Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
RIGGING
BOOK
LY
E
F
A
S
t
i
E
L
TACK
FOREWORD
The handling, setting, and erection of materials
and equipment is a hazardous occupation. Each
operation presents its own peculiar problems and
no two jobs are alike. With proper consideration
taken, each job can be performed free of bodily
harm to the worker and without damage to the
equipment.
This manual has been designed as a reference to
assist in safely applying the basic rigging equipment used in construction work.
The contents of this manual are minimum
requirements. Check with local and country
regulations for stricter requirements.
The Hand Rigging Book contains recommendations for users to consider. The booklet is not
legal advice and should not be relied upon
solely in any given situation. DuPont makes no
express or implied warranty or guarantee as to
the information content of the Hand Rigging Book
or that it contains all possible recommendations
concerning safety, health or the environmental
protection. DuPont assumes no liability or
responsibility of any kind whatsoever resulting
from the use of any information contained in this
booklet.
This handbook is issued and maintained
by Engineerings Facilities Construction
& Support organization.
Copyright 2007 E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. The DuPont Oval Logo and The miracles
of science are registered trademarks or trademarks of
DuPont or its affiliates.
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
DERRICK - A structural or fabricated member of considerable length or height used to provide a fixed stable
point above the load from which a lift can be made.
DESIGN FACTOR - The factor by which ultimate
strength is divided to determine working load limit.
DRIFTING - The act of moving a suspended load in a
horizontal direction using two or more pieces of hoisting
equipment.
EVENER - A beam arrangement suspended from
overhead beams in two or more places from which
single-point loading can be made. Used to distribute
load over greater area of overhead structural member
or members.
FACTOR OF SAFETY - See Design Factor.
FIBER ROPE - A rope made from nonmetallic materials
such as vegetable, animal, or synthetic fibers.
GIRDER - A permanent strength member in building
construction from which rigging often is hung.
HOOK GAGE - A fixed gage used to measure the
allowable hook opening caused by excessively loading
the hook.
KINK - The making of a loop in the rope so small that
it will destroy the lay of the rope. This is one cause of
bird-caging and also weakens the strands of the rope.
KNOT - The intertwining of the end of a rope with a portion of the same rope or another rope of the same size.
LAY OF ROPE - A term used to describe the forming
(not twisting) of wires or fibers into strands and strands
into rope.
LIFE NET - A spring-type rope net used directly below
an elevated work area to catch any worker who should
lose his footing and fall.
2
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
4
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
1. WIRE ROPE
1.1 WIRE ROPE INSPECTION
1.1.3 Many wire ropes are permanently damaged by improper handling and use; kinks, twists,
and untwisting are the results.
5
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
1.3 HANDLING
6
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
1.4 USE
7
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
FIGURE 1
Effect of Sling Angle Examples
TABLE 1
Effect of Sling Angle
Caution
Sling Angle
from
Working Load
Capacity as a Load Angle
Horizontal Limit (WLL) Capacity % of WLL
Factor
90
1,000 lbs. 1,000 lbs 100.0%
1.000
85
1,000 lbs. 996 lbs
99.6%
1.003
80
1,000 lbs. 985 lbs
98.5%
1.015
75
1,000 lbs. 966 lbs
96.6%
1.035
70
1,000 lbs. 940 lbs
94.0%
1.064
65
1,000 lbs. 906 lbs
90.6%
1.103
60
1,000 lbs. 866 lbs
86.6%
1.154
55
1,000 lbs. 819 lbs
81.9%
1.220
50
1,000 lbs. 760 lbs
76.6%
1.305
45
1,000 lbs. 707 lbs
70.7%
1.414
40
1,000 lbs. 643 lbs
64.3%
1.555
35
1,000 lbs. 574 lbs
57.4%
1.743
30
1,000 lbs. 500 lbs
50.0%
2.000
Do not use slings at less than a 30-degree angle
9
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
TABLE 2
