Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction

Techniques For OFDM Signals

Abstract: In this paper, different techniques for reducing Peak To
Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is discussed. The performance of an
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system is degraded
if the peak-to average power ratio (PAPR) is high. An OFDM system
dynamic range is typically two or four times larger than a single carrier
system increasing value of the dynamic range will lead to an increased
cost, power consumption of transmitter amplifier and also lead to high
peak to average power ratio (PAPR). This is one of the major drawbacks
of OFDM system. A serious problem of large PAPR presents when
energy-inefficient nonlinear power amplifiers are used. Several
techniques have been proposed to reduce PAPR in OFDM system, out of
that few are selective mapping (SLM), tone reservation and partial
transmit sequence. SLM method could be used to reduce PAPR,
however, it causes the BER degradation and increases computational
complexity. The good improvement in PAPR given by the present
techniques permits the reduction of the complexity and cost of the
transmitter.
One of the challenging issues for Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) system is its high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
(PAPR). In this paper, we review and analysis different OFDM PAPR
reduction techniques, based on computational complexity, bandwidth
expansion, spectral spillage and performance. We also discuss some
methods of PAPR reduction for multiuser OFDM broadband
communication systems

Introduction
Due to the high data rate transmission, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) is a promising technique in the current broadband wireless
communication system. The basic principle of OFDM is to split a high-rate data
stream into a number of lower rate streams that are transmitted simultaneously
over a number of subcarriers.
The carriers can be made orthogonal by appropriately choosing the frequency
spacing between them. The main concept of OFDM is orthogonality of the
subcarriers. Since the carriers are all sine and cosine waves, we know that area
under one period of these are zero. Therefore these are all orthogonal to each other.
The orthogonality allows simultaneous transmission of a lot of sub carriers in a
tight frequency space without interference from each other. The orthogonality also
allows high spectral efficiency.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique has been accepted

for many applications such as mobile and indoor wireless communications.
It is well known that OFDM is spectrally efficient but power inefficient due to the
large peak-to average power ratio (PAPR) inherent in the OFDM signals, a large
PAPR value also makes the signal vulnerable to nonlinearities in the transmission.
A number of approaches have been proposed for reducing the PAPR of OFDM
signals. For example, selective mapping or transformation [1], [2] may statistically
reduce the PAPR with a relatively simple implementation cost.
Although these schemes may offer considerable reduction of the PAPR, a rigorous
optimization of reduction process becomes computationally challenging for the
system with a large number of subcarriers. Systematic coding techniques may be
attractive since they can deterministically bound the PAPR with little
computational cost at the transmitter, but designing the low PAPR codes while
maintaining a reasonable coding rate becomes quite difficult as the number of
subcarriers increases.
Probably simplest for the PAPR reduction is digital clipping and filtering of the
OFDM signal . The problem arises, however, that low pass filtering the clipped
OFDM signal samples results in considerable regrowth of peak power in addition
to a certain amount of degradation in bit-error performance. In clipping technique ,
OFDM signal peaks larger than some threshold are deliberately clipped off. Even
though this is a simple technique, it introduces in-band distortion and out of band
noise.
In Selective Mapping (SLM) technique the sequence with the lowest PAPR after
making the few different phase changes on the identical input data sequence is
selected and transmitted. To recover data, the receiver must have knowledge about
the generation process of OFDM signal and phase information. This information is
known as Side information (SI), which results in some loss of efficiency.
To mitigate the performance degradation in the propagation channel, channel
coding is usually used in communication systems.

OFDM
The principle of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
modulation has been in existence for several decades. However, in recent years
these techniques have quickly moved out of textbooks and research laboratories
and into practice in modern communications systems. The techniques are
employed in data delivery systems over the phone line, digital radio and
television, and wireless networking systems. What is OFDM? And why has it
recently become so popular?
OFDM is symbol based, and can be thought of as a large number of low bit
rate carriers transmitting in parallel. All these carriers transmitted using
synchronized time and frequency, forming a single block of spectrum. This is to
ensure that the orthogonal nature of the structure is maintained.
Since these multiple carriers form a single OFDM transmission, they are
commonly referred to as subcarriers, with the term of carrier reserved for
describing the RF carrier mixing the signal from base band. There are several ways
of looking at what make the subcarriers in an OFDM signal orthogonal and why
this prevents interference between them.
OFDM can be simply defined as a form of multicarrier modulation where its
carrier spacing is carefully selected so that each subcarrier is orthogonal to the
other subcarriers

As is well known, orthogonal signals can be separated at the receiver by

correlation techniques; hence, intersymbol interference among channels can be
eliminated. Orthogonality can be achieved by carefully selecting carrier spacing,
such as letting the carrier spacing be equal to the reciprocal of the useful symbol
period.

