UWB 10202

Mdm. Iza Nurhidayah

Ismail
FSTPI

 Definition

of Communication
Types of Communication
- Intrapersonal
- Interpersonal
- Group
Communication Process
Verbal and Non-Verbal signals

 from

Latin commnicre
meaning "to share"
is

the activity of conveying information

through the exchange of thoughts, messages,
or information, as by speech, visuals, signals,
writing, or behavior.

meaningful

exchange of information between

two or more living creatures.

 any

act by which one person gives to or

receives from another person information
about that person's needs, desires,
perceptions, knowledge, or affective states.

Communication

may be intentional or
unintentional, may involve conventional or
unconventional signals, may take linguistic or
non-linguistic forms, and may occur through
spoken or other modes.

 communication

occurs when one person or

more sends and receives messages that are
distorted by noise, occur within a context,
have some effect, and provide opportunity
for feedback.

 the

terms Communication which is interact

with others to share information and beliefs,
exchange ideas and feelings, make plans and
solve problems.

Sometimes

this interaction is done

interpersonally, in a team or small group, in
a conference and sometimes through the
media or via computer.

 communication

is a systemic process in
which individuals interact with and through
symbols to create and interpret meanings.

1.

Communication is a process, which means

it is ongoing and always changing.

2. Communication is systemic; that is it occurs

within systems of interrelated and
interacting parts.

3. Communication is symbolic. Symbols are the

basis of language, much nonverbal behavior,
and human thought. They can be arbitrary,
ambiguous, abstract representations of other
phenomena.

4. Communication involves meanings, which

are the significance humans bestow on
phenomena.

 all

communication definition explains the

process of transmitting information, the form
and structure of the information, the
function and effects of the information.

 Types

of communication based on the

communication channels used are:

1. Verbal Communication
2. Nonverbal Communication

 refers

to the form of communication in which

message is transmitted verbally;
communication is done by word of mouth and
a piece of writing.

Objective

of every communication is to have

people understand what we are trying to
convey.
In verbal communication remember the
acronym KISS(keep it short and simple).

 When

we talk, we assume others understand

what we are saying because we know what we
are saying.

Usually

people bring their own attitude,

perception, emotions and thoughts about the
topic. Hence, create barrier in delivering the
right meaning.

To

deliver the right message, think from you

receivers point of view.

 Verbal

Communication is further divided

into:

Oral Communication
Written Communication

 Spoken

words are used.

face-to-face conversations, speech,
telephonic conversation, video, radio,
television, voice over internet.
oral communication, communication is
influenced by pitch, volume, speed and
clarity of speaking.

 It
In

brings quick feedback.

a face-to-face conversation, by reading

facial expression and body language one can
guess whether he/she should trust whats
being said or not.

 In

face-to-face discussion, user is unable to

deeply think about what he is delivering.

This

can be counted as a noise.

 written

signs or symbols are used to

communicate.

It

can be printed or written.

message

can be transmitted via email, letter,

report, memo etc.

 Message,

in written communication, is
influenced by the vocabulary & grammar
used, writing style, precision and clarity of
the language used.

Written

Communication is most common

form of communication being used in
business.
(e.g: letters, proposal, faxes, advertisement,
brochures, contracts, etc)

 Messages

can be edited and revised many

time before it is actually sent.

Written

communication provide record for

every message sent and can be saved for
later study.

written message enables receiver to fully

understand it and send appropriate
feedback.

 Unlike

oral communication, Written

communication doesnt bring instant
feedback.

It

take more time in composing a written

message as compared to word-of-mouth. and
number of people struggles for writing
ability.

 sending

or receiving of wordless messages.

E.g: gesture, body language, posture, tone
of voice or facial expressions.
Nonverbal

comm = ALL ABOUT BODY

LANGUAGE OF SPEAKER.

 nonverbal

signals reflects the situation more

accurately than verbal messages.

Sometimes

nonverbal response contradicts

verbal communication and hence affect the
effectiveness of message.

 Appearance

- Speaker: clothing, hairstyle, neatness, use of

cosmetics
- Surrounding: room size, lighting,
decorations, furnishings
Body
-

Language
facial expressions, gestures, postures

Sounds

- Voice Tone, Volume, Speech rate

 Formal

Communication
Informal Communication

 certain

rules, conventions and principles are

followed while communicating message.

Formal

communication occurs in formal

and official style.

Usually

professional settings, corporate

meetings, conferences undergoes in formal
pattern.

 In

formal communication, use of slang and

foul language is avoided and correct
pronunciation is required.

Authority

lines are needed to be followed in

formal communication.

 Its

just a casual talk.

established

for societal affiliations of

members in an organization and face-to-face
discussions.

In

informal communication use of slang

words, foul language is not restricted.

 Informal

communication doesnt follow

authority lines people express more using
informal communication.

