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Rectifier Circuits
The Rectifier
Rectification is the conversion of an alternating current to a
pulsating direct current.
Rectification occurs in both a half-wave and a full-wave
rectifier.
A diode passes current in only one direction, therefore it is
ideally suited for converting alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC).
When AC voltage is applied to a diode, the diode conducts
ONLY ON THE POSITIVE ALTERNATION OF VOLTAGE (this
is when the anode of the diode is positive with respect to the
cathode)
This simplest type of rectifier is the half-wave rectifier.
/ = 0.318 Vpeak
Note that now the polarities across W1 and W2 are reversed. During
this alternation, the anode of D1 is driven negative and D1 cannot
conduct. For the period of time that the anode of D1 is negative, the
anode of D2 is positive, permitting D2 to conduct. Notice that the
anode current of D2 passes through the load resistor in the same
direction as the current of D1 did. In this circuit arrangement, a pulse
of load current flows during each alternation of the input cycle. Since
both alternations of the input voltage cycle are used, the circuit is
called a FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER.
The output waveform is a sine wave with both alternations at the same
polarity, the average current or voltage is 63.7 percent (or 0.637) of the
peak current or voltage.
Full-wave rectifier:
Advantage: because the doubling of the output frequency, the
average voltage has doubled, and the resulting signal is much
easier to filter.
Disadvantage: the peak voltage in the full-wave rectifier is only half
the peak voltage in the half-wave rectifier. This is because the
secondary of the power transformer in the full-wave rectifier is
center tapped; therefore, only half the source voltage goes to each
diode.
Exist another rectifier which produces the same peak voltage as a halfwave rectifier and the same ripple frequency as a full-wave rectifier.
This is known as the BRIDGE RECTIFIER.
Bridge Rectifier
When four diodes are connected as shown in the following figure, the
circuit is called a BRIDGE RECTIFIER.
The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of
the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.