Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
where:
K.E. is the kinetic energy [J, N m]
m is the mass of the vehicle [kg]
v is the vehicle speed [m/s]
To stop the car we have to get red of the kinetic energy (K.E.) but; Energy cannot
be destroyed, it is always conserved. Then, the only way to get red of the kinetic
energy is to transfer it to another form of energy.
The theory of brakes is to convert the kinetic energy of a moving vehicle to
thermal (heat) energy using the friction.
The advantages if air brake system
No cost
As an operating medium, air costs nothing and is always available.
No leaking problem
Very minor leaks are not critical (the compressor continually supplies more air
pressure).
No pressure drop and faster air transmit. Air brake lines have large inside
diameter. (Hydraulic brakes are not very suitable for long wheelbase trucks).
Suitable for connection with trailer.
Source of energy operates various equipment on the vehicle (Door control etc.).
Basic installation of air brakes
There is no direct connection in any mechanical or hydraulic sense between the
brake treadle (leaver worked by the foot, pedal) and the wheel brake chambers,
although the driver is provided with a certain degree of feel related to system air
pressure during braking.
The operation of a basic single-circuit air brakes system Fig. 1 is such that when
the brake treadle is depressed one of two related control valve is opened, so that air
under pressure from the reservoir can press through the control valve and into each
wheel brake-actuating chamber. Here the compressed air acts against a diaphragm,
its resulting movement being transmitted via a push-rod to either the operating
lever of the brake camshaft, or the wedge of a braked expander unit, which forces
the shoes against the brake drum.
As the brake treadle is released, the previously mentioned control valve closes and
the other one is opened, thereby allowing the air under pressure in the brake
chambers to be exhausted to the atmosphere and the shoe return springs release the
brakes.
This energy in the compressed air can be used to do the work.
The compressed air may be defined, as air that forced into a smaller space than it
would ordinarily occupy into its free atmospheric state. If we connect to reservoirs
together, air flows from high-pressure reservoir to the low-pressure reservoir until
the pressure equalizes in the two reservoirs.
becomes insufficient. That led to the use of compressed air as a medium for energy
supply and as a transmission device, the advantage of air brakes are:
More powerful
-Air pressure (7-8 bar)
- vacuum booster pressure (- 0.9 bar) {diesel engine (no vacuum source)}
- hydraulic booster pressure (50- 60 bar .... line pressure 100 bar). Because of this
high pressures, a small diameter servo cylinder are used (leak problems).
* Operate at a pressure of only one-tenth of an equivalent hydraulic source, but for
large vehicles where there is more space, there is not real problem as much larger
diameter cylinders can be used.
Truck Class
Truck
Light-duty
Class
1
2
3
Medium-duty
4
5
6
Heavy-duty
7
8
* Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)
GVW* (pound)
Up to 6000
6000-10,000
10,001-14,000
14,001-16,000
16,001-19,500
19,501-26,000
26,001-33,000
33,000 and over
GVW (kg)
Up to 2667
2668-4444
4445-6222
6223-7111
7112-8667
8668-11,556
11,557-14,667
14,668 and over
Compressed air
The normal atmospheric pressure around us is approximately 14.7 psi (101.28 kPa)
depending on altitude, humidity, temperature, and other factor. When we
discussing compressed air we ignore the 14.7 psi (101.28 kPa) atmospheric
pressure, and consider the atmosphere to contain free air under no pressure (air
pressure gauges read zero when connected only to atmospheric pressure).
Air in its free or compressed state may be compressed state may be compared to a
coil spring. When coil spring is not compressed, it does not store any energy.
Similarly, air in its atmospheric or free state does not store any energy. When a coil
spring is compressed it stores energy, and compressed air also stores a specific
amount of energy.
o Contamination with moisture, ice, oil in the brake line, valves and components
may interfere with brake system balance.
o Slack adjustment is very important to obtain proper brake balance. Some slack
adjusters are self-adjusting, but other bust be manually adjusted.
Compressors
o The air delivery temperature should not exceed 220 C.
o The total cylinder swept volume capacity needed for an air brake system with
possibly auxiliary equipment for light, medium and heavy commercial vehicle
ranges from about 150 cm to 500 cm which provided by either single or twin
cylinder reciprocating compressor.
o The maximum crankshaft speed of these compressors is anything from 1500 to
3000 rev/mm depending upon maximum air pressure and application.
o The maximum air pressure a compressor can discharge continuously varies from
7 to 11 bar. A more typical maximum pressure value would be 9 bar.
o The quantity of air that can be delivered at maximum speed by these compressors
ranges from 150 L/min to 500 L/min for a small to large size compressor. This
corresponds to a power loss of something like 1.5 kW to 6 kW respectively.
o Governor cut-out pressure is 120 psi (861.87 kPa), and a typical cut-in pressure
is 105 psi (723.97 kPa), must not be more 25 psi (172.37 kPa) below the cut-out
pressure.
o Reservoirs are actually designed to withstand 500 psi (3,447.5 kPa).
o Reservoirs are supplied in various lengths and different diameters, from 3.5 to 14
in (8.89 to 35.56 cm).
o Reservoir volumes vary from 100 to 7,600 Cu. in. (1638.7 to 124,541.2 cc).
v