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0 Abstract
Vinegar can be defined as a solution composed of acetic acid and water. This experiment was
conducted to determine the molarity of the solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in
vinegar by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution. This is experiment is
done in two parts which is the part 1 is the standardization of sodium hydroxide and the second
part is done to determine the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar. In standardizing the NaOH
solution, approximately 250 mL of 0.6M sodium hydroxide from NaOH solid was prepared.
KHP of 250 mL solution is then titrated with the NaOH. The pH of the solution is recorded for
every 1 mL. The experiment was repeated to achieve accurate result. Then, the graph of pH
against volume of NaOH was constructed. Based on the graph, the average molarity of NaOH
can be determined by plotting the graph. For the second experiment, vinegar of 10 mL was
titrated with the NaOH and the pH were recorded for every 2 mL of NaOH solution. The
titration process was also repeated to get accurate result. For experiment 1, the volume of
NaOH need to neutralize the acid is 11.03 mL for titration 1 and 11.103 mL for titration 2. The
molarity for titration 1 is 0.67 M and titration 2 is 0.66 M. The average molarity is 0.665 M. For
experiment 2, the the volume of NaOH need to neutralize the acid is 34.29 mL and 23.19 mL
for titration 1 and for titration 2. The molarity for is 2.28 M and 1.87 M for titration 1and
titration 2 is 0.66 M. The average molarity is 2.075 M. The percent by mass of acetic acid in
vinegar solution for titration 1 is 13.69% while the percent by mass in titration 2 is 11.23 %.
Hence the average percent by mass calculated is 12.46%. Based on the result, it can be
conclude that the higher the concentration, the higher the molarity and the higher volume
needed to neutralize the acid.
2.0 Introduction
Vinegar has been used since ancient times as an important household item. Vinegar can be
defined as a solution composed of acetic acid and water. The molecular for the acetic acid is
1
CH3COOH. The acidic properties of vinegar can be titrated with a base by using a titration
method to determine the molarity and the percent by mass of the solution. Titration is processes
in an amount of a solution of known concentration are added to a solution of unknown
concentration until the stoichiometry of the solution is achieved. Concentration of solution is
the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent. The concentrated solution contain large
amount of solute in the given solvent while it is vice versa in diluted solution where the
solutions contain little amount of solute in a given solution. Molarity and the percent by mass
are the specific terms that can be used in expressing concentration.
Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
(Equation 2-1)
Percent by mass is the mass in grams of solute per 100 grams of solution.
(Equation 2-2)
In this experiment, the sodium hydroxide was standardized and the molarity and the percent by
mass were done by using the titration method. The titration process is done to determine the
equivalent point of reaction. The equivalence point is reach when the added quantity of the
reactant is the exact amount necessary for stoichiometric reaction with another reactant which
in this experiment the NaOH will turn the solution basic.
3.0 Objectives
The objectives of this experiment is to determine the molarity of the solution and the percent by
mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution.
4.0 Theory
Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid. Since vinegar is an acid, it can be titrated with a base.
NaOH is used as a base to neutralize the acidic properties. Titration is the process of adding a
known amount of a solution of known concentration to a known amount of solution of unknown
concentration. In this experiment, the equivalence point occur when the amount of 1 moles of
sodium hydroxide ( Base ) is necessary to neutralize the1 mole acetic acid ( acid ). The reaction is :
CH3COOH(aq)
OH- (aq)
H2O(l)
CH3CO2- (aq)
The solution is said to reached equivalent when there are sudden change in the pH value of the
solution. pH is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.
pH = -log [HO]
pH scale indicate the acidity or the basicity of a solution. pH 7 is said to be natural. The value
of pH which lower than 7 is term as acid and above the value of 7 is called basic.
The experiment was first started by taking the pH of KHP before titrated with the standardize
sodium hydroxide solution. When the NaOH is added . the hydrogen ion will be neutralized and
the concentration ion will decreases.
