Solution

KEYCONCEPTS
Solutionisthehomogeneousmixtureoftwoormoresubstancesinwhichthecomponentsareuniformly
distributedintoeachother.Thesubstanceswhichmakethesolutionarecalledcomponents.Mostofthe
solutionsarebinaryi.e.,consistsoftwocomponentsoutofwhichoneissoluteandotherissolvent.
Ternarysolutionconsistsofthreecomponents
SoluteThecomponentofsolutionwhichispresentinsmallerquantity.
SolventThecomponentofsolutionpresentinlargerquantityorwhosephysicalstateissameasthe
physicalstateofresultingsolution.
Typesofsolutions:Basedonphysicalstateofcomponentssolutionscanbedividedinto9types.
SolubilityTheamountofsolutewhichcanbedissolvedin100grmofsolventatparticulartemp.to
makesaturatedsolution.
Solidsolutionsareof2types
1.Substitutionalsolidsolutione.g.Brass(Componentshavealmostsimilarsize)
2.Interstitialsolidsolutione.g.steel(smallercomponentoccupiestheinterstitialvoids)
Expressionofconcentrationofsolution
1. Masspercentage=amountofsolutepresentin100grmsolution.

Percentage=

Forliquidsolutionspercentagebyvolumeisexpressedas=

2.Molefractionitistheratioofno.ofonecomponenttothetotalno.ofmolesofallcomponents.Itis
expressedasx.FortwocomponentsystemmadeofAandB,XA=nA+nB,XB=nA+nB,Sumofallthe
componentsis1;XA+XB=1
3.Molarity(M)=

Itdecreaseswithincreaseintemperatureasvolumeofsolutionincreaseswithtemperature.
4.Molality(m)=

Noeffectofchangeoftemperatureonmolalityasitismasstomassratio.
5.Normality(N)=

Itchangeswithchangestemperature.
6.Partspermillion(ppm)concentrationofverydilutesolutionisexpressedinppm.

Ppm=

VaporpressureItisdefinedasthepressureexertedbythevapourofliquidovertheliquidoverthe
liquidinequilibriumwithliquidatparticulartemperaturevapourpressureofliquiddependsupon
natureofliquidandtemperature.
RoultsLaw
1. Forthesolutioncontainingnonvolatilesolutethevaporpressureofthesolutionisdirectly
proportionaltothemolefractionofsolventatparticulartemperature
PA XA
PA=P0A.XA
2. Forthesolutionconsistingoftwomiscibleandvolatileliquidsthepartialvaporpressureof
eachcomponentisdirectlyproportionaltoitsownmolefractioninthesolutionatparticular
temperature.
PA=P0A.XA,
PB=P0B.XB
Andtotalvaporpressureisequaltosumofpartialpressure.Ptotal=PA+PB
IdealsolutionThesolutionwhichobeysRoultslawunderallconditionsoftemperatureand
concentrationandduringthepreparationofwhichthereisnochangeinenthalpyandvolumeonmixing
thecomponent.
Conditions
PA=P0AXA,
Mix=0,

PB=P0B.XB

mix=0

ThisisonlypossibleifABinteractionissameasAAandBBinteractionnearlyidealsolutionare
1. BenzeneandToluene
2. ChlorobenzeneandBromobenzene
Verydilutesolutionsexhibitidealbehaviortogreaterextent.
Nonidealsolution
(a) PAP0A.XA
(b)
mix0

(b)PBP0B.XB
(d) mix0

FornonidealsolutiontheABinteractionisdifferentfromAAandBBinteractions
i.

Forsolutionshowingpositivedeviation
PA>P0A,PB>P0B.XB
Mix=positive,
mix=positive (ABinteractionisweakerthanAAandBB)
E.g.alcoholandwater

ii.