Informal

communication helps in building

relationships.

 visual

display of information, like

topography, photography, signs, symbols and
designs.

Television

and video clips are the electronic

form of visual communication.

 Intercultural

communication: The branch of

communication field that studies
communication among people from different
cultures, including distinct cultures within a
single country.

Interpersonal

communication:
Communication between people.
Interpersonal communication exists on a
continuum ranging from impersonal (between
social roles) to highly personal.

 Intrapersonal

communication:
Communication with oneself, including self
talk, planning, and reflections.

Group

communication refers to
communication between 3 or more
individuals. Small group communication
includes numbers from 3 to about 20 people,
and large group

 Mass

Communication is communicating with

the masses from radio and television news
to social media feeds and blog posts; from
personalized advertising messages to
branded content sponsored by a specific
company.

It

is the study of how individuals and entities

relay information through mass media to
large segments of the population at the same
time.

A Model of the Basic Communication Process

This is expanded from the Liner Model of communication

 by

adding feedback to this model.

These components are interactive.
it describes each components movement and
interdependence with other components

1. Sender & Receivers

Hybels & Weaver : each people are both a sender
and receiver.
this

sharing is not a one-way process, when one

person sends ideas to the other people ;the
process is reversed.

 Sender

translates the ideas or feelings into

words or sounds and sent the message to the
receiver that process called encoding.

receiver

to interpret the messages from the

sender, that process called decoding.

2. Messages
Pearson,

Nelson, Titsworth & Harter:

communication messages take many forms which
can communicate verbally and nonverbally.

The
it

message is a content of the interaction;

includes the symbols for us to use to

communicate our ideas, as well as facial
expressions, bodily movements etc.

 Some

experts believe that communication

stem only from messages that have a
purpose.

Each

message is unique, even if the same

message were to be created over and over
again

3. Noise
noise interferes with people receiving a message
someone is sending or receiving message.
Noise

can have both internal and external causes.

Internal

noise is attributed to the psychological

makeup, intellectual ability, or physical condition
of communicators.

External

noise is attributed to the environment.

Thus, noise includes distractions such as a loud
siren, a disturbing odor, and a hot room;

4. Channels
Refer

to Eunson :Channel is the route by which

messages flow between sender and receivers.

The

communication channels allow us to see

peoples facial expression and hear voices via
radio or television.

 Communication

rarely take place over one

channel, it may be use two, three or four
different channels simultaneously.

Familiar

channels include the different type

which is include television, smoke signal,
telephones, email, movies, voices, reports
and so on.

5. Feedback
Devito :the response to a message that a receiver
sends back to a sender.
Feedback

enables a sender to determine whether

the communication has been received and
understood as intended.

Receivers

have the responsibility of attending to,

decoding and determining a messages intended
meaning.

sender

has the ability to understand the

feedback and to adjust messages on the basis of
that feedback.

6. Context
The

context refers to surrounding in which

communication occurs. Verderber & Verderber
(2008, p.6)

Physical

context is the location, e.g. the

environmental, the distance between
communicators, seating arrangements, etc.

Social

Context refers to the status of relationship

between the participants.

 Historical

context is the background

provided by previous communication event
between the participants.

Psychological

context includes the moods

and ideas of each people bring to the
interpersonal experience.

Each

context will affect the degree of

formality in the communication.

 Hybels

& Waeaver everyone :needs good

communication skills.

effective

communication help us to enhances

our relationships and allows us to make
connections with people from different
cultures.

Each

of the communication process can

improve our effectiveness as communicators
by applying the guidelines and principles.

1. Facial Expression:
While nonverbal communication and behavior
can vary dramatically between cultures, the
facial expressions for happiness, sadness,
anger and fear are similar throughout the
world.

2. Gestures:
Deliberate movements and signals. Common
gestures include waving, pointing, and using
fingers to indicate numeric amounts.

3. Paralinguistics:
refers to vocal communication that is
separate from actual language. This includes
factors such as tone of voice, loudness,
inflection and pitch.
4. Body Language and Posture:
Research on body language has grown
significantly since the 1970's, but popular
media have focused on the overinterpretation of defensive postures, armcrossing, and leg-crossing, especially after
the publication of Julius Fast's book Body
Language.

5. Proxemics:
"personal space,
influenced by a number of factors including
social norms, situational factors, personality
characteristics and level of familiarity.
6. Eye Gaze:
Looking at another person can indicate a
range of emotions, including hostility,
interest and attraction.

7. Haptics:
Communicating through touch.
There has been a substantial amount of
research on the importance of touch in
infancy and early childhood. Touch can be
used to communicate affection, familiarity,
sympathy and other emotions.
8. Appearance:
Our choice of color, clothing, hairstyles and
other factors affecting appearance.
first impressions are important, job seekers
dress appropriately for interviews