2.

3 Sea waters

Marine waters of the hydrosphere is the greatest. Seen volume of sea water covering 97.2%
of the entire volume of water hydrosphere and seen the extent of covering 71% of the entire
surface of the earth.
Table 1: Comparison of land area and the vast oceans on the Earth's surface.

Permukaan Bumi

Luas
Km2

Daratan

148.892.000

29,2

Lautan

361.059.000

70,8

Jumlah

509.951.000

100,0

According to its location, the ocean can be divided into three categories, as follows.

1. edges Sea, which is part of the ocean that lies on the edge of the continent and blocked
from the ocean by a large group of islands or Jasirah. Example: Bering Sea was blocked by
Aleuten Islands, North Sea was blocked by the British Isles, Sea Ochostk hindered by Jasirah
Kamsyatkan and Kurrilen Islands, South China Sea was blocked by the Philippines and
Indonesia Islands, and the Sea of Japan eclipsed by the Japanese Islands.

2 Medieval or Mediterranean Sea, the sea which lies between the two continents who have
symptoms and have a group of volcanic islands. Example: Mid Sea Australia, Asia, and the
Indonesian archipelago, the Mediterranean Sea with a group of Greek islands.

3 Inland Sea, which is part of the ocean which is almost entirely surrounded by land. For
example:

the

Baltic

Sea,

the

Caspian

Sea

and

Black

Sea.

According to the occurrence, the sea is also divided into three categories, as follows.
1 Transgressi Sea or Sea Spreads, which occur due to changes in sea surface sea water
positively, whether caused by rising sea levels due to lower itself or the land slowly, so most

of the land inundated with water. Sea of this type generally occur in glacial times. For
example: the North Sea and Java Sea.

2 Ingresi Sea or Sea Land Down. This happens because the sea land subsidence as a result of
vertical pressure (endogenous force) that causes the fault. Example: Caribbean Sea, the Sea
of Japan, the Mediterranean Sea.

3 Regression Sea or Sea narrows, which occurred on the sea ice age (the opposite of marine
transgression).

According to the zone or line depth, the ocean can be divided into several zones as follows.
Litoral Zones
1 or line pairs, namely the ocean basin which lies between high tide and tidal.
2 Neritis Zone, a zone which lies between the low tide line to a depth of 200 m. Thus, this
zone

termasik

shallow

sea,

such

as

Shoal

Sunda

and

Sahul

Shoal.

3 bathyal zone, which lies between the sea depth of 200 m and 100 m.
Abisal Zone 4, which is the sea that it is more than 100 m. In this zone there is a deep ocean
trenches that exceed 6000 m. Including marine zones abisal mostly located in the central part
of Indonesia (between Shoal Sunda and Sahul Shoal). For example: the Flores Sea (5,410 m),
the Banda Sea (7,440 m), the Sulawesi Sea (5,590 m).

Picture.

12.

Sea

Zone

By looking at the picture above, the low tide line is used as a baseline to determine the
territorial waters of Indonesia wide 12 nautical miles (1 nautical mile = 1,852 m).
Seawater salinity (Salinity)

Salinity showed high levels of salt in the sea water. Various soluble salt sea from rivers that
carry the salts solution of the lithosphere. As a result, sea water contains several kinds of salt.
The content of these salts can be seen as follows.

Table 2: Content of salts in Sea Water

Jumlah Garam dalam

Nama Garam-garaman

Rumus Kimia

Natrium Klorida

NaCl

23

Magnesium Klorida

MgCl2

Natrium Sulfat

Na2SO4

Kalsium Klorida

CaCl2

Kalium Klorida

KCl

0,7

Gram/1000 Gram Air

Bahan-bahan Lain

0,8

Jumlah

34,5

From the table we can see the average salinity or salt content of the average is a little less
than 35 parts salt per 1000 parts of sea water. This means that the average salinity is 3.5%. Of
the total salt it contained, common salt (NaCl) to reach 80% of the total, followed by
Magnesium.

This

salt

has

very

important

role

in

life

processes.

Salinity is determined by factors including the following beberapat.

Entered

freshwater.

The

influx

of

fresh

water

lead

to

low

salinity.

2 Evaporation. Evaporation adds to the magnitude of salinity. The greater the evaporation, the
greater salinity.

3 Mixture of surface water and in the salinity of the baerlainan. Likewise, ocean currents
have a major influence on salinity.