Forthesolutionshowingnegativedeviation
PA<P0A.XA,
PB<P0B.XB
Mix=negative,
mix=negative
ABinteractionisstrongerthanAAandBBinteractions
E.g.Chloroform,acetone,HClandwater

WhatisAzeotrope?Themixtureofliquidsatparticularcompositionwhichhasconstantboilingpoint
whichbehaveslikeapureliquidandcannotbeseparatedbysimpledistillation.Azeotropesareoftwo
types:
(a) minimumboilingAzeotrope(mixturewhichshows+vedeviations)ex.alcoholandwater
(b) maximumboilingAzeotrope(whichshowsvedeviations)ex.acetoneandchloroform
ColligativePropertiesPropertiesofidealsolutionwhichdependsuponno.ofparticlesofsolutebut
independentofthenatureofparticlearecalledcolligativeproperty

Relativeloweringinvapourpressure:

(PoAPA)/PoA=XB

Determinationofmolarmassofsolute

MB=(WAMAPoA)/WA(PoAPA)
ElevatorinBoilingPoint

TB=Kb.m
WhereTB=TBToB
Kb=molalelevatorconstant
M=molality
MB=(Kb1000WB)/TBWA
DepressioninFreezingPoint:
Tf=kf.m
WhereTfTf;m=molality

Kf=molaldepressionconstant
unit=k.kgmol1
OsmoticPressure
Thehydrostaticpressurewhichisdevelopedonsolutionsideduemovementofsolventparticlesfrom
lowerconcentrationtohigherconcentrationthroughsemipermeablemembranedenotedas anditis
expressedas
=nRT
V
=CRT

n=No.ofmoles;v=volumeofsolution(L)
R=0.0821Latmmol1;T=temperatureinkelvin.
Isotonicsolutionshavesameosmoticpressureandsameconcentration.
Hypertonic solutions have higher osmotic pressure and hypotonic solutions have lower osmotic
pressure.
0.91%solutionshavesodiumchloridesolutionRBCswellsuporburst.


Q1 What do you mean by Henrys Law? The Henrys Law constant for oxygen dissolved in water is
4.34104 atm at 25o C. If the partial pressure of oxygen in air is 0.2 atm, under atmospheric pressure
conditions. Calculate the concentration in moles per Litre of dissolved oxygen in water in equilibrium
withwaterairat25oC.
Ans:Partialpressureofthegasisdirectlyproportionaltoitsmolefractioninsolutionatparticular
temperature.
PAXA;KH=HenrysLawofconstant
PA=KHA
KH=4.34104atm
PO2=0.2atm
Xo2=PO2/KH=0.2/4.34104=4.6106

Ifweassume1Lsolution=1Lwater
nwater=1000/18=55.5
XO2=nO2/(nO2+nH2O)~=nO2/nH2O

nO2=4.6X106X55.5=2.55X104mol
M=2.55X104M
Q.2.WhatisVantHofffactor?
Ans.Itistheratioofnormalmolecularmasstoobservedmolecularmass.Hisdenotedasi
i=normalm.m/observedm.m
=no.ofparticlesafterassociationordissociation/no.ofparticlesbefore
Q.3.WhatistheVantHofffactorinK4[Fe(CN)6]andBaCl2?
Ans5and3
Q.4.Whythemolecularmassbecomesabnormal?
Ans.Duetoassociationordissociationofsoluteingivensolvent.
Q.5.Definemolarity,howitisrelatedwithnormality?
Ans.N=MxBasicityoracidity.

Q.6.Howmolarityisrelatedwithpercentageanddensityofsolution?
Ans.M=Pxdx10/M.M
Q.7.Whatroledoesthemolecularinteractionplayinthesolutionofalcoholandwater?
Ans.Positivedeviationfromidealbehavior.
Q.8.WhatisVantHofffactor,howisitrelatedwith
a.degreeofdissociationb.degreeofassociation
Ans.a.=i1/n1b.=i1/1/n1
Q.9.WhyNaClisusedtoclearsnowfromroads?
Ans.Itlowersf.pofwater
Q10.whytheboilingpointofsolutionishigherthanoureliquid
Ans.Duetoloweringinv.p

