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It offers
transfer speeds of around 720 Kbps.
transmitter converts audio (sound) signals to electrical signals that are sent over wires or
through space. A radio receiver converts the electromagnetic waves so that the information can
be found out.
Harmonics is the signals with frequencies that are an integral multiple of the fundamental
frequency.
Modulation index (m) is the ratio between the amplitude of the message signal to the amplitude
of the unmodulated carrier signal.
Frequency deviation the maximum frequency change between a modulated and unmodulated
carrier signal.
Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) an oscillator that uses an input voltage to control its output
frequency.
PLLs are used in FM and AM demodulation because they do not require complex coil
adjustments.
noise is an unwanted signal that will disturb the transmission or processing of signals in
communication systems.
A shot noise arises from the discrete nature of diodes and transistors.
A noise is white if its PSD (Power Spectral Density) equals constant for all frequencies.
Multiplexing is method by which multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are
combined into one signal.
JK flip-flop is used in this type of keying in order to separate the even an odd bits according to
the digital inputs.
When you talk into a mobile telephone it converts the sound of your voice to radiofrequency
energy (radio waves). The radio waves are transmitted through the air to a nearby base station.
The base station then sends the call through the telephone network until it reaches the person
you are calling.
Base station is a radio receiver/transmitter that serves as the hub of the local wireless network,
and may also be the gateway between a wired network and the wireless network.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)uses narrowband TDMA, which allows eight
simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency. TDMA works by dividing a radio frequency into
time slots and then allocating slots to multiple calls. In this way, a single frequency can support
multiple, simultaneous data channels.
walkie-talkie is a half-duplex device because only one party can transmit at a time.
In analog modulation bandwidth required is low while in digital modulation due to higher bit
rate, heigher channel bandwidth are required.
TDM is the process of dividing up one communication time slot into smaller time slots.
OR, It is the techniquve of separating the signal in time is called TDM.
Frequency division multiplexing is the technique of separating the signal in frequency is reffered
as FDM.
Aliasing effect takes place when sampling frequency is less than Nyquist rate.Under such
condition, the spectrum of the sampled signal overlaps with itself Hence higher frequencies take
the form of lower frequencies. This interference of the frequency components is called as
aliasing effect.
DM encodes the input sample by one bit. It sends the information about + or -,ie step rise or
fall. DPCM can have more than one bit of encoding the sample. It sends the information about
difference between actual sample value and the predicted sample value.
Eye pattern can be obtained on CRO by applying the signal to one of the input channels and
given an external trigger of 1/Tb Hz.
In the raised cosine spectrum, the frequency response P(f) decreases towards zero gradually .
The nyquist bandwidth is the minimum transmission bandwidth for zero ISI.
In coherent detection, the local carrier generated at the receiver is phase locked with the carrier
at the transmitter. The detection is done by correlating received noisy signal and locally
generated carrier. .The coherent detection is a synchronous detection.
ASK is on-off signalling, where as the modulated carrier is continuously transmitted in PSK.
Hence peak power requirement is more ASK, whereas it is reduced in case of PSK.
A baseband signal receiver increases the signal to noise ratio at the instant of sampling. This
reduces the probability of error. The baseband signal receiver is also called optimum receiver.
The matched filter is a baseband signal receiver, which works in presence of white Gaussian
noise. The impulse response of the matched filter is matched to the shape pf the input signal.
Maximum signal to noise ratio is the ratio of energy to psd of white noise. i.e.,
This maximum value occurs at the end of bit duration i.e. Tb.
ax = E/ N /
MSK signal have continuous phase in all the cases, where as QPSK has phase shift of /2 or .
BPSK:In BPSK, binary symbol 1 and 0 modulate the phase of the carrier. band width
2Fb.very good noise immunity.coherent detection requires.
DPSK:DPSK is differentially coherent modulation method. It does not need a coherent carrier
at the demodulator. The input sequence of binary bits is modified such that the next bit
depends upon the previous bit. In DPSK the phase of the carrier changes only on symbol
, while i BPK, phase of the arrier get ha ges oth at a d at . o this is the
major difference between DPSK and BPSK.BW=Fb.noise intereference is more.error
propogation is more.
Pseudo noise sequence is a noise like high frequency signal. The sequence is not completely
random, but it is generated by well defined logic. He e it is alled pseudo noise sequence
.Pseudo noise sequences are used in spread spectrm communication for spreading message
signals.
enable code
synchronization.
in spread spectrum communication the transmitted data sequence occupies much more band
width than the minimum required bandwidth. Special code is used to aspread the bandwidth of
the message signal. This special code is known only to authorized receiver .Hence the
transmitted signal is received only by authorized receiver.Unwanted receivers cannot receive the
signal..Thus spread spectrum communication provides secure transmission of data.
In frequency hop spread spectrum, the data is transmitted in different frequency slots. These
frequency slots are selected with the help of pseudo-noise sequence. Selection of frequency
slots is called frequency hopping. The bandwidth of frequency hop spread spectrum is very
much large compared to direct sequences spread spectrum. Frequency hop spread spectrum is
of two types: I) slow frequency hopping and ii) fast frequency hopping.
Disadvantages of DS-SS system:1 .It required wideband channel with small phase distortion.
2. The pseudo noise generator should generate sequence at high rates.
3.This system is distance relative.
Advantages of FH-SS System:1 .These systems bandwidth (spreads) are very large.
2. .They can be programmed to avoid some portions of the spectrum.
3.The distance effect is less.
Spread spectrum systems are essentially synchronous. The pseudo noise sequences generated
at the receiver and the transmitted must be same and locked t each other so that the
transmitted signal can be extracted.
Deterministic Signal: Deterministic signal is a signal about which there is no certainty with
respect to its value at any time.