Name: Alvina Rista Yowantri

NIM: 13/348967/BI/9106
A. Answer the following questions:
1. Describe the vertebrate vertebral column and list its function!
2. Contrast cartilage and bone, and state the advantages of bony endoskeleton relative
to a cartilaginous endoskeleton.
3. Identify the components of the vertebrate nervous system.
4. What is an adaptive immune system?
5. Define ovipary, ovovivipary, and vivipary. Which vertebrates use its type of
reproductive strategy?

ANSWER:
1. Vertebrate vertebral column is the main distinguishing feature. Because the
backbone runs from the head to the tail along the dorsal side of the body.
The functions of vertebrate vertebral column are allows a vertebrate to hold its
shape, also houses and and protect the nerve or spinal cord, and in many species
there are shock-absorbing discs between the vertebrate to cushion them during
movement.
2. The different between cartilage and bone are:
-Cartilage is a tough tissue and bone is a hard tissue
-Cartilage is more flexible and bone is less flexible but stronger
-Bone allows animals to grow larger and heavier
-Bone provides more protection for soft tissues and internal organ
The advantages of bony endoskeleton relative to cartilaginous endoskeleton is to
enclose and protect the brain because vertebrate endoskeleton includes a cranium.
3. Brain in the head region
A long spinal cord that runs from the brain to the tail end of the backbone. Long
nerve fibers extend from the spinal cord to muscles and organs and throughout the
body.
4. Adaptive immune system is the immune system that can learn to recognize specific
pathogens. It can produce antibodies to attack them rapidly.
5. Ovipary is type of reproductive strategy that development of an embryo within an
egg outside the mothers body. Ovipary occurs in most amphibians and reptiles,
and in all birds.
Ovovivipary is type of reproductive strategy that development embryo inside an
egg within the mothers body until it hatches. Ovovivipary occurs in some species
of fish and reptiles.
Vivipary is type of reproductive strategy that development and nourishment of an
embryo within the mothers body and have period. Vivipary occurs in almost all
mammals.

B. Paraphrase the section Characteristics of Vertebrate

Vertebrate vertebral column is the main distinguishing feature of vertebrate.
The vertebral column is the core of endoskeleton. It allows the vertebrate to hold its
shape and protects the spinal cord. The vertebral column is made up of repeating
units called vertebrae.

C. Make a short summary (max. 150 words)

Vertebrates are a subphylum of the phylum Chordata, which have a
notochord, a dorsal hollow

nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a postanal tail.

Vertebral column is the main distinguishing feature of vertebrate. It allows the

vertebrate to hold its shape and protects the spinal cord. Vertebrate endoskeleton is
made of bone or cartilage. Bone is less flexible than cartilage but stronger. Bone
give more protection for internal organ as the brain. Vertebrates have system of
muscles to control movement, contracting and relaxing. Its have a closed
circulatory system with a heart. Most vertebrates have skin covered with scales,
feathers, fur, or hair. Its have an excretory system that includes pair of kidney. Its
have an endocrine system. Its have an adaptive immune system which can learn to
specific pathogen and produce antibodies to attack them. Its have a centralized
nervous system (brain). Its have reproductive strategies, ovipary, ovovivipary and
vivipary.