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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

for
Electronics & Communication Engineering
By

www.thegateacademy.com

Syllabus

Electromagnetic Theory

Syllabus for Electromagnetic Theory


Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss and Stokes theorems, Maxwells
equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves:
propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin
depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance; impedance transformation; Smith chart;
impedance matching; S parameters, pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes in rectangular
waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Basics of
propagation in dielectric waveguide and optical fibers. Basics of Antennas: Dipole antennas;
radiation pattern; antenna gain.

Analysis of GATE Papers


(Electromagnetic Theory)

Year

Percentage of marks

2013

5.00

2012

12.00

2011

9.00

2010

7.00

2009

8.00

2008

8.00

2007

10.67

2006

12.00

2005

8.71

2004

9.34

2003

10.67

Overall Percentage

9.12%

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Contents

Electromagnetic Theory

CONTENTS

#1.

Chapter
Electromagnetic Field

#2.

#3.

#4.

Introduction to Vector Calculus


Material and Physical Constants
Electromagnetic (EM Field)
Divergence of Current Density and Relaxation
The Magnetic Vector Potential
Faraday Law
Maxwells Equations
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer keys
Exlanations

Page No
1 49
17
78
8 18
18 22
22 27
27 29
29 36
37 39
40 42
43
43 49

EM Wave Propagation

50 86

50
50 51
51 53
53 54
55 64
64 -71
72 74
74 78
79
79 86

Introduction
General wave equations
Plane wave in a Dielectric medium
Poynting Vector
Phase Velocity
Wave Polarization
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer keys
Exlanations

Transmission Lines

87 127

87 98
98 100
100 106
107 108
108 109
109 113
114 116
116 119
120
120 127

Introduction
Transmission & Reflection of Waves on a Transmission Line
Impedance of a Transmission Line
The Smith Chart
Scattering Parameters
Strip Line
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer keys
Exlanations

Guided E.M Waves

128 161

128 130
130 133
133 142
142 152

Wave Guide
Transverse Magnetic Mode
Transverse Electric Mode
Circuter Wave Guide

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Page I

Contents

#5.

Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer keys
Exlanations

Electromagnetic Theory

153 155
155 156
157
157 161

Antennas

162 199

162
162 165
165
165 166
166 168
168 170
170 175
176 188
189 191
191 193
194
194 199

Inroduction
Hertzian Dipole
Field Regions
Radiation Pattern
Radiaton Intensity
Antenna Radiation Efficiency
Antenna Arrays
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer keys
Exlanations

Module Test

Test Questions
Answer Keys
Explanations

Reference Books

200 215
200 207
208
208 215

216

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Page II

Chapter 1

Electromagnetic Theory

CHAPTER 1
Electromagnetic Field

Introduction to vector calculus


Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z),
Cylindrical coordinates ( , , z),
Spherical coordinates (r, , ) ,

x
r

,
,

y
,

Vector calculus formula


Table 1.1
S. No
(a)
(b)

(c)

Cartesian coordinates

Cylindrical
coordinates
+ d
Differential
displacement dl = d
dl = dx + dy + dz
+dz
ds = d dz
Differential area
ds = dydz
= d dz
= dxdz
= d d
= dxdy
Differential volume
dv = d d dz
dv = dxdydz

Spherical coordinates
dl = dr + rd
+ r sin
d
ds = r sin d d
= r sin dr d
= r dr d
dv = r sin d d dr

Operators
1)
2)
3)
4)

V gradient , of a Scalar V
.V divergence , of a vector V
V curl , of a vector V
V laplacian , of a scalar V

DEL Operator
=

(Cartesian)

(Cylindrical)

(Spherical)

Gradient of a Scalar field V is a vector that represents both the magnitude and the direction of
maximum space rate of increase of V.
V=
=
=
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Page 1

Chapter 1

Electromagnetic Theory

The following are the fundamental properties of the gradient of a scalar field V:
1. The m gnitude of V equ ls the m ximum r te of ch nge in V per unit dist nce.
2. V points in the direction of the maximum rate of change in V.
3. V t ny point is perpendicular to the constant V surface that passes through that point.
4. If A = V, V is s id to be the sc l r potenti l of A.
5. The projection of V in the direction of unit vector |a| is V. |a| and is called the directional
derivative of V along |a|. This is the rate of change of V in direction of |a|.

