Chemistry

Ultimate
1983/2001
Tomanlam
This document is a collection of data regarding HKCE
Chemistry Pastpaper. Together with exclusives
memorizing methods

Tomanlam

SKH TSK Secondary

School

4/4/2008
 Chemistry Ultimate 1983/2001
Apr. 4

1. Chromium(Cr3+) cannot be reduced by Sulphite ion to CrO42-

2. Stainless steel is made of Chromium, Carbon and Nickel
3. Anodized Aluminium is made of Al2O3 and it’s not an alloy
4. 24-carat gold is 100% gold, 18-carat gold is 75% gold
5. Mild steel is made of Iron and Carbon in the ratio of 99.8% and 0.2%
6. Isotopes have the SAME chemical properties because they possess the SAME
electronic configuration. Yet, they possess DIFFERENT physical properties because
they have DIFFERENT mass number
7. Elements arranged in the same group have SIMILAR chemical properties because
they possess the SAME number of valence electrons
8. Chemical properties are governed by number of valence electrons whilst;
9. Physical properties are governed by number of neutrons
10. White patches found on the cap of limewater are CaCO3
11. Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g)  CaCO3(s)
BASIC ACIDIC
12. Ester formed is a layer of liquid with a pleasant smell
13. Gases of VERY CLOSE Relative Molecular Masses to air are NOT collected by upward
delivery (downward displacement of air)
14. Acidic gases, particulates can be washed away by rain water. Yet, CO CANNOT be
washed by rain water because it is insoluble in rain water
15. ALL gases have the same molar volume at R.T.P.(24dm3)
16. In the salting out process, soap float over excess NaCl because the latter has a HIGH
density. Low density soap thus displace upward. Yet this is not always right
17. All nitrates decompose on heating o give NO2 or NO2- and O2
18. NO react with Fe2SO4 to form a BROWN complex ion
19. NO3- can be tested by adding the nitrate ino concenrate H2SO4 (as an oxidizing agent to
oxidize NO3- to NO) and to form the complex ion
20. Noble gases are more expensive than any other gases because they are less
abundant and that they are more difficult to liquefy due to their extremely weak van der
Waal’s force (Because of its monoatomic nature)
21. H2SO4 can make rayon, a synthetic fibre
22. The product of the charges on ions comprising the ionic compound indicates the
strength of the ionic bond
Pyrolysis
23. Polymer Monomer
Polymerization
24. Fe3+ ion can only be reduced to Fe2+ ion in most cases
25. e.g. Zn + 2Fe3+  2Fe2+ + Zn2+
26. Plastic are usually electroplated by Copper FIRST to increase its electroconductiviy so
that the latterly plated Nickel can be easily adhered to its surface
27. Note that the reaction between HI + H2SO4 and HBr +H2SO4 are different
8HI + H2SO4  H2S + 4I2 + 4H2O, BUT;
2HBr + H2SO4 SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O
Because I- is a stronger reducing agent than Br- does 作
2H+ + 2I- + SO2  H2S + I2 + 2H2O
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 Chemistry Ultimate 1983/2001
Apr. 4

28. Addition polymer MUST be thermoplasic, yet;

Thermoplastic NEED NOT be Addition Polymer
29. Food wrap is manufactured by EXTRUSION MOULDING
30. SO2 can be BOTH RA & OA!
RA: 2H2O + SO2  SO42- + 4H+ + 2e-
作
OA: 4H+ + 4e- + SO2  S + 2H2O
31. An Inverted funnel can:
i) Increase the surface area for absorption of SOLUBLE gas (e.g. Ammonia, HCl)
ii) Prevent sucking back that may crack the tes tube
32. The reasons for that noble gases are more EXPENSIVE are 2-fold:
i) They are monoatomic molecules
ii) Since van der Waal’s force is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to molecular size
iii) The van der Waal’s force in between noble gas molecules are weak
iv) They are more difficult to be liquefied
v) They present in very small quantity
33. Pipette is used to measure small volumes (say, 25cm3) yet measuring cylinder is NOT
preferred because it is inaccurate
34. For experiments regarding the use of town gas, We should:
i) Carry out the experiment in fume cupboard (because CO is toxic)
ii) Leave a hole in tube end to ensure that all excess gas are burnt
iii) Displace all air in the tube before the experment because Hydrogen forms an
explosive mixture with air
At the end of the experiment, heating can be stopped YET towngas must be passed
into the tube continuously. Otherwise, the Metal will be oxidized again into its oxide
which may affect the accuracy of the experiment
35. The reason for heating under reflux is to:
i) Increase the reaction rate
ii) Prevent the loss of volatile substances
36. Electrons flow from anode to cathode via the external circuit in a CHEMICAL CELL
37. Metals at a higher position in the ECS have a higher tendency to lose electrons and
thus are more reactive
38. Addition of catalyst WILL thrust the reaction rate yet rate of reaction is independent of
amount of catalyst added (i.e. MORE catalyst added will not FURTHER increase the
rate of reaction)[VERY IMPORTANT!]
39. Nitrogen is very inert that it is NOT FLAMMABLE
40. When conducting experiments regarding reacive metals, do the experiments behind a
SAFETY SCREEN
41. Always store reactive metal in PARAFFIN OIL and in an AIR-TIGHT container
42. Duralumin is an alloy of Aluminium with copper, magnesium and maganese
43. In Electrolysis, either molten chloride or oxide is used whilst AQUEOUS ones MUSTN”T
be used because Hydrogen will be reduced instead due to the ECS factor
44. SO42- and NO3- will NOT be oxidized to give SO2 or NO2/NO because S(+6) and N(+5)
have difficulties in losing electrons