DEVELOPMENT OF OFDM SYSTEMS

The development of OFDM systems can be divided into three parts. This
comprises of Frequency Division Multiplexing, Multicarrier
Communication and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.
3.2.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing is a form of signal multiplexing which
involves assigning non overlapping frequency ranges or channels to
different signals or to each user of a medium.

3.2.2 Multicarrier Communication

As it is ineffective to transfer a high rate data stream through a channel,
the signal is split to give a number of signals over that frequency range.
Each of these signals are individually modulated and transmitted over
the channel. At the receiver end, these signals are fed to a de
multiplexer where it is demodulated and re combined to obtain the
original signal.

3.3 OFDM THEORY

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a special form of
multicarrier modulation which is particularly suited for transmission
over a dispersive channel. Here the different carriers are orthogonal to
each other, that is, they are totally independent of one another. This is
achieved by placing the carrier exactly at the nulls in the modulation
spectra of each other.

2.3 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING MODULATION SYSTEM

FDM extends the concept of single carrier modulation by using multiple
sub carriers within the same single channel. The total data rate to be
sent in the channel is divided between the various sub carriers.

Inter Symbol Interference

Inter symbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in
which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols.

This is an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have similar

effect as noise, thus making the communication less reliable. ISI is
usually caused by multipath propagation or the inherent non linear
frequency response of a channel causing successive symbols to blur
together.
The presence of ISI in the system introduces error in the decision device
at the receiver output. Therefore, in the design of the transmitting and
receiving filters, the objective is to minimize the effects of ISI and
thereby deliver the digital data to its destination with the smallest error
rate possible.
Inter Carrier Interference
Presence of Doppler shifts and frequency and phase offsets in an OFDM
system causes loss in orthogonality of the sub carriers. As a result,
interference is observed between sub carriers. This phenomenon is
known as inter carrier interference (ICI) .
Cyclic Prefix
The Cyclic Prefix or Guard Interval is a periodic extension of the last
part of an OFDM symbol that is added to the front of the symbol in the
transmitter, and is removed at the receiver before demodulation [1].
The cyclic prefix has to two important benefits
The cyclic prefix acts as a guard interval. It eliminates the inter symbol
interference from the previous symbol.

convolution which in turn maybe transformed to the frequency domain

using a discrete fourier transform. This approach allows for simple
frequency domain processing such as channel estimation and
equalization.

Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform

By working with OFDM in frequency domain the modulated QPSK data
symbols are fed onto the orthogonal sub-carriers. But transfer of signal
over a channel is only possible in its time-domain. For which we
implement IDFT which converts the OFDM signal in from frequency
domain to time domain.
IDFT being a linear transformation can be easily applied to the system
and DFT can be applied at the receiver end to regain the original data in
frequency domain at the receiver end. Since the basis of Fourier
transform is orthogonal in nature we can implement to get the time
domain equivalent of the OFDM signal from its frequency components.

MODULATION & DEMODULATION IN OFDM SYSTEMS

Usually, in practice instead of DFT and IDFT we implement Fast Fourier

Transformation for an N-input signal system because of the lower
hardware complexity of the system.

Modulation
Modulation is the technique by which the signal wave is transformed in
order to send it over the communication channel in order to minimize
the effect of noise. This is done in order to ensure that the received data
can be demodulated to give back the original data. In an OFDM system,
the high data rate information is divided into small packets of data which
are placed orthogonal to each other. This is achieved by modulating the
data by a desirable modulation technique (QPSK). After this, IFFT is
performed on the modulated signal which is further processed by
passing through a parallel to serial converter. In order to avoid ISI
we provide a cyclic prefix to the signal.

3.4.2 Communication Channel

This is the channel through which the data is transferred. Presence of

noise in this medium affects the signal and causes distortion in its data
content.

Demodulation is the technique by which the original data (or a part of it)
is recovered from the modulated signal which is received at the receiver
end. In this case, the received data is first made to pass through a low
pass filter and the cyclic prefix is removed. FFT of the signal is done
after it is made to pass through a serial to parallel converter. A
demodulator is used, to get back the original signal.
The bit error rate and the signal to noise ratio is calculated by taking
into consideration the un modulated signal data and the data at the
receiving end.