HOTS
Q1.Outof1Mand1maqueoussolutionwhichismoreconcentrated
Ans.1Masdensityofwateris1gm/Ml
Q2.Henrylawconstantfortwogasesare21.5and49.5atm,whichgasismoresoluble.
Ans.KHisinverselyproportionaltosolubility.
Q.3.Defineazeotrope,giveanexampleofmaximumboilingazeotrope.
Q.4.Calculatethevolumeof75%ofH2SO4byweight(d=1.8gm/ml)requiredtoprepare1Lof0.2M
solution
Hint:M1=Pxdx10/98
M1V1=M2V2
14.5ml
Q.5.Whywatercannotbecompletelyseparatedfromaqueoussolutionofethylalcohol?
Ans.DuetoformationofAzeotropeat(95.4%)


SHORTANSWERS(2MARKS)
Q.1.HowmanygramsofKClshouldbeaddedto1kgofwatertoloweritsfreezingpointto8.00C(kf=
1.86Kkg/mol)
Ans.SinceKCldissociateinwatercompletelyL=2
;m=

m=8/2X1.86=2.15mol/kg.

GramsofKCl=2.15X74.5=160.2g/kg.

Q.2.Withthehelpofdiagram:showtheelevatorinboilingpointcolligativeproperties?
Q.3.whatdoyoumeanbycolligativeproperties,whichcolligativepropertyisusedtodeterminem.mof
polymerandwhy?
Q.4.Definereverseosmosis,writeitsoneuse.
Ans.Desalinationofwater.
Q.5.Whydoesanazeotropicmixturedistillswithoutanychangeincomposition.
Hint:Ithassamecompositionofcomponentsinliquidandvapourphase.
Q.6.UnderwhatconditionVantHoffsfactoris
a.equalto1b.lessthan1c.morethan1
Q.7.Ifthedensityofsomelakewateris1.25gm/mlandcontains92gmofNa+ionsperkgofwater.
CalculatethemolalityofNa+ioninthelake.
Ans.n=92/23=4
m=4/1=4m
Q.8.Anaqueoussolutionof2%nonvolatileexertsapressureof1.004Baratthenormalboilingpointof
thesolvent.Whatisthemolarmassofthesolute.
Hint:P0APA/P0A=wBXmA/mBXwA
1.0131.004/1.013=2X18/mBX98
mB=41.35gm/mol
Q.9.Whyisitadvisedtoaddethyleneglycoltowaterinacarradiatorinhillstation?
Hint:Antifreeze.

Q.10.whatdoyoumeanbyhypertonicsolution,whathappenswhenRBCiskeptin0.91%solutionof
sodiumchloride?
Q11.(a).definethefollowingterms.
1. Molefraction
2. Idealsolutions
(b)15gofanunknownmolecularmaterialisdissolvedin450gofwater.Theresultingsolution
frrezezat0.340c.whatisthemolarmassofmaterial?Kfforwater=1.86KKgmol1.
Ans.182.35glmol
Q12.(a)explainthefollowing:
1. Henryslawaboutdissolutionofagasinaliquid.
2. Bolingpointelevationconstantforasolvent
(b)asolutionofglycerol(C3h803)inwaterwaspreparedbydissolvingsomeglycerolinin500gofwater.
Thesolutionhasaboilingpointof100.420c.whatmassofglycerolwasdissolvedtomakethissolution?
Kbforwater=0.512kKgmol1
(hint:atb=b*wb*1000
Mb*Wa

Ans.37.73gm
Q13.2gofbenzoicacid(c6h5cooh)dissolvedin25gofbenzeneshowsadepressioninfreezingpoint
equalto1.62K.KFforbenzeneis4.9KKgmol1.Whatisthepercentageassociationofacidifitforms
dimerinsolution.Ans.99.2%

Q14. Osmotic pressure of a 0.0103 molar solution of an electrolite is found to be 0.70 atm at 270c .
calculateVantHofffactor.(R=0.082Latommol1K1)Ans.2.76