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 Chemistry Ultimate 1983/2001
Apr. 4

45.
Reaction of EXCESS Acid + Carbonate

Note:

 BOTH 0.5M & 1M lift-off at the

SAME position
 WHATEVER the concentration of the
acid is, their curves reach the SAME
plateau
 What matters is the MASS of
carbonate used

46. *For statement “Titration of X against/with/versus Y”, remember “後(Y)來居上”

47. The reactions between Chlorine and Metals are SPONTANEOUS (Occurs by itself) , whilst;
The reaction beween Conc. HNO3 and NON-METALS (e.g. C, S) and liberation of
Ammonia from Ammonium chloride (with NaOH) REQUIRES HEATING
48. Methyl-Orange itself is an ACID, hence titration regarding this indicator MUST involve
acids of concentration >0.05M
49. Rekindle = Relight
50. *For CONC. H2SO4 + Non-Volatile salt  ACID salt + GAS of Volatile Acid (LSSG)State
symbols
51. *For the re-solubility of Metal Hydroxides in Alkalis,
Memorize CAZ; CATs矜貴 PETSILVERA stands for Ag
and PAZPETs other than CALess 矜貴 than AgALUMINIUMA stands for
Al
52. *For apparatus used in Titration, P(Pipette), B(Burette),V(Volumetric Flask),C(Conical
Flask)
PBPbLeadMore dirtyNeed to Clean moreWash by Water + Solution
VCWater only
53. Ag2O is NOT formed by oxidation of Silver Metal in air. Instead, It is formed by:
2Ag+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Ag2O (s) + H2O(l)
Remarks: Ag2O redissolves in conc. NH3 to give a COLORLESS solution
54. *For memorizing the colour of PbO and ZnO during hot and cold, Use PZOYW
PbO(P): Orange (O)  Yellow(Y)
ZnO(Z): Yellow (Y)  White(W) PZOYW
55. *Composition of Towngas: Hydrogen(H), Methane(M), Carbon Dioxide(C),Carbon
Monoxide(C) HMCC (arranged in descending order of % composition)
56. *Composition of LPG: Propane(P), Butane(B)PBButane in greater %
57. High Concentration Alkanol are NOT easily oxidized to their respective Alkanoic acid
58. *Across an organic group, Density, Viscosity, M.P., B.P. (DVMB) increase
59. Platinum is slightly attacked by CHLORINE, whilst;
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 Chemistry Ultimate 1983/2001
Apr. 4

Graphite is slightly attacked by OXYGEN

Videlicet, Platinum is not used as the anode in electrolysing conc. Cl compound and
Graphite is not used as the anode in elecrolysing VERY DILUTE O compound/compounds
with anions that cannot be oxidized (e.g. NO3-, SO42-)
In these case, THE STEEL electrodes are used to play their roles
60. Mercury can DISSOLVE MOST metal to form their respective amalgam (e.g. Au, Pt)
61. Reaction of H2 and Cl2 AND that between Alkanes and Cl2(Chlorination) MUST be
conducted in DIFFUSED sunlight INSTEAD OF direct sunlight
Otherwise, the former reaction would be too vigorous whilst he latter would give
Carbon instead of Chloroalkanes
62. Salt Preparation
Insoluble salts (MY): MS FWD (MicroSoft ForWarD)
Mix (KY + MCl) Stir (with glass rod) Filter (paper,funnel) Wash  Dry (in oven)
Soluble salts of KNOWN concentration: M WC FWD (My Toilet Fall With Dirt)
Mix (Suitable compostion) Warm  Cool (slowly) Filter  Wash(small amount
water!)  Dry
63. Reactions with ∆H<0 are USUALLY SPONTANEOUS (i.e. occur by itself)
Examples: Magnesium BURNS spontaneously in Chlorine WITHOUT external energy
Sodium dashes & BURNS with a Brilliant Golden Yellow flame on water
64. In the reaction between Cl2 and NaOH/Ca(OH)2,
Cl2 acts BOTH as an OA AND RA (a.k.a. DISPROPORTIONATEs)
Cl2 + 2NaOH  NaCl + NaOCl + H2O Bleaching Solution
Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2  CaCl2 + Ca(OCl)2 + 2H2O Bleaching Powder
O.N.: (0)  (-1) (+1)

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Points marked with an ASTERISK (*) imply that they are solely made by TOMAN. No copying is allowed under whatever
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