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Components
of ecosystem
Biotic
component
Colonisation
and
Succession
Biotic
component
Mangrove
swamp
Dynamic Ecosystem
Population
Ecology
Definition of
population
Research
method
Quadrat sampling
technique
pH
Temperature
Decomposers
Food
Chain
Classification
system of
organism
Kingdom
Pond
Produser
Consumer
Impact of
microorganism in life
Biodiversity
Light intensity
Useful
microorganisms
Hierarchy of
classification
Capture, mark,
release, recapture
technique
Type of
microorganism
Harmful
microorganisms
Definition of
pathogen and vector
Symptom of diseases
Method of transmission
of diseases
Method for control
controlling pathogen
Naming of
organism
Humidity
Food web
Topography
Interaction in
relation to
feeding
Linnaeus
binomial
system
The usage of
microorganism
in biotechnology
Microclimate
Symbiosis
Saprophytism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Mutualism
Predator-prey
interaction
Competition
Intraspecific
competition
Interspecific
competition
Appreciating
biodiversity
Antibiotic and
vaccine production
O il slick cleaning
W aste recycle
F ood processing
Bioplastic production
The importance of
biodiversity
Preservation and
conservation
Energy generated
From biomass
Picture
Picture
Picture
Example
Commensalism
Example
Intraspecific
Predator-prey
Picture
Host
Interaction
between
biotic
component
Competition
parasitism
Symbiosis
Example
parasite
Saprophytism
Interspecific
Picture
mutualism
Picture
Example
Picture
Definition
Example
Habitat
Zone
1
Zone
2
Zone
3
Habitat
New zone
formed
pioneer
species inhabit
Effect of mud
deposition
Zone
4
Habitat
Biotic Component
Abiotic Component
Definition
The living things in environment
Definition
Non living things
Example
Bird
Grass
Cat
Example
pH
Suggested activity
Teacher may brings student to visit the school compound
Definition
Write down the definition of the following terms
Term
Definition
Each stage of a food chain
Trophic Level
Food Chain
The relationship between the food and the transfer of energy from
producer through a series of organism which feed upon each another
A series of interrelated food chains.
Food Web
Represent the number of organism at each trophies level
Pyramid of numbers
Producer
Primary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Tertiary Consumer
Decomposer
Classification
The following figure shows 4 organisms in a grassland.
grasshopper
2. Green plant
caterpillar
3. Green plant
aphid
spider
bird
bird
spider
bird
Caterpillar
Green plant
Grasshopper
Aphid
bird
Spider
Trophic level
4
Tertiary cons.
Snake
Secondary Cons
Rabbit
Primary Cons
Grass
Producer
1.
Eagle
Snake
Rabbit
Plant
2.
protozoa
aphid
tree
3.
Bird
Beetle
aphid
tree
Notes
The energy transfer in a food chain.
Environment
Producer
Primary
consumer
Secondary
consumer
Tertiary
consumer
Decomposer
Energy loss
Notes
1. Energy is transfer from one trophic level to a higher trophic level.
2. Energy is lost when it is transfer from one level to another and the amount is not the
same because
a)energy loss to the atmosphere through respiration and excretion
b)energy is passed to the decomposer when the organism decay
Effect
Host
A. Symbiosis
1. Parasitism
- endoparasite
Problem
Not benefit
Lodger
organism
Benefit
-disease
-dead
-nutrient
-protection
Tapeworm
Reproduction
respiration
Characteristics
for adaptation
Hermaphrodite
Anaerobic
respiration
- ectoparasite
2.Comensalisme
- epiphyte
Digestion by
enzyme
Support
dehydration
Not benefit
Benefit
Benefit
Benefit
others
B. Saprophytism
Benefit
Decomposition
-saprophyte
Nutrient
Reproduction
-epizoic
3. Mutualisme
cuticle
hook
velamen root
and others
Secrete
enzyme
Light spore
- saprozoic
C.Prey-Predator
Predator get
food
Not benefit to
Prey
Prey can be
easily detect by
predator
camouflage
Secrete
enzyme
Dead
Predator kill
the prey
Canine tooth
Sharp vision
D. Competition
-
Prey-Predator Graph
P Q
PHASE
Man
Increase
Decrease
Increase
Low
Increase
Decrease
Prey population
increase. They did
not kill by predator.
Prey reproduction
and increase the
number.
Predator population
increase. They get
enough food.
Prey killed by
predator and
decreased.
Predator
Explanation of the
graph phase
The number
of protozoa
in each 0.5
ml medium
The number
of protozoa
in each 0.5
ml medium
day
Graph
day
Graph 2
Study the graph 1 and 2.and then explain the graph figure
Graph 1
Paramecium Aurelia graph increase higher than the Paramecium caudatum graph
because the rate of growth is more higher
Graph 2
In the first 6 days, P . Aurelia graph is higher than the P caudatum graph because the
rate growth of P . Aurelia is higher
After the day sixth, P Aurelia graph decrease because the interspecies competition for
food and space occurred.
P.aurelia successful in this competition
Conclusion
The Paramecium which has the high rate of growth will successful in the interspecies
competition
Species
Habitat
Niche
Population
A group of organisms
that look alike and
capable of
interbreeding and
producing fertile
offspring
The natural
environment in which
an organism can get
food, shelter, living
space, nesting and
breeding sites.