Due to heavy rainfall, the salinity in the equatorial region (3.5%) lower than the subtropics
(3.7%) (Pujani, 2004).
In sub-tropical areas (20 - 30 latitude) very high levels of salt, because very less
rainfall and high evaporation, for example in the Dead Sea (24%), Red Sea (4.1%) and the
Mediterranean (3.8 %).
In the tropics because of the difference in surface temperature ( 20 C) and the seabed
( 0 C) causes vertical movement of the sea water. Because the temperature at the sea
surface evaporation so that most high salt levels. This causes the density of water at the
surface is larger than below it, resulting in vertical movement of the sea water (convection).
Sea wave
Wave motion of the sea is the sea water molecule caused by the presence of a
disturbance. This movement is a movement up and down with little forward movement.
Forward motion of the water that looks clear as a wave hello to the sea surface is actually an
optical illusion. What actually happens is that the disruption caused by the wind is
transmitted from one place to the next and not the water movement forward.

The highest point of a wave is called the peak of the wave, and the lowest point is called the
wave trough. Time for a distance of one peak to the next peak is called the wave period.
The ocean waves are sometimes called surface waves and wave motion at a depth of only a
few percent of the surface waves so that the ships during the dive sedalah 30 m or more, not
at all affected by the movement that occurs on the surface.
Sea waves can occur due to wind and seismic sea. This can be explained as follows.
1. wave that occurs due to wind
The wind blowing over the sea surface can be a major generator of waves. This incident
occurred on the wind and water. Therefore, if the friction between the wind was strong, then
there was a big wave. The nature of the wind-driven waves is influenced by:
wind speed. The faster the wind blows, the bigger the waves are formed.
When the wind is blowing. Increasing time pembangkin wind blowing waves, will also
increase the height and wavelength.
Distance without obstacle blowing wind. The farther the distance the wind barrier, the
higher wavelength are formed. Waves which are in inland waters such as the Java Sea or in
the straits, is smaller than the wave in open water such as Indian Ocean.
High waves with short periods of strong winds generated by the close. High waves with long
periods of very strong winds generated by the remote. Low waves with short periods
generated by the strong and weak wind waves with long periods of low wind being generated
by distant.

2. wave that occurs due to the earthquake

On the seabed frequent earthquakes caused by diselokasi (displacement or cracks in the
earth's crust), or by volcanic eruptions. This earthquake often cause huge waves called
tsunami, and sometimes result in severe damage. This sudden wave has a speed of up to 80
km / h, and when the waves reach the shore area height increased dramatically, making the
power of destructive and frightening.

Movement of sea water in the form of this wave as if it hurt us. But actually the kinetic

energy (energy of motion) of the sea waves, especially those caused by high tidal differences
can be used to drive an electric generator floating.
When waves pass in shallow waters (which is less than 15-30 m) a sudden change occurs.
The waves were easily turned back so that the peak is almost close to parallel to the coastal
plain. Shortening the wavelength and the wave becomes higher. By the time the waves almost
reached the water about as deep as the wave height, the waves fall down and break. Zone
between the fraction of the most distant and the outline of the coast is known as the surf zone.
Rupture of the wave can not be clearly understood. Big wave that breaks down is very
dangerous, because of the tremendous power released.
In Pujani (2004), the type of ocean waves can be classified into two, namely as follows.
1. wave oscillations, the oscillation wave of water molecules moving in a circle. These waves
usually occur in the open sea (the sea). Altitude, length, and speed of these waves varies.
2 Translational wave or solitary wave, a wave that moves water masses in the direction of the
wave motion without offset backward movement. These waves do not have the peaks and
valleys of the wave. If these waves form the cliff, then the waves will break the force of the
collision is very large, so that it will be formed on the cliff niches, caves beach or sea gate.
Erosion process is also applicable to the seabed, so in front of the beach formed a broad plain
called abrasion. When these waves reach the coast, the sea will rise and called the swash.
After stopping at a certain height, the mass of water it moves back toward the ocean and
called backswash. Backswash swash and it plays a role in the process of sedimentation on the
coast.
Ocean currents
Ocean current is the movement of ocean water molecules that are generally trending flat
(horizontal), although there is also ocean currents vertical direction. Sea currents occur
because

of

differences

in

temperature

and

salinity

of

sea

water.

Based on its location, ocean currents can be distinguished:

1. Undercurrent is moving currents beneath the ocean surface, such as an undercurrent in
the Strait of Gibraltar.
2.

is a current on the ocean currents moving in sea level, such as the California current.

