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MB0048
Ques 1 - Discuss the methodology of Operations Research. Explain in
brief the phases of Operations Research.
Ans 1 Meaning of Operations Research Operations research
management focuses on the mathematical scoring of consequences of a
decision aiming to optimize the use of time, effort, and resources to avoid
blunders. The act of obtaining best results under any given circumstances is
known as optimizing. The key purpose of Operations Research (OR) is to do
preparative calculations that aid the decision-making process.
We can also define operations research as The use of scientific methods to
provide criteria for decisions regarding man, machine, and systems involving
repetitive operations.
Operations Research Methodology - The basic dominant characteristic
feature of operations research is that it employs mathematical
representations or models to analyze problems. This distinct approach
represents an adaptation of the scientific methodology used by the physical
sciences. The scientific method translates a given problem into a
mathematical representation which is solved and retransformed into the
original context.
Definition - The first and the most important step in the OR approach of
problem solving is to define the problem. One needs to ensure that the
problem is identified properly because this problem statement will indicate
the following three major aspects:
There are a finite number of basic feasible regions within the feasible
solution space.
If the optimal solution occurs at more than one extreme point, the
value of the objective function will be the same for all convex
combination of these extreme points.
Working rule - The method of solving an LPP on the basis of the above
analysis is known as the graphical method. The working rule for the method
is as follows.
Step 1: Formulate the problem in terms of a series of mathematical
equations representing objective function and constraints of LPP.
Machine
capacity
available
(min.)
Product A
Product B
Product C
5
4
5
3
2
2
3
1
M1
M2
M3
z= 10X1+15X2+20X3
Subject to constraints
400
500
300
5X1+3X2+2X3< 400
4X1+3X3 < 500
5X1+2X2+1X3 < 300
b. Vogels approximation
Ans-3(A) - North-west corner rule Step 1 - The first assignment is made in the cell occupying the upper left
hand (north-west) corner of the transportation table. The maximum feasible
amount is allocated here is: x11 = min (a1, b1) Either the capacity of origin O1
is used up or the requirement at destination D1 is satisfied or both. This value
of x11 is entered in the upper left hand corner (small square) of cell (1, 1) in
the transportation table.
Step 2 - If b1> a1, the capacity of origin O is exhausted and the requirement
at destination D1 is still not satisfied, then, at least one variable in the first
column will have to take on a positive value. Move down vertically to the
second row and make the second allocation of magnitude:
x21 = min (a2, b1 x21) in the cell (2, 1)
This either exhausts the capacity of origin O 2 or satisfies the remaining
demand at destination D1. If a1> b1, the requirement at destination D1 is
satisfied, but the capacity of origin O1 is not completely exhausted. Move to
the right in a horizontal position to the second column to make the second
allocation of magnitude:
x12 = min (a1 x11, b2) in the cell (1, 2)
This either exhausts the remaining capacity of origin O 1 or satisfies the
demand at destination D2.
Limitations of Simulation
Notwithstanding with the above advantages, following are some of the
limitations of simulation:
The simulation model does not produce answers by itself. The user has
to provide all the constraints for the solutions which he/she wants to
examine.
Waiting time in queue: Long lines do not reflect long waiting times if
the service rate is fast. However, when waiting time seems long to
customers, they perceive that the quality of service is poor. Long
waiting times may indicate a need to adjust the service rate of the
system or change the arrival rate of customers.
Waiting time in system: The total elapsed time from entry into the
system until exit from the system may indicate problems with
customers, server efficiency or capacity. If some customers are
spending too much time in the service system, there may be a need to
change the priority discipline, increase productivity or adjust capacity
in some way.
specific row. This means that whatever course of action is adopted by player B, for A, the
course of action Ar yields greater gains than the course of action As. Therefore, Ar is a
better strategy than As irrespective of Bs strategy. Hence, you can say that Ar dominates
As.
Alternatively, if each pay-off in a specific column (Pth column) is less than the
corresponding pay-off in another specific column (qth column), it means strategy Bp
offers minor loss than strategy Bq irrespective of As strategy. hence you can say that Bp
dominates Bq. Therefore, you can say that:
a) in the pay-off matrix, if each pay-off in rth row is greater than the corresponding
pay-off in the Sth row, Ar dominates As.
b) In the pay-off matrix, if each pay-off in Pth column is less than the corresponding
pay-off in the qth column. Bp dominates Bq.
At times a convex combination of two or more courses of action is dominated by
others, hen that course of action can be deleted from the pay-off matrix. Such a
deletion will not affect the choice of the solution, but it reduces the order of the payoff matrix. Successive reduction of the order using dominance property helps in
solving games.
Ans-6(B) - Difference between PERT and CPM
PERT - Some key points of PERT are as follows:
CPM