Example: Find the gradient of the following scalar fields:


(a) V = e sin 2x cosh y
(b) U = z cos
(c) W = r sin cos
Solution
(a) V =
= e

cos x cosh y

sin x sinh y

sin x cosh y

(b) U =
=

z cos

z sin

cos

(c) W =
=

sin

cos

sin

cos

sin

Divergence of vector
A at a given point P is the outward flux per unit volume as the volume shrinks about P.
Hence,
divA = . A = lim

(1)

Where, V is the volume enclosed by the closed surf ce S in which P is loc ted. Physic lly, we
at a given point as a measure of how much the
may regard the divergence of the vector field A
field diverges or emanates from that point.
.A =
=

( A )

(r A )

(A sin )

From equation (1),


A ds = . A dv
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Page 2

Chapter 1

Electromagnetic Theory

This is called divergence theorem which states that the total outward flux of the vector field A
through a closed surface S is same as the volume integral of the divergence of A.
Example
Determine the divergence of these vector field:
(a) P = x yz
(b) Q = sin
(c) T =

xz
z

cos

z cos

r sin cos

cos

Solution
(a)

P=

(b)

(x yz)
x
= xyz x
Q=
( Q )

=
(c)

( )

sin )

(z cos )

(T sin )

(cos )

Q
( z)

= sin
cos
(r T )
T=
=

(xz)

(r sin

r sin

(T )
cos )

r sin

(cos )

r sin cos cos

r sin
= cos cos

Curl of a vector field provides the maximum value of the circulation of the field per unit area and
indicates the direction along which this maximum value occurs.
That is,
curl A =

A=|
A

= |
A

A = lim

------------- (2)

|
A

|
A

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Page 3

Chapter 1

r
=

Electromagnetic Theory

r sin

rA

r sin A

From equation (2) we may expect that


).
. = (
This is called stokes theorem, which states that the circulation of a vector field A around a
(closed) path L is equal to the surface integral of the curl of A over the open surface S bounded
by L.
Example
Determine the curl of each of the vector fields of previous Example.
Solution
(a)

=(
=(
=(

(b)

)
=*

=(
=
(c)

*
(

)
(

(
(

* (

)+

)]

)]
(

=(

)
]

(a) Laplacian of a scalar field V, is the divergence of the gradient of V and is written as

=
=
=

(
(

)
)

If
= 0, V is said to be harmonic in the region.
A vector field is solenoid if .A = ; it is irrot tion l or conserv tive if
)=
.(
( )=

A=

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Page 4

Chapter 1

Electromagnetic Theory

(b) Laplacian of vector A


A = is lw ys vector qu ntity
A = ( A ) x ( A ) y ( A ) z
A
Sc l r qu ntity
A
Sc l r qu ntity
A
Sc l r qu ntity
V = ........Poissions Eqn
V = ........Laplace Eqn

E=

....... wave Eqn

Example
The potential (scalar) distribution is given as
V=

x if E0 : permittivity of free space what is the change density p at the point (2,0)?

Solution
Poissions Eqn

V=
)(

(
x x x

x )=

x x y =

At pt( ,

x x x

Example
Find the Laplacian of the following scalar fields,
(a) V = e sin 2x cosh y
(b) U = z cos
(c) W = r sin cos
Solution
The Laplacian in the Cartesian system can be found by taking the first derivative and later the
second derivative.
(a)

V=
(e sin x sinh y)
( e cos x cosh y)
( e
x
y
z
e sin x cosh y e sin x cosh y e sin x cosh y
e sin x cosh y

=
=
=
(b)

U=

sin x cosh y)

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Page 5

Chapter 1

= z cos
=
(c)

W=
=
=
=
=

z cos

z cos

z cos

(r

r sin

r
sin

Electromagnetic Theory

(sin

cos )

cos

r
cos
( sin
r
cos
(
cos
r

r sin
r cos sin cos
r sin
cos

cos

r sin

sin cos )

r sin cos cos


r sin

r sin cos
r sin
cos
r

Stokes theorem
integrated over any closed curve C is always
Statement:- closed line integral of any vector A
integr ted over the surf ce re s which is
equal to the surface integral of curl of vector A
enclosed by the closed curve c
S

. d = ( x A
) dS
A

The theorem is valid irrespective of


(i) Shape of closed curve C
(ii) Type of vector A
(iii) Type of co-ordinate system.
Divergence theorem
S

V
A dS = V. Adv

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Page 6

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