Based on the causes, the flo can be classified into:

1 remains current, the flow of ocean water that occurs due to the wind and have a fixed
direction throughout the year.
2 seasonal current, flows that occur due to seasonal winds (monsoon) and change
direction every half a year.
3. compensation current, the flow that occurs due to differences in sea level. Place the
excess water will flow arrival and place of origin of the current water shortage. This
raises again the flow of current is called compensation.
4. vertical flow, the flow is up or down.
5. flow up or down stream, is the movement of the two opposing currents due to salinity
differences.

Based on the temperature, ocean currents can be divided into:

1. heat flow, is flow hotter than the temperature of sea water is approached.
2 cold currents, which flow water temperature is cooler than the temperature of sea water
is approached.

Based on the occurrence, ocean currents can be divided into:

1. current levels due to differences in salt or sea water density.

2 because of the wind currents. currents due to differences niveau 3 (difference in water
level)
4. flow due to the influence of land or continent.
5. flow due to high tides and low tides.

Ocean currents and movements in the three major oceans are as follows:
1 In the Pacific Ocean
a. in the north equatorial

 North Equatorial Current is the flow of heat that flows to the west parallel to the equator
and caused and driven by the northeast trade winds.
Kuroshio Current is an advanced north equatorial current because once it gets near the
Philippine Islands, its direction towards the north. This current is the flow of heat that
flows from the northern Philippine Islands, along the islands east coast of Japan and
continue to North America (especially Canada). This flow is driven olehangin west.
flowing California Current along the west coast of North America south toward the
equator. This is an advanced flow Kuroshio currents, including the current distorted
(mainland influence) and cold currents.
Flow Oyashio cold current that is driven by the wind and flowing east from the Bering
Strait to the south and east ends in the Japanese Islands because in this place the stream
meets the Kuroshio current. At a meeting of One MGM cold Oyashio the Kuroshio current
is a rich fishing area, because the plankton carried by currents Oyashio terpaksaberhenti as
constrained by heat flow Kuroshio

b. South of the equator

South Equatorial Current, the heat flow flowing westward parallel to the equator. This
current is caused or encouraged by the southeast trade winds.
Flow Flow Humboldt or Peru, is a continuation of the western portion of wind currents
flowing along western South America along to the north. This current flow is deviated and
driven by southeast trade winds and currents including cold.
East Australian Current, a continuation south equatorial current that flows along the
west of eastern Australia from the north to the south (south of the Great Barrier Reef). This
current flow is deviated.
Flow Wind West, is a continuation of part of East Australian current flows to the east (at
latitude 30o-40o LS) and parallel to the equator. This current is driven by westerly winds

c. Along the equator

Flow North Equatorial and South Equatorial currents after moving, leaving a lower height
than the surrounding water, so soon this place is filled by a new sea water flow. Flow

charger or rectifier is called "flow compensation". An example is the Flow Breech

Equator, which flows eastward along the equator and the heat flow.

2 In the Atlantic Ocean

a. In the north of the equator.
Flow KhatulistiwaUtara, a hot stream flowing westward parallel to the equator. This
current is generated and driven northeast trade winds.
Gulf Stream or Gulfstream, an aberrant current that immediately reinforced by large
wind boost and a heat flow.
Flow Greenland or East Greenland Current, a cold current that flows from the North
Pole to the south along the east coast of Greenland.
Labrador Current, originating from the Arctic sea which flows south along the east coast
of Labrador. This current is driven by the east wind and the cold currents, which generally
carry "iceberg" who participated washed away.
Flow Canari, a deviant flows, including flows and cold. Flow is a continuation in part of
the bay currents change direction after the influence of mainland Spain and flows
southward along the west coast of North Africa.
b. South of the equator
South Equatorial Current, flowing a heat flow westward, parallel to the equator. Most of
these flows went to the north (which together with the North Equatorial Current entry into
the Caribbean sea) while others turned to the south. This current is generated and driven
by the southeast trade winds.
Flow Brazil, is a continuation of the western portion of wind currents, which flow to the
north along the eastern coast of South America (especially Brazil). This flow includes
flow and heat flow deviates.
Benguela Current, a continuation of the western portion of wind currents, which flows
northward along the west coast of South Africa. This current is a cold current, which
eventually flows back into the South of the Equator.
Flow Wind West, is a continuation of part flowing Brazil Current eastward (at latitude
30o-40o LS) parallel to the equator. This current is driven by the west wind and the cold
currents.