KHC8H4O4(aq)+NaOH(aq)
KNaC8H4O4(aq)+H2O(l)
CH3COOH(aq)+NaOH(aq)
NaCH3COO(aq)+H2O(l)
5.0 Procedures
6.1 Apparatus
250 mL Beaker, Volumetric Flask, Weigh Balance, Magnetic Stirrer, Retort Stand, Ph
Meter, Pipette, Burette, Magnetic Rod,
6.2 Material
0.6 M Naoh, 1.5 Grams KHP, Distilled Water, Vinegar
7.0 Result
Titration 1
Titration 2
99.672
148.036
101.181
149.543
1.509
1.507
Titration 1 (pH)
Titration 2 (pH)
4.459
4.216
4.720
4.481
4.869
4.717
5.025
4.863
5.139
5.008
5.271
5.143
5.369
5.287
5.503
5.423
5.697
5.587
5.873
5.770
10
6.177
6.024
11
6.827
6.417
12
12.468
12.070
13
12.923
12.732
14
13.072
12.978
Titration 1 (pH)
Titration 2 (pH)
2.444
2.655
3.220
3.380
3.588
3.717
3.846
3.974
4.056
4.159
10
4.223
4.338
12
4.381
4.490
neutralize vinegar
14
4.521
4.640
16
4.677
4.790
18
4.802
4.942
20
4.940
5.092
22
5.098
5.273
24
5.236
5.485
26
5.240
5.748
28
5.446
6.468
30
5.771
11.995
32
6.188
12.487
34
6.196
12.689
36
11.867
12.808
38
12.408
12.892
40
12.628
12.962
pH
Titration 1
11.103 mL
equivalent point
11.03 mL
equivalent point
Titration 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Volume of NaOH
pH
Titration 1
Titration 2
28.19 mL
34.29
mL
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
Volume of NaOH
= 0.25 L NaOH
Molarity, M =
0.6 M NaOH =
Moles of NaOH = 0.15 mol
Mass NaOH = moles of NaOH molar mass NaOH
=0.15 mol NaOH 40 g/mol
=6 g solid NaOH
2)
Titration 1
Titration 2
99.672
148.036
101.181
149.543
1.509
1.507
Volume of NaOH to
11.03
11.103
10
Titration 1
Titration 2
34.29
28.19
12
Molarity of CH3COOH =
=
= 2.28M
Titration 2:
Volume of NaOH = 28.19 mL
Mol of NaOH = 0.02819 L 0.665 M
= 0.0187 mol
From the equation :
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l)
1 mol NaOH = 1 mol CH3COOH
Thus 0.0198 mol NaOH = 0.0198 mol CH3COOH
Molarity of CH3COOH =
=
= 1.87 M
Titration 1 :
Mass of CH3COOH =0.01 L 2.28 M CH3COOH 60.06 g/mol CH3COOH
=1.369 g CH3COOH
Percentage by mass
x 100%
x 100%
= 13.69 %
Titration 2 :
Mass of CH3COOH = 0.01 L 1.87 M CH3COOH 60.06 g/mol CH3COOH
=1.123 g CH3COOH
Percentage by mass
x 100%
x 100%
= 11.23 %
9.0 Discussions
The objectives of this experiment are to determine the molarity of the solution and the percent
by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution.
The experiment is divided into two parts. In the first experiment, KHP solution is titrated with
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NaOH. The figure 7.1 illustrates the graph of titration of the solution to neutralize the acid. The
pH is taken 1 mL of NaOH each time being titrated. The pH value of KHP started to increase
drastically at 12 mL of NaOH solution where pH value was increase from 6.827 to 12.468. The
solution was tending to be alkali onwards. From the graph, the pH value was plotted and the
value of NaOH to neutralize the KHP solution at pH 7 is at 11.03 mL. The process was
repeated for the second time to get accurate result. For the second titration, the pH value of
KHP started to increase drastically also at range 12 mL of NaOH solution where pH value was
increase from 6.417 to 12.070.. From the graph, the value of NaOH to neutralize the KHP
solution at pH 7 is at 11.103 mL.
Next, the figure 7.2 shows the graph about the ph value against the volume of NaOH
solution to neutralize the vinegar. Same as the experiment 1, the titration process was done two
times to ensure the data recorded are accurate. In the first titration, it can be stated that the
volume needed for the NaOH to neutralize vinegar was 34.29 mL and amount of 23.19 mL of
NaOH is needed to neutralize vinegar at titration 2. .
In this experiment, the average molarity and the percent by mass were also needed to be
calculated and determined. The molarity of NaOH for the first titration is 0.67 M and 0.66 M
for second titration. The average molarity for both titration is 0.665 M. the percent by mass of
the acetic acid in vinegar are 13.69 % and 11.23 % for titration 1 and 2. The average mass
percent of this experiment is 12.46 %
10.0 Conclusions
Based on the result, it can be concluded that the experiment achieved its objectives. However,
the results obtained are not very precise. The figure 7.1 and 7.2 illustrate the pattern of the
solution to achieve base pH value. The pattern shows that the data are not consistent. In the
experiment 1, it required an amount of 11.03 mL of NaOH to neutralize the acid in titration 1
while it required an amount of 11.103 mL of NaOH to neutralize the acid in titration 2. For the
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molarity, the value of molarity in titration 1 is 0.67M and 0.66 M in titration 2. The average
molarity for both titration is 0.665 M.
In experiment 2, the result shown that the amount of volume of NaOH to neutralize the vinegar in
titration 1 is 34.29 mL. On the other hand, the volume need by NaOH to neutralize the vinegar in
titration 2 is 23.19 mL. The molarity in titration 1 is 2.28 M and the molarity in titration 2 is 1.87 M.
The average molarity is 2.075M. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar solution for
titration 1 is 13.69% while the percent by mass in titration 2 is 11.23 %. Hence the average
percent by mass calculated is 12.46%. Thus, it can be concluded that, the higher the molarity of
solution the more volume of NaOH needed to neutralize the acid.
11.0 Recommendations
1. Strictly make sure that the eye level are parallel to the instrument to avoid parallax error
2. Make sure that there are no air bubbles trapped in the burette before conducting the
experiment.
3. The experiment should be repeated up to three or four times to get the accurate readings.
4. Use indicator solution so that changes in the solution can be observe
12.0 References
Lab manual of Engineering Chemistry Laboratory (CHE 485) Uitm Shah Alam
Chemistry in water. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2014, from
http://linus.chem.ku.edu/genchemlab/184FA06/Download184_Labs/Vinegar%20Download
.htm
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Science Buddies Staff : Measuring the Amount of Acid in Vinegar by Titration with an
Indicator Solution (2014,). Retrieved October 16, 2014 from
http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Chem_p045.shtml
R. T. Morison & R. N. Boyd (1973). Fundamentals of General, Organic And Biological
Chemistry, Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
13.0 Appendices
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