3.5 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF AN OFDM

SYSTEM
Advantages
Due to increase in symbol duration, there is a reduction in delay spread.
Addition of guard band almost removes the ISI and ICI in the system.
Conversion of the channel into many narrowly spaced orthogonal sub
carriers render it immune to frequency selective fading.
As it is evident from the spectral pattern of an OFDM system,
orthogonally placing the sub carriers lead to high spectral efficiency.
Can be efficiently implemented using IFFT.
Disadvantages
These systems are highly sensitive to Doppler shifts which affect the
carrier frequency offsets, resulting in ICI.
Presence of a large number of sub carriers with varying amplitude
results in a high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the system,
which in turn hampers the efficiency of the RF amplifier.

A typical Frequency division multiplexing signal spectrum is shown in

fig.2.2. The data do not have to be divided evenly nor do they have to originate
from the same information source. Advantages include using separate modulation
demodulation customized to a particular type of data, or sending out banks of
dissimilar data that can be best sent using multiple, and possibly different,
modulation schemes. Current national television systems committee (NTSC)
television and FM stereo multiplex are good examples of FDM. FDM offers

an

advantage over single-carrier modulation in terms of narrowband frequency

interference since this interference will only affect one of the frequency sub
bands. The other sub carriers will not be affected by the interference. Since each
sub carrier has a lower information rate, the data symbol periods in a digital
system will be longer, adding some additional immunity to impulse noise and
reflections [2].
FDM systems usually require a guard band between modulated sub
carriers to prevent the spectrum of one sub carrier from interfering with another.
These guard bands lower the systems effective information rate when compared
to a single carrier system with similar modulation.

2.4 ORTHOGONALITY AND OFDM

If the FDM system above had been able to use a set of sub carriers that were
orthogonal to each other, a higher level of spectral efficiency could have been
achieved. The guard bands that were necessary to allow individual demodulation
of sub carriers in an FDM system would no longer be necessary. The use of
orthogonal sub carriers would allow the sub carriers spectra to overlap, thus
increasing the spectral efficiency. As long as orthogonality is maintained, it is still
possible to recover the individual sub carriers signals despite their overlapping
spectrums. If the dot product of two deterministic signals is equal to zero, these
signals are said to be orthogonal to each other. Orthogonality can also be viewed
from the standpoint of stochastic processes. If two random processes are
uncorrelated, then they are orthogonal. Given the random nature of signals in a
communications system, this probabilistic view of orthogonality provides an
intuitive understanding of the implications of orthogonality in OFDM.

OFDM is implemented in practice using the discrete Fourier transform (DFT).

Recall from signals and systems theory that the sinusoids of the DFT form an
orthogonal basis set, and a signal in the vector space of the DFT can be
represented as a linear combination of the orthogonal sinusoids. One view of the
DFT is that the transform essentially correlates its input signal with each of the
sinusoidal basis functions.

If the input signal has some energy at a certain frequency, there will be a peak in
the correlation of the input signal and the basis sinusoid that is at that
corresponding frequency. This transform is used at the OFDM transmitter to map
an input signal onto a set of orthogonal sub carriers, i.e., the orthogonal basis
functions of the DFT.
Similarly, the transform is used again at the OFDM receiver to process the
received sub carriers.
The signals from the sub carriers are then combined to form an estimate of the
source signal from the transmitter. The orthogonal and uncorrelated nature of
the sub carriers is exploited in OFDM with powerful results. Since the basic
functions of the DFT are uncorrelated, the correlation performed in the DFT for a
given sub carrier only sees energy for that corresponding sub carrier. The energy
from other sub carriers does not contribute because it is uncorrelated.
This separation of signal energy is the reason that the OFDM sub carriers
spectrums can overlap without causing interference.

2.5 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

With an overview of the OFDM system, it is valuable to discuss the
mathematical definition of the modulation system.