Working Load Limit in U.S. tons (2000 lbs) of 6x19 and 6x37 IPS IWRC
Wire Rope
2 leg basket or bridle hitch
Sling
60o Angle
45o Angle
30o Angle
Choke
Diameter
Straight
Both Legs
from
from
from
Hitch
(inches)
Pull
Vertical
Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal
0.56
0.42
1.1
0.97
0.79
0.56
5/16
0.87
0.65
1.7
1.5
1.2
0.87
3/8
1.2
0.93
2.5
2.1
1.8
1.2
7/16
1.7
1.3
3.4
2.9
2.4
1.7
2.2
1.6
4.4
3.8
3.1
2.2
9/16
2.7
2.1
5.5
4.8
3.9
2.7
5/8
3.4
2.5
6.8
5.9
4.8
3.4
4.9
3.6
9.7
8.4
6.9
4.9
7/8
6.6
4.9
13.0
11.0
9.3
6.6
1
8.5
6.4
17.0
15.0
12.0
8.5
1 1/8
10.0
7.8
21.0
18.0
15.0
10.0
1
12.0
9.2
24.0
21.0
17.0
12.0
IPS Improved Plow Steel Grade Wire Rope
IWRC Independent Wire Rope Core
Straight
Pull
Choke
Hitch
Basket
Hitch
Bridle
Hitch
RIGHT
WRONG
Figure 2
Joining Wire Ropes
12
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
Correct
Incorrect
Incorrect
Apply
tension
Apply
tension
13
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
N/A
1/8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
U-Bolt
Number of Clips
Twin-Base
Wire Rope
Diameter
(inches)
37
26
16
13 1/2
11
5 1/2
N/A
Twin-Base
26
19
18
12
11 1/2
6 1/2
5 1/4
4 3/4
3 3/4
3 1/4
U-Bolt
4 3/4
4 3/8
3 1/2
3 1/4
2 3/4
2 3/8
1 5/8
1 3/8
5 3/8
7 3/8
4 1/4
4 1/8
3 3/4
2 3/4
2 1/8
N/A
5 3/8
4 3/4
4 5/8
4 1/4
4 1/8
3 3/4
2 3/4
2 1/8
225
225
225
130
65
45
30
30
30
N/A
225
225
130
95
65
45
30
15
7.5
4.5
Appx. spacing
Required Torque
Minimum
(foot pounds)
distance - between clips (inches)
dead end
U-Bolt
Twin-Base
U-Bolt
to first clip Twin-Base
(inches)
TABLE 3
CABLE CLIPS
14
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
when used as slings, grip the load well. They are much
more resistant to abrasion and corrosion than wire rope
and are particularly well suited as slings for lifting rough
loads such as heavy castings which would quickly
weaken or destroy wire rope slings due to the sharp
bends over the edges of the castings.
4.3 CARE AND USE
4.3.5 Store chains where they will not be damaged or corroded. A light coating of oil should be
placed on chains before storage.
4.3.6 Never shorten a chain by twisting or knotting it or with nuts and bolts.
15
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
18
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
- Inspect for the presence of a powder-like sawdust. If present, there has been severe internal
wear and rope should be condemned.
6.6.7 If possible to open up a strand, the following inspection inside the strands can be made:
19
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
break easily, the rope probably has been chemically attacked and should be condemned.
20
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
TABLE 4
SYNTHETIC FIBER
COMPARISON CHART
RESISTANCE TO*
Abrasion
Wet Dry
Acid
Alka
Water Heat Rot
MATERIAL
Nylon
E
VG
P
E
E
G
E
Dacron
VG
G
VG
F
E
VG
E
Polypropylene VG
G
E
E
E
G
E
*Most chemical solutions and solvents affect rope to varying degrees; therefore,
care should be taken to prevent contact with them.
KEY
E - Excellent
VG - Very Good
G - Good
F - Fair
P - Poor
21
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
22
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
/8
/4
/8
23/4
21/4
8,910
22,230
17,280
12,780
9.9
25.3
19.5
14.3
1,835 - 4,446
1,440 - 3,456
1,065 - 2,556
743 - 1,728
Working Load
Range (lbs)
Design Factor
5 to 12
473 - 1,134
600 - 1,440
Diameter Circumference
(inches)
(inches)
1/2
11/2
9/16
13/4
Nylon
Minimum
Break
Strength
Weight
(lbs)
(lbs/100 ft)
5,670
6.3
7,200
8.0
Size
19,775
15,225
11,200
7,825
30.4
23.4
17.2
12.0
Minimum
Break
Strength
Weight
(lbs)
(llbs/100 ft)
5,085
7.7
6,435
9.8
Polyester
1,648 - 3,955
1,269 - 3,045
933 - 2,240
652 - 1,565
Working Load
Range (lbs)
Design Factor
5 to 12
424 - 1,017
536 - 1,287
TABLE 5
PROPERTIES OF FIBER ROPE
12,825
10,350
7,650
5,580
Minimum
Break
Strength
(lbs)
3,780
4,590
18.0
14.2
10.4
7.2
Weight
(lbs/100 ft)
4.6
5.9
Polypropylene
1,069 - 2,565
863 - 2,070
638 - 1,530
465 - 1,116
Working Load
Range (lbs)
Design Factor
5 to 12
315 - 756
383 - 918
7.1.11 The use of beam clamps is not recommended when angle lifts are to be made. The
23
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
24
