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Phased
Array
and
Time
of
Third level
Fourth level
Flight Fifth
Diffraction
(TOFD)
level
Codes and Specifications
Michael Moles
NAVSEA 271st meeting, May 2011
1

Outline on AUT Codes

ASME

AUT and Phased Array codes

ASME

- Code requirements

TOFD

Codes incl. ASME

Other

code activities API, ASTM, AWS,

EN, ISO etc.

Summary

ASME Codes

ASME AUT Codes Today

AUT

dominated for years by ASME Code

Case 2235 (from Sections I, VIII and XII)

Now

replaced by three Mandatory

Appendices (publ. July 2010) in Section V

No

commitment to specific technologies:

wide variety of options - technique,
equipment, mechanics, data displays etc.
4

ASME Mandatory Appendices VI-VIII

Based

on Performance Demonstration
(Procedure Qualification)

Requires

detection of three defects (ID,

OD, sub-surface)

Requires

full data collection and encoder

(Modified

versions of CC 2235 in API 620

App U, B31.3 CC 181 etc.)
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ASME Mandatory Appendices VI-VIII

MUCH

easier to read and use than CC 2235

Written in plain English
For example, Performance Qualification
allows + 25% on wall thickness and 0.9-1.5
on diameter.

The Portable Approach

One person
operation:
OmniScan
twin phased arrays,
TOFD
handscanner
couplant and pump
linear scanning.
7

Phased Array Codes and Code Cases

Three

AUT Mandatory Appendices (VI-VIII):

Workmanship
Fracture Mechanics-based
Procedure Qualification (Performance Demo)
Two

PA Mandatory Appendices (IV-V):

Manual PA (E-scans and S-scans)

Encoded linear scanning using linear arrays (Eand S-scans)
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ASME Phased Array Mandatory

Appendix Requirements

Phased Array Mand. App. Requirements

Calibrate

all beams (OK for OmniScan)

Use same Focal Law for cal as for scanning
For encoded scanning:
Develop Scan Plan to show coverage and
appropriate angles
Use two (or more) S-scans if required
Scan parallel to weld with encoder/full data
collection at fixed distance from centerline
10

Phased Array Mand. App. Requirements

Requires

appropriate angles for bevel

incidence angles (undefined)

Usual

Essential Variable recording

requirements

Requires

50% beam overlap

Requires <5% data drop-out for encoded
scanning
Extensive reporting requirements.
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Calibrating wedge delay

The operator sets a time
gate with enough width
to encompass all the
reflections at all angles
and positions.
Operator then
calibrates the wedge
delay using the
automatic calibration
process.

12

Sensitivity calibration
Need

to correct for
angle effects (ACG)
and time effects (TCG)
OmniScan has ACG
correction, but easiest
to use Auto-TCG
function.
Auto-TCG does both
ACG and TCG
operations in a single
step.
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Sample Auto-TCG results

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Scan Plans

Ray tracing using ESBeamTool with sample Bevel

Incidence Angles (arrowed) calculated on 25 mm
wall double-V weld.
Can check if angles not appropriate
15

ASME B31.3 Code Case 181 (-2)

Recently

re-written - again
Currently out for ballot
Essentially converts CC 181-2 to
workmanship
Overall, should be a major step forward for
pipes
In addition, ASME Section V Code Case
2638 allows much greater flexibility in cal
blocks.
16

TOFD Codes, especially ASME

17

TOFD Signals
Receiver

Transmitter

Lateral wave

Back-wall reflection
BW

LW

Upper tip

Lower tip
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Typical TOFD Display

Gray scale
and rf for
phase info.
OD and ID
visible
Defects
detectable in
middle

19

L-wave
display only
(usually)

TOFD Advantages and Disadvantages

Excellent

PoD for mid-wall defects

Good detection of mis-oriented defects
Rapid (and relatively low cost) inspections
Dead

zone of ~3mm at outer surface

Potential dead zone at inner surface
Can be difficult to interpret.
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TOFD Codes
Well

codified, primarily from Europe

Invented

and developed there

Some

pluses and minuses of various TOFD

codes, e.g. how to calibrate etc

Well-used

and well-developed technique

BUT,

does require skilled and trained

operators.
21

TOFD Codes
BS7706

essentially a guideline
EN583_6 good, but not well known in North
America
Replaced by EN14751
ASTM E-2373-04 published
ASME TOFD Code (Section V Article 4
Mandatory Appendix III) published in 2006
ASME TOFD Interpretation Manual
(Nonmandatory App. N)
published.
22

ASME TOFD Code

Good

code; requires calibrating on ASME

side-drilled holes
Current calibration alternatives from Europe:
known defects
grain noise
lateral wave
ASME

requires conventional UT for ID and

OD to cover off dead zones (unlike most
other TOFD Codes).
23

ASME TOFD Code Calibration

T/4
3T/4

Weld
Thickness
in. (mm)

Hole
Diameter
in. (mm)

Up to 1 (25)

3/32 (2.4)

Over 1 (25)
thru 2 (50)

1/8

Over 2 (50)
thru 4 (100)
Over 4 (100)

(3.2)
3/16
(4.8)
1/4 (6)

Calibration using standard

ASME notches
Defined in Mandatory
Appendix III.
24

Other Code Activities

API, AWS, ASTM, EN/ISO etc.

25

Code activities - API

API

similar in approach to ASME; two

organizations typically work together

Approval

using PA for API UT 1 and UT

2 procedures with no changes

Essentially

scan known samples using

new technology/techniques

Phased

arrays now widely used for API,

e.g. API RP2X and API 1104.
26

Code activities - AWS

A

prescriptive code, different from ASME

With

2006 version => new technology and

technique approvals are codified

Major

problem: each case requires the

Engineers approval

Working
AWS

on mandatory Annex for AUT

responding - slowly.
27

Code activities ASTM (1)

ASTM

E-2491-06 Recommended
Practice for phased array set-up

Requires

full angle corrected gain

(ACG) and time corrected gain (TCG)
over SDH calibration range

Limits

to angular range based on

recommendations and calibration.
28

Code activities ASTM (2)

Recent

E-2700 RP for PA of welds

Essentially allows contact testing for ferritic
steel welds
No great surprises here.

29

EN/ISO
Still

working on PA code development

Third

version more realistic, but still needs a

little work

Very

bureaucratic organization

But

expect EN/ISO phased array code in a

couple of years.
30

Code Summary

31

Code activities ASME summary

Phased

arrays, TOFD and AUT inherently

accepted by ASME (and other codes)

May

need to get techniques and procedures

approved e.g. by Performance
Demonstration approaches

Complete

ASME Phased Array and TOFD

(Time-Of-Flight Diffraction) Codes now
available.
32

Code activities other summary

ASTM

RP for PA set-up published (E-2491)

ASTM

RP for PA of welds published (E-

2700)
API

generally accepts PA

AWS

D1.1 still requires Engineers approval

Europeans

still behind on PA and AUT

codes.
33

Thank you

Any more questions?

34