It is important to understand that the carriers generated by the IFFT chip

are mutually orthogonal. This is true from the very basic definition of an IFFT
signal. This will allow understanding how the signal is generated and how receiver
must operate.
Mathematically, each carrier can be described as a complex wave:

The real signal is the real part of sc (t). Ac (t) and c (t), the amplitude and phase of
the carrier, can vary on a symbol by symbol basis. The values of the parameters
are constant over the symbol duration period t. OFDM consists of many carriers.
Thus the complex signal Ss(t) is represented by:

This is of course a continuous signal. If we consider the waveforms of each

component of the signal over one symbol period, then the variables Ac (t) and c
(t) take on fixed values, which depend on the frequency of that particular carrier,
and so can be rewritten:

If the signal is sampled using a sampling frequency of 1/T, then the resulting signal
is represented by:

At this point, we have restricted the time over which we analyze the signal to N
samples. It is convenient to sample over the period of one data symbol. Thus we
have a relationship: t=NT If we now simplify above equation, without a loss of
generality by letting 0=0, then the signal becomes:

Now above equation can be compared with the general form of the inverse
Fourier transform:

In Ss(KT) the function Anejn is no more than a definition of the signal in the
sampled frequency domain, and Ss(kT) is the time domain representation. last 2
expression are equivalent if:

This is the same condition that was required for orthogonality. Thus, one
consequence of maintaining orthogonality is that the OFDM signal can be defined
by using Fourier transform procedures.
2.6 OFDM GENERATION AND RECEPTION

OFDM signals are typically generated digitally due to the difficulty in

creating large banks of phase locks oscillators and receivers in the analog domain.
Fig 2.3 shows the block diagram of a typical OFDM transceiver. The transmitter
section converts digital data to be transmitted, into a mapping of subcarrier
amplitude and phase.

It then transforms this spectral representation of the data into the time
domain using an Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT). The Inverse Fast
Fourier Transform (IFFT) performs the same operations as an IDFT, except that it
is much more computationally efficiency, and so is used in all practical system

Fig.2.3 Block diagram of a basic OFDM transceiver.

The receiver performs the reverse operation of the transmitter, mixing the
RF signal to base band for processing, then using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to
analyze the signal in the frequency domain. The amplitude and phase of the sub
carriers is then picked out and converted back to digital data. The IFFT and the
FFT are complementary function and the most appropriate term depends on
whether the signal is being received or generated. In cases where the signal is
independent of this distinction then the term FFT and IFFT is used
interchangeably.

Peak To Average Power Ratio (PAPR)

An OFDM signal is the sum of Ci complex random variables, each of it can be
considered as a complex modulated signal at a different frequency. In some cases,
all signal components can add up in phase and produce
a large output and in some cases, they may cancel each other, producing zero
output. Thus, the peak-to-average ratio (PAPR) of an OFDM system is very large.
In the transmitter front-end, a power amplifier is required with a wide linear range
that can include the peaks in the transmitted waveform. DAC's and ADC's must
also have a wide signal range to avoid clipping. The symbols that have a large
PAPR are vulnerable to errors. Peak to Average power Ratio is defined by Muller
and Huber (1997) [7]:

where E denotes the expectation and Sx(t) is the OFDM transmitted signal. This
expectation value is the value
that we expect to measure most often if repeated measurements were made on the
system. The PAPR also can
be expressed in dB as in equation (2).

OFDM is one of the many multicarrier modulation techniques, which

provides high spectral efficiency, low implementation complexity, less
vulnerability to echoes and non linear distortion. Due to these
advantages of the OFDM system, it is vastly used in various
communication systems. But the major problem one faces while
implementing this system is the high peak to average power ratio of
this system. A large PAPR increases the complexity of the analog to
digital and digital to analog converter and reduces the efficiency of
the radio frequency (RF) power amplifier [3,6]. Regulatory and
application constraints can be implemented to reduce the peak
transmitted power which in turn reduces the range of multi carrier
transmission. This leads to the prevention of spectral growth and the
transmitter power amplifier is no longer confined to linear region in
which it should operate. This has a harmful effect on the battery
lifetime. Thus in communication system, it is observed that all the
potential benefits of multi carrier transmission can be out - weighed by
a high PAPR value .

Presence of large number of independently modulated sub-carriers in an

OFDM system the peak value of the system can be very high as
compared to the average of the whole system. This ratio of the peak to
average power value is termed as Peak-to-Average Power Ratio.
Coherent addition of N signals of same phase produces a peak which is
N times the average signal.
The major disadvantages of a high PAPR are1. Increased complexity in the analog to digital and digital to analog
converter.
2. Reduction is efficiency of RF amplifiers.
PAPR OF A MULTICARRIER SIGNAL
Let the data block of length N be represented by a vector . Duration of
any symbol in the set X is T and represents one of the sub carriers set.
As the N sub carriers chosen to transmit the signal are orthogonal to
each other, so we can have where and NT is the duration of the OFDM
data block X. The complex data block for the OFDM signal to be
transmitted is given by

The PAPR of the transmitted signal is defined as

Reducing the max|x(t)| is the principle goal of PARP reduction

techniques. Since, discrete- time signals are dealt with in most systems,
many PAPR techniques are implemented to deal with amplitudes of
various samples of x(t). Due to symbol spaced 25
output in the first equation we find some of the peaks missing which can
be compensated by oversampling the equation by some factor to give the
true PAPR value.

