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Chapter
Chapter 16
Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Progressions
Arithmetic Progressions (AP):
Arithmetic progression is is sequence of
terms which increase or decrease by a constant number called common difference(d). It is a series of number in which each term after the first is obtained by adding to the preceding term a constant number. It can also be obtained by adding the difference of first two terms to the second term to get the third & so on. Thus a series in Arithmetic Progressions becomes an additive series in which the common difference can be found by subtracting each term from its preceding one. It is denoted by d Example: A.P = a, (a + d), (a + 2 d), (a+3d) = 2,4,6,8,10 = 10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0. In arithmetic series terms are denoted by t1 , t2 ,t3 First term is denoted by a & the last term by d denotes the difference between two terms; t2 t1. Finding n th term of A.P: The standard form of A.P as given above is a, (a+d), (a+2d) where a is the first term of the series & d is the common difference. They can be expressed in the following way: First term = a or a+(1-1)d. Second term = a +d or a + (2-1) d Third term = a+2d or a+(3-1) d nth term = a + (n-1)d nth term of A.P can be determined by using the following formula: Tn = a +(n-1)d N = Number of terms & d is common difference Sum of the Series: Arithmetic Progression is a series of numbers arranged in an order.By using the following formulae, its sum can be determined. n n Sn [2a (n 1)d] (or) Sn [a L] 2 2 Sn denotes the sum of A.P n = number of terms a = First term, L = Last term, d = common difference= t2 - t1
Geometric Progression (GP):
Geometric progression is a sequence whose terms increase or decrease by a constant ratio called the common ratio. Thus it is a multiplicative series, whose common ratio can be found by dividing any term by its preceding term. Definitions: A series or set of number is said to be in Geometric Progression when the ratio of any number of the set to its preceding number is always the same. A geometric progression is a set of quantities arranged in such a way that the ratio between any two consecutive terms is the same. This ratio is called the common ratio (C.R) & is denoted by r. Sum of first n terms Sum to n terms of a Geometric Progression whose first term is a & common ratio r Sum to n terms is denoted by Sn. S n a ar 1 ar 2 ar 3 ......... a.r n 1 .......( 1) The nth term (T )=arn-1 n
16.1
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Degree and Diploma: Engineering*Management*Science*Commerce 9322420787*9321022089*9920155981*9702057971 The sum of the first n terms: If -1<r<1 Then the sum of the a (1 r n ) 1 r if r 1
a (r n 1) Sn if r 1 r 1 na if r 1
infinite GP: S n 1 r
Harmonic Progression (HP):
Harmonic Progression is nothing but the
reciprocal of Arithmetic Progression. We take the reciprocal of the terms & follow the rules of A.P. First term is denoted by a. Fixed value added is called common difference and is denoted by d.
Relationship in A.M., G.M. & H.M.:
Let a & b be any two positive numbers: ab Then AM = GM= 2
ab
HM=
2ab ab
a b 2ab 2 (AM)(HM)= . ab (GM ) 2 ab
(AM). (HM) = (GM)2
Therefore if a & b are any two positive numbers; then their A.M., G.M., & H.M. are in G.P.