1.

Implicature

2. I. Definition The term Implicature accounts for what a speaker can imply, suggest or
mean, as distinct from what the speaker literally says. (Grice,1975) Implicature is one of the
ways that one proposition can be conveyed by a speaker uttering or under appropriate.
3. II. Types of implicature1. Conversational implicature:=> derives from the
cooperativeprinciple of conversation and a numberof maxims expected to be followed
byparticipants in a speech event. Example:A: Would you prefer coffee or tea?B:I like coffee.
4. 1.1.The cooperative principle Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at
the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in
which you are engaged (Yule, 1966) In other words, the listener presumes that the speaker is
being cooperative and is speaking truthfully, informatively, relevantly, exactly, and
appropriately.
5. 1.1.1. The maxims of Quantitya. Make your contribution asinformative as is required (for
thecurrent purposes of the exchange)b. Do not make your contribution onethat is true.
Example:A: are you at the office?B: yes, I am. You will see me at room 12 of Halleybuilding.
6. 1.1.2. The maxims of Qualitya. Do not say what you believe tobe false.b. Do not say that for
which youlack evidence. Example:A: Do you think that smoking is good forhealth?B: No, I
think its not good for our health.
7. 1.1.3. The maxim of Relationa. Be relevant example:A: why do you learn English?B; Yes, I
learn it because of my hobby.
8. 1.1.4. The maxims of mannera. Avoid obscurity of expression.b. Avoid ambiguity.c. Be
briefd. Be orderly example:A: what do you think about Ha Long Bay?B: I like Ha Long Bay, it
has a lot ofbeautiful caves.
9. 1.2. Generalized implicature Definition:- is a conversational implicature that is inferable
without reference to a special context.( no special knowledge is required to figure out the
additional meaning)=> It means that a generalized conversational implicature is one which
does not depend on particular features of the context, but is instead typically associated with
the proposition expressed.
10. Generalized implicature Example 1:A: Did you send a message to Tu and Thu?B: I sent a
message to Tu. Example 2:The leader asked a staff:- How do you feel about Nam these
days?- He usually goes out late at night with someonewho has a husband.- Thats so bad ...
Do you know who that womanis?- Yes. She is his wife.
11. 1.3. Scalar implicature Certain information is always communicated by choosing a word
which expressed one value from a scale of value => The basic of scalar implicature is that
when any form in a scale is asserted, the negative of all forms higher on the scale is
implicated This is particularly obvious in terms for expressing quantity
12. Scalar implicature Example:The teacher, all of us have flu, so we are absentfrom school.
Um, actually, some of us has flu, theother takes care of the illness personBill has got some of
Chomskys papers=> Bill hasnt got all of Chomskys papersThere will be five of us for dinner
tonightI like Mary. She is intelligent and good-hearted
13. 1.4. Particularized implicaturesDefinition: A particularized conversationalimplicature occurs
when a conversationtakes place in a very specific context inwhich locally recognized
inferences areassumed.
14. Particularized implicaturesExample:- Where is my book?- Your young sister is drawing
something. =>The action draw of young sisterwould ordinarily not convey anything abouther
book, so implicature in this casedepends on the context as well as theutterance itself.
15. 2.Conventional implicature:- not based on the cooperative principle orthe maxims.- not
have to occur in conversation- not depend on special contexts for theirinterpretation.associated with specific words and result inadditional conveyed meanings when thosewords
are used.
16. *Some words are expressions for conventional implicature:-but: A but B will be based
on therelationship between A and B and animplicature of contrast between theinformation in A
and B. Example: Mary is crying but she ishappy. =>Mary is crying is contrast to she
ishappy
17. -even: implicature of contrast of contraryto expectation Example: David even helped the
oldwoman to go home.=>David is not expected to help the oldwoman but he did.

18. -yet: the present situation is expected tobe different, perhaps the opposite, at a latertime.
Example: Mum has not gone homeyet.=>negation of this sentence is Mum wenthome. So
mum went home is expectedto be true later.
19. III. Generalized vs. particularized implicatures A particularized A generalized
conversational conversational implicature is one implicature is one which depends on which
does not particular features depend on particular of the context. features of the context, but is
instead typically associated with the proposition expressed.
20. Some examples A: What has A: Do you invite happened to my Minh? bread? B: Yes, I
do. B: Your cat seems to be happy. Im condemned He sometime goes unfairly like Thi to
the market with Mau. his wife
21. Conclusion In two implicatures, the particularized conversational implicature is used
widely, because it can provide with more contents, more aspects of speech than generalized
conversational implicature. Accidentally or intentionally, the statement can create many
implicatures and impacts on many people. At the same time, the troubles in conversation and
the cases "one pulls one way, the other pulls the other way occur.