Continuous-time PAPR
In general, the PAPR of OFDM signals is defined as the ratio between the
maximum instantaneous power and its average power

where is the average power of and it can be computed in the frequency

domain because Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) is a (scaled)
unitary transformation.

2) Discrete-time PAPR
The PAPR of the discrete time sequences typically determines the
complexity of the digital circuitry in terms of the number of bits
necessary to achieve a desired signal to quantization noise for both the
digital operation and the DAC. However, we are often more concerned
with reducing the PAPR of the continuous-time signals in practice,
since the cost and power dissipation of the analog components often
dominate.

To better approximate the PAPR of continuous-time OFDM signals, the

OFDM signals samples are obtained by times oversampling. -times
oversampled time-domain samples are -point IFFT of the data block
with zero-padding. Therefore, the oversampled IFFT output can be
expressed as

Passband PAPR
Note that, if is large, an OFDM system usually does not employ pulse
shaping, since the power spectral density of the band-limited OFDM
signal is approximately rectangular. Thus, the amplitude of OFDM RF
signals can be expressed as

where is the carrier frequency and . Therefore, the peak of RF signals is

equivalent to that of the complex baseband signals

PAPR Reduction Techniques

PAPR reduction techniques vary according to the needs of the system
and are dependent on various factors. PAPR reduction capacity, increase
in power in transmit signal, loss in data rate, complexity of computation
and increase in the bit-error rate at the receiver end are various factors
which are taken into account before adopting a PAPR reduction
technique of the system. [3].
The PAPR reduction techniques on which we would work upon and
compare in our later stages are as follows:

AMPLITUDE CLIPPING AND FILTERING

A threshold value of the amplitude is set in this process and any subcarrier having amplitude more than that value is clipped or that subcarrier is filtered to bring out a lower PAPR value.

AMPLITUDE CLIPPING AND FILTERING

Amplitude clipping is considered as the simplest technique which may
be under taken for PAPR reduction in an OFDM system. A threshold
value of the amplitude is set in this case to limit the peak envelope of the
input signal.
The main objective of this technique is to generate a set of data blocks at
the transmitter end which represent the original information and then to
choose the most favorable block among them for transmission. Let us
consider an OFDM system with N orthogonal sub carriers. A data
block is a vector composed of N complex symbols , each of them
representing modulation symbol transmitted over a sub carrier. X is
multiplied element by element with U vector composed of N complex
numbers , , defined so that , where |.| denotes the modulus operator. Each
resulting vector , where , produces after IDFT, a corresponding OFDM
signal given by

where T is the OFDM signal duration and is the sub carrier spacing
Among the modified data blocks, the one with the lowest PAPR is
selected for transmission. The amount of PAPR reduction for SLM
depends on the number of phase sequences U and the design of the
phase sequences. 30

SELECTED MAPPING
In this a set of sufficiently different data blocks representing the
information same as the original data blocks are selected. Selection of
data blocks with low PAPR value makes it suitable for transmission.
PARTIAL TRANSMIT SEQUENCE
Transmitting only part of data of varying sub-carrier which covers all
the information to be sent in the signal as a whole is called Partial
Transmit Sequence Technique.
Tone Reservation
In this scheme, some OFDM subcarriers are reserved. These reserved subcarriers
dont carry any data information, are only used for reducing PAPR. This method is
called Tone Reservation.
This technique includes number of set of reservation of tones. By using this
technique reserved tones can be used to minimize the PAPR.
This method is used for multicarrier transmission and also shows the reserving
tones to reduce the PAPR. This technique depends on amount of complexity.
When the number of tones is small reduction in PAPR may represent non
negligible samples of available bandwidth. Advantage of this tone reservation is
very positive that no process is needed at receiver end. And also do not need to
transmit the side information along with the transmitted signal. In this technique
number of loops are used and the signal will pass from each loop and depending
number of iterate the output PAPR value will be displayed.

As per the technique above figure shows the previous simulation by keeping CR=
1, that why reduction in the PAPR can be done up to 1.5dB only but the times
always wants some changes so by this technique due to some changes better result
can be display. In table the data shows reduction in CCDF of PAPR.