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
TABLE 6
STRENGTH OF STANDARD HOOKS
Carbon Steel Forged, Quenched, Tempered
Design Factor = 5
EYE HOOK
Working
Load
Limit
Tons
3
/4
1
1 1/2
2
3
5
7 1/2
10
15
20
24
32
SHANK HOOK
Throat
Opening A
Inches
5
/16
1 1/32
1 1/16
1 7/32
1 1/2
1 7/8
2 1/4
2 1/2
3 3/8
4
4 3/4
5 3/4
SWIVEL HOOK
Eye
Size B
Shank
Size C
Swivel
Thickness D
1 15/32
1 3/4
2 1/32
2 13/32
2 15/16
3 13/16
4 11/16
5 3/8
6 5/8
7
9 5/16
10 3/4
/32
21/32
23
/32
7
/8
1 5/32
1 13/32
1 11/32
1 27/32
2 1/4
2 3/4
3 1/2
4 1/8
3
/8
1/2
5
/8
5
/8
3
/4
19
1
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/2
1 1/2
25
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
TABLE 7
STRENGTH OF SHACKLES
Screw Pin, Round Pin, Safety Forged,
Quenches, and Tempered Alloy Steel Pins
Design Factor = 6
SCREW PIN
Working Load
Limit
Tons
1
/2
3/4
1
1 1/2
2
3 1/4
4 3/4
6 1/2
8 1/2
9 1/2
12
13 1/2
17
25
35
50
ROUND PIN
Size of
Shank A
Diam. of
Pin B
Inside
Width C
Inches
Inches
Inches
1/4
5/16
3
/8
7/16
1
/2
5
/8
3
/4
7
/8
1
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 3/4
2
2 1/2
5/16
/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3
/4
7
/8
1
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 5/8
2
2 1/4
2 3/4
/32
/32
21
/32
23
/32
13/16
1 1/16
1 1/4
1 7/16
1 11/16
1 13/16
2 1/32
2 1/4
2 3/8
2 7/8
3 1/4
4 1/8
15
17
26
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
TABLE 7 (Contd.)
Washers
Hook
Poor Practice
Good Practice
27
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
29
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
Inspection
9.13.1 All chain hoists should be inspected
visually before making any lift. Visual inspection
30
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7 Never let the hoist chain gouge the side of the
frame, keep aligned with the work.
31
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
33
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
34
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
12.15 Before moving a load on skids, rollers, or dollies, the load should be thoroughly checked for stability
with respect to the center of gravity of the load on its
supports.
13. PLATE AND GENERAL
PURPOSE GRIPS
When handling flat stock such as plate, utilize only
positive self-clamping and locking devices that must
be intentionally unlocked. Consider hardness and
surface of material to be lifted to assure proper gripping
and bite of gripper. Inspect before each use for wear
and proper capacity. Use proper grip for use such as
horizontal versus vertical lifts. Use tag line on load and
never expose any part of body under the load.
14. EYEBOLTS
Misuse of eyebolts causes injuries and damage to
equipment due to angular pulls on eyebolts. To avoid
angular pulls use spreaders or devices which provide
vertical or straight pulls. Before using eyebolts inspect
for burrs, grooves, or defects on the eyebolt and mating
part which could affect safety. Avoid painting or coating
of eyebolts used for lifting because they hide defects or
damage. Seat all eyebolts firmly and squarely against
mating parts. All eyebolts must have 90 percent of
threads engaged and must fit tightly into holes. Eyebolt
shank length must not be altered without Engineering
approval. Only swivel or shouldered eyebolts may be
used for rigging purposes; do not use unshouldered
eyebolts.
Note: Angular pulls on eyebolts should be avoided.
Not all manufacturers allow angle loading of their
equipment. If an angular pull is to be applied to an
eyebolt, the user must verify with the manufacturers
information that this type pull is allowed and abide by
the manufacturers recommended safe working load for
the angle at which the load is applied.
35
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
36
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
Straight Pulls
Recommended
Nut must be
tightened
Angular Pulls
Not Recommended
Spreader Beam
Recommended
FIGURE 4
PROPER EYEBOLT USAGE
Shoulder must be
in full contact with
surface
PLANE OF EYEBOLT
ILLUSTRATED
Plane of eyebolt
TABLE 8
SWIVEL EYEBOLTS
Swivel eyebolts are designed for angular loading,
and their ratings are usually good for any load angle.