3 In the Indian Ocean

a. In the north equatorial
Southwest Flow Season, a hot stream flowing eastward along the Arabian Sea and the
Bay of Bengal. This current is generated and driven by the southwest monsoons. This
current is running less powerful because of the movement challenged northeast trade
winds.
Flow Northeast monsoon, a hot stream flowing towards the west along the Bay of
Bengal and Arabian Sea. This current is generated and driven by the northeast monsoons.
Moving currents occur rather strong impetus for assistance by northeast trade winds.
b. South of the equator
South Equatorial Current, flowing a heat flow towards the west parallel to the equator
which later split into two (Flow Maskarena and after the Agulhas Current to the east of
Madagascar). This current is generated and driven by the southeast trade winds.
Flow Maskarena and Agulhas currents, the flow is deviated and heat flow. Flow is a
continuation of the fractional flow of the South Equatorial. Maskarena currents flowing
towards the south, along the western coast of the island of Madagascar.
Flow Wind West, a continuation of the western portion of wind currents, which flows
northward along the west coast of the Australian continent. This flow includes flow is
distorted and cold currents that eventually flows back into the South of the Equator.
Major ocean currents have a significant effect on the climate during this current transports
water masses greater heat once toward higher latitudes and a large mass of cold water once
toward lower latitudes. These flows primarily through the intermediary action of wind that
moves over the streams.

Tidal Inundation and

High tides and low tides is sea level change that takes place periodically over a period of
half a day a month (one day 24 hours 50 minutes a month), which is caused by the
gravitational pull between the Earth and the two celestial bodies is the moon and sun.
Penimbul effects of solar tide is only about 0.46 times the effect penimbul tide of the
month, despite the fact that the mass of the sun about 28 million times greater. According
to Newton's law of gravity, force withdrawal held a variety of objects to one another

directly proportional to the product of its mass but inversely proportional to the square of
the distance of these objects. So the ocean waters are particularly affected by the
gravitational pull of the moon.

Bu
mi
C

A
Bulan

In the picture above we assume the water cover the entire surface of the earth. When the
moon is directly above the A, its going to lead towards a buried water and tide occurs. When
water is drawn toward the A from the other areas, the water level B and D will go down and
go down it menybabkan tide (tidal) in those places.

At the same time there is hoarding aka water on the other side of the earth towards C. The
reason for this, according to a widely expressed theory is that the pull of moon on the
lithosphere is greater than the pull of the moon on the water in C, whose mass is smaller and
more distant . Lithosphere is pulled toward the moon to let the water in C becomes more
distant from the plant the earth.

As a result of Earth's rotation period of about 24 hours and 50 minutes is required between
multiple hikes consecutive months. This period is called the day of the month. Earth's
rotation is what bring about a series of high tides and tide down. At the time of the new moon
and the full moon time about two weeks apart sun - moon - earth is in a straight line. The
strength of the tide generated by the sun strengthens the power of the moon tide, tide trjadi.
When the moon is at first quarter or last quarter, the position of the moon (to draw a straight
line from the moon to the earth) roughly form a right angle to the straight line from the earth
to the sun. Yng tide generated by the sun and then partially abolished the tide generated by
the moon, this raises the neap tide.

Utilization and Conservation of Sea Water Benefits of marine waters in relation to life can we
detailed as follows:
1 As the transportation infrastructure and transport
2 Sea water is cheap traffic, almost inseparable since the cost of manufacture and
maintenance. By Sea, Various results can be carried from one island to another. By the sea
can also woven reciprocal relationship between one State to another State, in the field of
social, economic, political, and so on.
3 As power plants
4. Ocean currents can mitigate power boat. With the current boat can glide denagn not have
to spend energy.
5. As fishing grounds
6 The results of the sea gives life to many people. Various types of fish, shellfish, crabs,
shrimp, turtle eggs, and so are the results of marine fisheries.
7 As a recreation
8 For example, in the Moluccas, Parangtritis, Ancol and Cilincing.
9 As the regulatory climate
10 The difference in the physical properties of sea water and the physical properties of the
land can cause air movement (wind). Together with the wind, the sea-borne and water vapor
can cool or heat the place passable and can cause rain.
11. As farmland sea (blue revolution)
12. sea level fell more extensive than on the mainland, so that production plant foods from
the sea would be so much more. At this time being developed seaweed and plankton species
that are suitable for a superior and cultivated in sea farming.
13. As a defense and security
The sea is a place of defense and security. Ships can maintain the security and sovereignty of
the Indonesian territory of a foreign State attack.