn
helped us understand it a bit more. This is how this source helped
us.

Friedrich, Bretislav. “Fritz Haber (1868-1934). “Fritz-

Haber-Institut der. Max-Planck Gesellschaft. Web. 8 Dec.
2009.

This source was from one of Haber's chemical institutes. It

showed stats of how much nitrogen it put out a day, and how it
affected Germany. It affected it in two ways: first it created
nitrates for explosives, and second it created fertilizer for food.
This is how this source helped us.

"Fritz Haber-Biography." Nobelprize.org. Web. 13 October,

2009. http://
nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/hab
er-bio.html

Here is a brief account of Haber and his accomplishments

that led up to him receiving the Nobel prize in 1920. His synthesis
in ammonia got him this award, and since he won a Nobel prize
its obvious that his impact was huge.

"Fritz Haber." Telephone interview. 1 Dec. 2009.

We interviewed Profesor Vaclav Smil to answer questions

about Fritz Haber. Through this, we got to ask a professional and
gain information to questions that none of our other sources
stated. In addition we got answers that were more in depth and
helped make our research easier. This interview was very helpful
to us.

Galloway, James, and Ellis Colloway. Optimizing Nitrogen

Management in Food and Energy Productions, and
Environmental Change. 2nd ed. Vol. 31. Allen, 1992.

This source further explains the effects that Fritz Haber's

innovation has on the world, concerning the food, environment,
and population growth. It helps show the positive effects it has on
the population and the food sources, but yet it shows the
negative aspects it has on the environment. This is how this
source has helped us.

Goran, Morris. “The Present-Day Significance of Fritz

Haber” Roosevelt College,Chicago. July, 1947.

This source talks about the innovations that Fritz Haber and his
significance. In addition, Haber was more idolized in American
more than he was in Germany. Haber was called the “greatest
authority in the world on the relations between scientific research
and industry.”

“Great Global Rift is Discovered” [Online] Available: "

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do53ri.ht
ml

In this article, it explains Fritz Haber’s importance to

Germany’s munitions is exposed. Here, it explains how he tried to
extract gold from salt water, which he did achieve, just in very
small amounts so it was miniscule in the attempts to bring
Germany out of post-war debt.

Haber, L. F. Poisonous cloud chemical warfare in the First

World War. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Clarendon, Oxford UP,
1986. Print.

This book talks about the beginning of the First World War
and how it brought a new thinking to fighting. In addition some of
the fighting was questioned about its morals due to the
poisonous gasses. Lastly, it showed a new era of fighting with
new technology and Haber was the head of it.

Hager, Thomas. Alchemy of air a Jewish genius, a

doomed tycoon, and the discovery that changed the
course of history. New York: Harmony Books, 2008. Print.

Hager says in his introduction, "the discovery described in

this book is keeping alive nearly half the people on earth." That
discovery, known as the Haber-Bosch system, makes it possible
to fertilize enough agricultural land to feed our population at
much more than subsistence level. The human race is now so
well fed that obesity is a problem in regions that a mere 40 years
ago were plagued with famine. This source is explaining Haber’s
innovation and its impact and change.

Harris, Robert, and Jeremy Paxman. A Higher Form of

Killing. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982. Print.

Fritz Haber’s impact in chemical warfare is exposed here.

He helped Germany become a force in the chemical warfare
category, and he was the first to use the “gas cloud,” where he
would set chlorine off into a wind and have it go into the trenches
of the opponents.

John J. Beer. The American Historical Review, Vol. 73,

No. 5 (Jun., 1968), pp. 1555-1556 Published by: American
Historical Association
"http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bpl.org/action/showPublicat
ion?journalCode=amerhistrevi

A short account of Fritz Haber’s accomplishments and

how Fritz Haber respected America. Fritz Haber is quoted to have
admired America for being one of the few successful colonies to
secede its ruler.

Leigh, G.J. The World's Greatest Fix. Oxford University

Press 2004. New York, New York.

This book provided us with in-depth pictures, including

original patents from Fritz Haber. These patents were Haber's
and we were able to extract important information from them.
This is how this source was important to our group.
Mannion, A.M. "Global Environmental Change: The Causes
and Consequences of Disruption to Biogeochemical
Cycles." Global Environmental Change: The Causes and
Consequences of Disruption to Biogeochemical
Cycles 164.2 (1998): 168-82. Jstor. Blackwell Publishing.
Web.
<http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bpl.org/stable/3060368?
seq=13&Search=yes&term=haber-
bosch&term=impact&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction
%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhaber-bosch%2Bimpact
%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dammonia%2Bimpact%26Search
%3DSearch

This article helps us because it shows more of a negative

twist to Fritz Haber's innovations. This article explains the
negative parts of the excess nitrogen being made and how it is
affecting the global make up. This is how this article has helped
us.

Parke, Thomas Hughes. “Technological Momentum in

History: Hydrogenation in Germany 1898-1933.” Past &
Present, No. 44 (Aug., 1969), pp. 106-132. Oxford
University Press on behalf of The Past and Present
Society. http://www.jstor.org/stable/649734

Haber was a scientist that knew Germany was going to

be based off of resources created off of science and technology.
Haber knew this, and his worked benefited their needs. From this,
we knew that all of Haber’s works were towards a common goal.

Moore, William. Gas Attack: Chemical Warfare 1915 to the

Present Day. New York:

Hippocrene Books, 1987.