The signal generated in BPSK modulation signal then signal passed from 1000
loops. OFDM signals peaks can be remove at some level by using this technique.
In this technique by using previous reservation terms further can be evaluate. Now
as per shown the fig.3 this is the simulation result by using the tone reservation
technique to reduce the PAPR.
This proposed technique includes signal power and mean power. Now in this
technique OFDM signal is transmitted after performing IFFT.
Here as per the signal power and combination of mean power and CR. Reduction
in PAPR has been possible.

Clipping Ratio(CR)=2

Here particular in this technique loop is 1000. And the reducing of data we can see
here it is continuous decreasing. The value of CCDF is checked for 32 Times
because here M=32.

3.2 Partial Transmit sequence

For PAPR reduction using partial transmit sequence a typical OFDM system with
input data block in X
has been partitioned into M disjoint sub-blocks of clusters, which are represented
by the

In general, for PTS scheme, the known sub block partioning methods can be
classified into three categories: adjacent partition, interleaved partition and pseudorandom partition. Then, the sub blocks are transformed into time domain partial
transmit sequences .

The objective has been to optimally combine the sub blocks to obtain the time
domain OFDM signals with the lowest PAPR.

Assuming that there are phase angles to be allowed, thus has the possibility of
different values. Therefore, there are alternative representations for an OFDM
symbol. The PTS technique significantly reduces the PAPR, but unfortunately,
finding the optimal phase factors has been a highly complex problem. In order to
reduce the search complexity, the selection of the phase factors has been limited to
a set of finite number of elements. The Exhaustive Search Algorithm (ESA) has
been employed to find the best phase factor.

However, the ESA requires an exhaustive search over all combinations of the
allowed phase factors and has exponential search complexity with the number of
sub blocks. To reduce the computational complexity, some simplified search
techniques have been proposed such as the Iterative Flipping Algorithm (IFA) .
Although the IFA significantly reduces the search complexity, there has been some
gap between its PAPR reduction performance and that of the ESA. A CrossEntropy (CE) based method has been proposed by Jung - Cheih Chen for obtaining
the optimal phase factors for the PTS technique to reduce the PAPR. Jung- Cheih
Chen has proposed a Quantum-Inspired Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA) based
method to obtain the optimal phase factor for the PTS technique. Abolfazl has
proposed an Auto- Correlation Function (ACF) to develop a new PTS sub blocking
technique using Error-Correcting Codes (ECCs). This technique minimizes the
number of repeated subcarrier with a sub-block and provides better PAPR
reduction than pseudorandom or m-sequence sub blocking.

3.3 Selective Mapping Technique

In SLM, the input data sequences have been multiplied by each of the phase
sequences to generate alternative input symbol sequences. Each of the alternative
input data sequences is made the IFFT operation, and then the one with the lowest
PAPR is selected for transmission . A block diagram of the SLM technique has
been depicted in Fig.7. Each data block is multiplied by V different phase factors,
each of length N , v v,0 bv,1 bu,N-1T (v=0,1,..V-1), resulting in V different data
blocks. Thus , the vth phase sequence

Among the data block Xv(v= 0,1,.V-1), only one with the lowest PAPR has been
selected for transmission and the corresponding selected phase factors bv,n also
should be transmitted to receiver as side information. For implementation of SLM
OFDM systems the SLM technique needs V IFFT operation and the number of
required bits as side information is 2 for each data block. Therefore, the ability of
PAPR reduction in SLM depends on the number of phase factors V and the design
of the phase factors.
Some extension of SLM also has been proposed to reduce the computational
complexity and number of the bits for side information transmission. Selected
Mapping (SLM) has been one of the most popular signal scrambling techniques
used to reduce the PAPR of OFDM signals. In symbol scrambling techniques the
input data sequence has been scrambled using a number of specialized
scrambling sequences. The sequence which produces the lowest PAPR is the one
used for transmission.
The SLM technique proposed takes the OFDM subcarrier data block to be
transmitted and multiples it element-wise by a number of phase adjustment vector
sets. The new statistically independent phase adjusted OFDM frames represent the
same transmitted information, but have different PAPR values.
The OFDM frame that has the lowest PAPR is then selected to be transmitted. As
reported in the SLM technique can provide a 0.1% probability PAPR reduction of
2.8 dB (from 10.4 dB to 7.6 dB) when applied to 128 subcarrier QPSK-OFDM
symbols. However, one drawback of this technique is that some additional
information relating to the phase vector set that produces the lowest PAPR also
requires to be transmitted along with the OFDM signal. This extra information
increases the overhead.