Mole

ml/
noun
1. 1.
a small burrowing insectivorous mammal with dark velvety fur, a long muzzle, and very
small eyes.
2. 2.
a spy who achieves over a long period an important position within the security
defenses of a country.
synonyms: spy, agent, secret agent, undercover
agent, operative, plant, infiltrator,sleeper, informant, informer; More
Avogadro's
Avogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle) is an
experimental gas law relating volume of a gas to the amount of substanceof gas present. A modern
statement of Avogadro's law is:
Avogadro's law states that, "equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure,
have the same number of molecules".
For a given mass of an ideal gas, the volume and amount (moles) of the gas are directly proportional
if the temperature and pressure are constant.
which can be written as:

or

where:
V is the volume of the gas
n is the amount of substance of the gas (measured in moles).
k is a constant equal to RT/P, where R is the universal gas constant, T is the Kelvin
temperature, and P is the pressure. As temperature and pressure are constant, RT/P is also
constant and represented as k. This is derived from the ideal gas law.
This law explains how, under the same condition of temperature and pressure,
equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules. For
comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law
can be usefully expressed as follows:

The equation shows that, as the number of moles of gas increases, the
volume of the gas also increases in proportion. Similarly, if the number of
moles of gas is decreased, then the volume also decreases. Thus, the
number of molecules or atoms in a specific volume of ideal gas is
independent of their size or the molar mass of the gas.
The law is named after Amedeo Avogadro who, in 1811,[1] hypothesized
that two given samples of an ideal gas, of the same volume and at the
same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules.
As an example, equal volumes of molecular hydrogen and nitrogen contain
the same number of molecules when they are at the same temperature and
pressure, and observe ideal gas behavior. In practice, real gases show
small deviations from the ideal behavior and the law holds only
approximately, but is still a useful approximation for scientists.

Molar masses of elements

Main article: Relative atomic mass
The molar mass of atoms of an element is given by the atomic mass of the element[2] multiplied by
the molar mass constant, M
u = 1103 kg/mol = 1 g/mol:[3]

M(H) = 1.007 97(7) 1 g/mol = 1.007 97(7) g/mol

M(S) = 32.065(5) 1 g/mol = 32.065(5) g/mol
M(Cl) = 35.453(2) 1 g/mol = 35.453(2) g/mol
M(Fe) = 55.845(2) 1 g/mol = 55.845(2) g/mol.
Multiplying by the molar mass constant ensures that the calculation
is dimensionally correct: atomic weights are dimensionless quantities (i.e., pure
numbers) whereas molar masses have units (in this case, grams/mole).
Some elements are usually encountered as molecules, e.g. hydrogen (H
2), sulfur (S
8), chlorine (Cl
2). The molar mass of molecules of these elements is the molar mass of the atoms

multiplied by the number of atoms in each molecule:

M(H
2) = 2 1.007 97(7) 1 g/mol = 2.015 88(14) g/mol
M(S
8) = 8 32.065(5) 1 g/mol = 256.52(4) g/mol
M(Cl
2) = 2 35.453(2) 1 g/mol = 70.906(4) g/mol.

Molar masses of compounds

The molar mass of a compound is given by the sum of the standard
atomic mass of the atoms which form the compound multiplied by

the molar mass constant, M

u:
M(NaCl) = [22.989 769 28(2) + 35.453(2)] 1 g/mol = 58.443(2) g/mol
M(C
12H
22O
11) = ([12 12.0107(8)] + [22 1.007 94(7)] + [11 15.9994(3)]) 1 g/mol =
342.297(14) g/mol.

An average molar mass may be defined for mixtures of

compounds.[1] This is particularly important in polymer science,
where different polymer molecules may contain different
numbers of monomer units (non-uniform polymers).[4][5]

Average molar mass of mixtures

The average molar mass of mixtures
from the mole fractions
masses

can be calculated

of the components and their molar

It can also be calculated from the mass fractions

of the

components:

As an example, the average molar mass of dry air is

28.97 g/mol.[6]

Formula Mass Definition: The formula mass of a molecule is the sum of the atomic weights of
the atoms in the empirical formula of the compound.
Also Known As: formula weight
Examples: The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6, so the empirical formula is CH2O.
The formula mass of glucose is (12)+2(1)+16 = 30 amu.
Calculating formula masses
Since a molecule - scratch that, there we go again, calling everything molecules! Since a formula is made
of atoms, we can calculate a formula mass by simply adding up all the atoms that are in it. This is an
application of the law of conservation of mass. Count up the number of atoms of each type in the
formula, and add up the total mass. We've broken this out in the form of a table in these examples, and
you'll probably want to use a somewhat similar method.
Which of the following is a correct calculation of the formula mass?

Na2CO3
39.12 NH4Cl
25.00 BaSO4
233.4 None of these

What is the formula mass of CaCO3 to 1 decimal place?

When a formula contains polyatomic ions, the number of atoms inside the brackets are multiplied by
any subscript immediately behind the brackets, as shown in this example.
Here's another polyatomic ion example.
Which of the following is a correct calculation of the formula mass?
Ca(OH)2
114.16 (NH4)2CO3
80.00 Al2(SO4)3
278.1 None of these
What is the formula mass of Ba(HSO3)2 to 1 decimal place?
Sometimes when ionic crystals form, water becomes a part of the crystal structure. This is known as
water of hydration, and the crystals are called "hydrates", or "hydrated salts". Formulas for hydrates
always include a dot separator, followed by the number of water molecules attached, such as formulas
like CuSO4.5H2O. There are several ways you can do such formulas. One method is to treat the water of
hydration as having its own mass, and add it to the other masses as shown in this example.
Which of the following is a correct calculation of the formula mass?
FeCl2.4H2O
198.75 AlCl3.6H2O
818.1 Na2CO3.10H2O
180.00 MgSO4.7H2O
120.37
The above were all examples of ionic formulas, but exactly the same principle applies to true molecular
formulas, such as that of glucose.