Forces increase with load angle and the swivel eyebolt
must be sized to equal the load in the attached sling or
hardware. The drawing below shows a swivel eyebolt. A
chart for rated load and thread size for swivel eyebolts
is also shown below. Always use a proper torque
wrench and follow manufacturers recommended torque
values when installing swivel eyebolts.
Swivel Eyebolts
(Swivel Hoist Rings)
Rated Load
Thread Size
(lbs)
5
800
/16 - 18
3
1,000
/8 - 16
1
2,500
/2 - 13
5
4,000
/8 - 11
3
5,000
/4 - 10
Torque
(ft-lbs)
7
12
28
60
100
37
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
TABLE 9
TYPE 2 SHOULDERED
FORGED STEEL EYEBOLTS
Nominal
Size
1/4
0.25
5
/16
0.31
3/8
0.38
7/16
0.44
1
/2
0.50
9
/16
0.56
5/8
0.62
3/4
0.75
7/8
0.88
1
1.00
1 1/8 1.12
1 1/4 1.25
1 1/2 1.50
1 3/4 1.75
2
2.00
A
Shank
Dia.
0.25
0.28
0.31
0.34
0.38
0.41
0.44
0.47
0.50
0.53
0.56
0.59
0.62
0.66
0.75
0.78
0.88
0.91
1.00
1.06
1.12
1.19
1.25
1.34
1.50
1.59
1.75
1.84
2.00
B
Shank
Length
1.00
1.06
1.12
1.19
1.25
1.38
1.38
1.50
1.50
1.62
1.62
1.75
1.75
1.88
2.00
2.12
2.25
2.38
2.50
2.62
2.75
2.88
3.00
3.12
3.50
3.62
3.75
3.88
4.00
C
Eye
ID
0.69
0.81
0.81
0.94
0.94
1.06
1.00
1.12
1.12
1.25
1.19
1.31
1.31
1.44
1.44
1.56
1.56
1.69
1.69
1.81
1.94
2.06
2.12
2.25
2.44
2.56
2.75
3.00
3.06
2.09
4.12
3.44
H
Thread Size
UNC-2A
1
/4 - 20 or
0.250 - 20
5
/16 - 18 or
0.3125 - 18
3
/8 - 16 or
0.375 - 16
7
/16 - 14 or
0.4375 - 14
1
/2 - 13 or
0.500 - 13
9
/16 - 12 or
0.5625 - 12
5
/8 - 11 or
0.625 - 11
3
/4 - 10 or
0.750 - 10
7
/8 - 9 or
0.875 - 9
1 - 8 or
1.000 - 8
1 1/8 - 7 or
1.125 - 7
1 1/4 - 7 or
1.250 - 7
1 1/2 - 6 or
1.500 - 6
1 3/4 - 5 or
1.750 - 5
2 - 4 1/2 or
2.000 - 4.50
Wx
Working Load
Limit, lb.
at 0
400
800
1400
2000
2600
3000
4000
6000
6600
8000
10000
15000
18 000
22000
26000
38
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
Responsibility for safety in the USE of this equipment, however, is shared with the craft working
same. It will be the working crafts responsibility to
ensure that:
1. Safe methods and procedures are observed in
their work at all times.
2. A qualified signalman is provided.
3. The work is at all times properly supervised.
39
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
15.2.14 Signals
a) Only authorized personnel are to act as crane
signalers
b) Make sure operator and signalers understand
the signals used
c) Only one person is to give signals to the opera-
40
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
15.2.20 In cases where the operator is not satisfied the job is being performed safely, he is to stop
the crane and contact the supervisor immediately.
41
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
TABLE 10
CRANE SIGNALS
42
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
TABLE 10 (Contd.)
43
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
APPROX. WEIGHT
PER CUBIC FOOT LBS.
120 (about 3 tons per 1000)
150 (4050 lbs. per cu. yd.)
95 (2565 lbs. per cu. yd.)
32 (10 lbs./2 x 4 x 8-0)
100
120 (3240 lbs. per cu. yd.)
490 (40.8 lbs./Sq. Ft. 1 thick)
63
62.5 (8.3 lbs./Gal.)
45
Rigging Book Copyright 2007 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
All rights reserved. Rev 06/2007
SQUARE KNOT
A safe means of fastening
together the ends of two
ropes of the same diameter.
BOWLINE
A loop which will not slip
or draw tight.
CLOVE HITCH
Step 1
Step 2
RUNNING BOWLINE
EN-3964
Rev. 6/07