The function of an
organism or the role
its play in an
ecosystem. Example;
The grasshopper eats
grass in the grassland
A group of organisms
of the same species
living in the same
habitat at the same
time.
Community
All the plant and
animals species
living within a
defined area or
habitat in an
ecosystem
Ecosystem
A community of
living organisms
interacting which
each other and with
the non-living
environment.
Biosphere
Ecology
Study the above photograph and give the definition as given below.
1.Succession species Substitute spin the succession process
2.Dominant species The most abundant species in the habitat.
Example: The species. A
3. Succession process The gradual process where one community changes its
environment so that it will replaced by another community
Mangrove
swamp
Type of root.
Problems
Adaptation
Pioneer
species
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Pneumotophore
1. Less dissolved
oxygen in salt
water
Prop roots
1. to support the
tree / soft muddy
soil
2 seed easily drift
by the current
Buttress roots
1. Seeds easily
drift by the current
1.Have knee
shaped roots
2. High
concentration of
osmotic of sea
water
physiology
dehydration
1.Pneumstophores
absorb oxygen
from atmosphere
2. The cell sap of
the roots cells of
mangrove tree has
a higher osmotic
pressure than the
soil water that
surrounds
Zone 4
2.Have vivipary
seeds
/
Avicennia sp
Successor 1
Rhizophora sp
Successor 2
Bruguiera sp
Bruguiera sp
Study the figure below and elaborate the colonization and succession process.
-Climax community
- Succession process stopped,, a stable level
emerges.
- Primary forest takes hundreds year time.
-
Suggested Activity
Suggested Activity
Formulae
Formulae
On Condition
-
No mortality/ natality
No immigrant/ emmigrant
Animals mix in random
Light intensity
Moistness
pH
Suggestion ;
Plan and conduct an experiment to investigate the pH and light intensity effects on
Lemna sp.
9.4 Biodiversity
Biodiversity Diversity of organism species on earth
The existence of too many species created the need for a systematic system of
classification.
Why classification system needed
1. To make studies and discussion at international level easier
2. To classify the organism systematically based on share characteristics to avoid
miscommunication (etc).
Characteristics
Absence of nuclear membrane
Disperse chromosomes in
cytoplasm.
Fungus
Have hyphae
Absorb nutrient from decayed or life
host
Without chlorophyll
Produce spores
Multicellular plant
Chlorophyll present
Have tissues for different functions
Multicellular animals
In every group, find one or two characteristic that can divide into smaller groups.
The above step is continously repeated until each group end up with one organism
Blue / red
Dark / Bright
Colour
Habitat
Avoid ABSTRACT
characteristics
Live in water /
terrestial on land
Size
Small / big
Long / short
Physiology
Kingdom
Phyllum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Periplaneta Americana
1. Please rewrite the scientific name of the above organism.
Periplaneta americana
2. State two mistakes in the scientific name above.
a) The first letter of species is capitalised
b) Underline the genus and species name
3. What is the common name for the organism?
Cockroach
Source of protein,
carbohydrates and
lipid
Resources timber
Food chain
Food web
Energy flow
Nutrient cycle
Food resources
Economy
Environment
balance
The
importance of
Biodiversity
Clean air
Medical
resources
Habitat
During photosynthesis
plant use carbon
dioxide and release
oxygen to atmosphere
As the habitat for
flora and fauna
Discovery of plants
species having medical
value
Tongkat ali
Kacip fatimah
Pegaga
Replanting programmes
2.
3.
4.
cynobacteria
bacteria
yeast
spore
mushroom
hyphae
Bread mould
Figure 1
Kingdom
Microorganism
Example
Characteristic
Prokaryotae
Bacteria
Vibrio sp
Nuclear absence
Protista
Protozoa
Amoeba
Nuclear present
Protista
Virus
HIV
Protista
Algae
Volvox
Have chlorophyll
Fungi
Fungi
Yeast
Without chlorophyll
Table 1
Preferring to microorganism in figure 1, complete table 1
Temperature
Light
Nutrients
Suggested activity
Carry out experiment to investigate the effects of changes in abiotic component to yeast
activity.
Useful microorganism
The nitrogen cycle
Putrefaction
Digestion
Example
Explanations
Bacteria / saprophytes
fungus
Termites
- Trichonympha sp.
Human being
- Homo sapiens
Harmful microorganism
Short note:
Pathogen - microorganism that can cause illness / harm
Example: Vibrio sp. Cholera disease
Vector animal can transfer the pathogen from host to host
Example: housefly carry Vibrio sp.
Symptoms: changes experienced by those who contact the illness.
Example: vomiting food poisoning and diarrhoea
Pathogen
Malaria
Protozoan
Plasmodium
sp.
Cholera
Bacterium
Vibrio sp.
Influenza
Virus
Mange
fungus
Food poisoning
Bacterium,
fungus
Method of
transmission
Vector
Symptom
Anopheles
mosquito
Through
mosquito bite
Diarrhoea
Through
contaminated
food and water
Headache, fever
Through air
Direct contact
and sharing of
clothes
Diarrhoea, vomiting
Through
contaminated
food
Housefly
Housefly
Example
Explanation
Penicillin
Vaccines
BCG
Antiseptic
- potassium permanganate
- Iodine
Disinfectants
- formalin
- phenol
Antibiotic