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Title:
To study, investigate and simulate the photovoltaic grid connected system.
2. Charge Controller
3. Battery Bank
4. Inverter
5. Protection Devices
6. Utility Meter
7. Synchronizer
A Typical Grid Tied PV system is shown in the below figure.
Synchronizer:
This module is used to synchronize the inverter AC voltages with the utility line
AC voltages.
1. Line Voltages
2. Frequency
3. Phase Angle
4. Phase Sequence
5. Waveform
In a generator, phase sequence and waveform are fixed by the construction of the generator.
However voltage, frequency and phase angle must be controlled each time during its operation.
Synchronization process has also worse effects, for example connecting an AC source with the
wrong phase sequence will result in a short circuit or any other adverse effect.
Synchronization Methods:
There are many synchronization methods. A few techniques are discussed
below.
Synchronizing lamps:
In this technique, three light bulbs were connected between the AC source
terminals and the system terminals. As the source frequency changes, the bulbs will flicker at
the beat frequency directly proportional to the difference between source frequency and system
frequency.
Likewise when there is phase angle difference, the lamps will be bright. When the source
voltage matches the system voltage, the lights will be dark. At that instant, the circuit
breaker connecting the source to the system is closed and system will be synchronized.
Synchroscope:
A synchroscope is a device that indicates the
degree to which two systems are synchronized with each
other. Synchroscopes measure and display the frequency
difference and phase angle between two power systems.
Only when these two quantities are zero is it safe to
connect the two systems together.
The upper two methods are suitable to generator synchronization. This method (PLL) is more
suitable to PV ON grid system application
Voltages are produced by PV panels. Extra energy goes on to the utility grid through grid tie
inverter.
This inverter has the built in synchronization circuit. CT, PT and circuit breaker are used to trip
the circuit under faulty conditions. Isolator is used to separate the two sections. It is off load
device. It must be operated when there is not load connected to circuit or it is sequential process
of circuit breaker operation.
SLD (2):
This is another single line diagram of grid connected PV system. This SLD
contains some extra protection.
Energy meter is used to calculate the amount of power you are sending to the electric grid.
Lighting arrester is used to provide protection against lightning.
11KV are the primary distribution voltages in Pakistan while 440V are the secondary distribution
voltages in Pakistan. Multiples loads are also connected to the buses. PV array is feeing the AC
buses.
Simulation Results:
After clicking on the load flow analysis icon, ETAP provides the following
simulation results. You can observe that the solar panels are providing power to the loads. You
can set up the rating of each element by clicking on their icon.
In this simulation three PV modules are of the same ratings. Bus nominal voltages
are shown in the figure. Earthing switch is used to provide protection against short circuit
conditions.
Retscreen
pvsyst
Transys16
Homer Energy
Summary:
As this document has three part study, investigate and simulate. In the upper part,
document provides an overview of grid connected PV system and the essential electrical
components required for it. The required insulation for system is also been discussed in this
document. Later it discusses about the types of synchronizer can be useful and how they work. In
the last part, single line diagrams and simulation results are discussed in detail.
References:
[1]Electrical
Engineer.(n.d).
PV
Systems:
Standalone
vs
Grid
Connected.[Online].Available:http://www.solar.udel.edu/ELEG620/12_PV_system_
Util_Scale_BIPV.pdf
[2]P.J Van Duijsen. (n.d) .Modeling Grid Connection for Solar and Wind
Energy.[Online].Available:https://www.integratedsoft.com/papers/vanduijsen_modelinggri
dconnectionforsolarandwindenergy5.pdf
[3]Electrical Engineer.(n.d). Synchronization (Alternating Current) .[Online]. Available:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_(alternating_current)
[4]Electrical E n g i n e e r . (n.d). PV Solar System Diagrams .[Online]. Available:
http://pvshop.eu/diagrams.html