This book talks about Haber’s significance to chemical

warfare then, and how his ideas are still used today. This helped
us connect his innovations with the impact and change in his
time and modern time.
Powers, Thomas. Heisenberg’s War. New York: Alread A.
Knop F-Inc, 1993.

In this book, Thomas Powers talks about the difficult times

that Haber had to go through during Hitler’s reign. Haber was
exiled when Hitler came into power, but before Hitler would not
fire the Jews in his research center. Even though Hitler wasn’t a
Jew, it was due to his Jewish origin which got him exiled. After this
he lived miserably in Switzerland.

"Scientists: Haber-Bosch Process Has Changed the World

-- Environmental Protection."Environmental Protection:
Pollution and Waste Treatment Solutions for
Environmental Professionals -- Environmental Protection.
14 Oct. 2008. Web. 02 Jan. 2010.
<http://eponline.com/articles/2008/10/14/scientists-
haberbosch-process-has-changed-the-world.aspx>

This article helped us because it showed us the positive and

negative aspects of Fritz Haber's innovations. His innovations
impacted the population; increasing it and decreasing it, and the
environment. All of the impacts that he had are ever lasting. This
is how this article has helped us.

Smil, Vaclav.Energy in Nature and Society. England: MIT

press, 2008.

This source discusses the impact and change that Fritz

Haber had on the world food production. This source helped us
realize that Haber’s innovation still feeds two billion people today
and is a largely used fertilizer.

Smil, Vaclav. Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch,

and the Transformation
of World Food Production. England: MIT press, 2001.

This source discusses the impact and change that Fritz

Haber had on the world food production. This source helped us
realize that Haber’s innovation still feeds two billion people today
and is a largely used fertilizer.

Smil, Vaclav. "Nitrogen in Modern European

Agriculture." Nitrogen in Modern European Agriculture.
Web.
http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~vsmil/pdf_pubs/NITR.EU.20
05.pdf.

This source explains the modern impact that Fritz Haber's

innovation has on the modern European agriculture industry. This
shows that the impact is still modern, and his innovations affect
all of the European Population. This is how this source has helped
us.

Smil, Vaclav. Population Growth and Nitrogen: An

Exploration of a Critical Existential Link. Population
Council, 1991.

This source was very useful to us because it further

explained the importance of Fritz Haber's innovation and how it
affected and helped expand the population. It also tells us about
how it will further the development of the human population as it
is said that it will feed China and it's growing population. This is
how this source has helped us.

Stoltzenberg, Dietrich. Fritz Haber chemist, Nobel

Laureate, German, Jew. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical
Heritage, 2004. Google Books. Web. 21 Oct.2009.

This is a biography about Fritz Haber and about his

successes but also the betrayal. It says how his works caused one
wife to commit suicide, and another to divorce him. Yet Haber, a
Jew by birth, was exiled from his homeland in 1933 by the Nazi
party and died shortly after.

“The Tragedy of Fritz”28 September 2009 [Online]

Available:
http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2002/jul/fr
itzhaber/
 This report here explains the positives and negatives of
taking nitrogen out of the air to make fertilizer. It is good because
it feeds the world but it is bad because nitrates pollute drinking
water, and produce smog and haze. This is good because it
makes us realize the positive and negative impacts that his
innovations had on the world.

Tomaselli, Valerie, and Hilary Poole. Lives and Legacies.

The Oryx Press, 1999.

Tomaselli and Poole tell about Fritz Haber’s backgrounds

and beginnings. They reveal Haber’s dark side as they explain
that Haber’s wife committed suicide after he wouldn’t stop his
works for Germany. In addition they explain Haber’s impact now
as the ammonia in fertilizer feeds 2/5 of the world’s population.

Van der Kloot, William. “April 1915: Five Future Nobel

Prize-Winners Inaugurate Weapons of Mass Destruction
and the Academic-Industrial-Military Complex.” Notes and
Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 58, No. 2
(May, 2004), pp. 149-160.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4142047.

This source states that five future Nobel prize winners

were the beginners of chemical Warfare. This source also gives
background information on scientists that were important to
Haber’s innovations such as Walther Nernst.

Vellesca, Josue, Vidya Bala, and Alejandra Garcia.

"Reactor Project: Ammonia Synthesis." Home - ITTutorials
- Confluence. Web. 03 Jan. 2010.
http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ceng403/nh3syn97.html#kell
ogg.
This source was useful to us because it showed how Fritz
Haber's innovation was still being used today. In addition it shows
how people are still using experiments with it in high universities
such as Rice University. The fact that people are still using Fritz
Haber's innovation shows its long-term impact. This is how this
source has helped us.
Wagner, Ralph. The Most Important Event in History? 2nd
ed. Vol. 20. CFA Magazine, 2009. Print.

Here, the production of synthesized ammonia is considered

to be the most important event in history. This helps us realize
the importance of the synthesized ammonia and how it affected
the world then and now and how it will in the future.

"Walther Nernst - Biography." Nobelprize.org. Web. 08

Dec. 2009.
<http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1
920/nernst-bio.html>.

Here, we gained information about Walther Nernst which we

then used in one of our sections. In addition we learned how
Haber's work impacted his work, which led to a Nobel Prize in
1920. This is how this source was helpful to us.

Witschi, Hanspeter. “Profiles in Toxicology: Fritz Haber.”

Oxford Journals. 2000:
1-2.
In this article Fritz Haber’s use of chemical gasses are
questioned and his tactics. He was labeled as a war criminal, and
many criticized his role in the war. In addition, he designed a gas
interferometer and an instrument that could be used to warn
against dangerous accumulation of methane gas in coal mines.