Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Organised by the ABR Company Ltd

Day 1
Paper No. 2

The Hybrid Tug Reality The Business Case for Green Technology in the
Tugboat Industry
Jason Aspin, Aspin Kemp & Associates, Canada
Susan Hayman(QUU/CTKVKOG%QORCP[75#
SYNOPSIS
As detailed in a paper presented at the 2008 International Tug & Salvage Convention, Aspin Kemp
#UUQEKCVGU
#-#JCUEQNNCDQTCVGFYKVJ(QUU/CTKVKOGVQFGXGNQRCPFDWKNFVJGYQTNFUTUVJ[DTKF
RQYGTGFVWI0QYVJCVCarolyn Dorothy is a reality, we are able to RTQXKFGCEQORTGJGPUKXGWRFCVGVQ
NCUV[GCTURCRGTKPENWFKPINGUUQPUNGCTPGFHTQOVJGEQPUVTWEVKQPCPFEQOOKUUKQPKPIRTQEGUU
ThisRCRGTRTGUGPVUVJGDWUKPGUUECUGHQTJ[DTKFRTQRWNUKQPKPVWIQRGTCVKQPU6JGJ[DTKFU[UVGOCPF
KVUCRRNKECVKQPKPJCTDQWTCUUKUVYQTMCTGGZRNCKPGFKNNWUVTCVKPIJQYVJGCYCTFYKPPKPIJ[DTKFRTQRWNUKQP
VGEJPQNQI[FGNKXGTUTGCNDGPGVUKPJCTDQWTVWIQRGTCVKQPUVJTQWIJKORTQXGFHWGNGEQPQO[FGETGCUGF
OCKPVGPCPEGEQUVUCPFTGFWEGFGOKUUKQPUCPFPQKUG

INTRODUCTION

The recent entry to service of Fosss Carolyn Dorothy,

VJGYQTNFUTUVJ[DTKFVWIOCTMUVJGKPVTQFWEVKQPQH
CPGYMKPFQHGPXKTQPOGPVCNN[UQWPFEQUVGHHGEVKXG
VGEJPQNQI[FGUKIPGFURGEKECNN[HQTVJGOCTKVKOG
KPFWUVT[6JGKPPQXCVKXGVWIFGUKIPYCULQKPVN[FGXGNQRGF
by Foss Maritime and Aspin Kemp and Associates

#-#VJGVYQEQORCPKGUCTGPQYLQKPVN[UGGMKPIRCVGPV
protection for the system. It has received high praise
HTQOKPFWUVT[CPCN[UVUCPFGPXKTQPOGPVCNQHEKCNUCNKMG
winning the Environmental Protection Agencys 2007
Clean Air Excellence Award for Clean Air Technology.

/CKPVGPCPEGUCXKPIURQVGPVKCNNQYGTOCKPVGPCPEG
EQUVUCTGGZRGEVGFVQDGCEQNNCVGTCNDGPGVQH
OKPKOKUGFOCKPCPFCWZKNKCT[GPIKPGWUCIG
4WPPKPIGPIKPGUNGUUHTGSWGPVN[GZVGPFUVJG
VKOGDGVYGGPGPIKPGQXGTJCWNUCPFQKNCPFNVGT
changes;
9QTMRNCEGJGCNVJKORTQXGOGPVUJ[DTKF
VGEJPQNQI[CNNQYUGPIKPGUVQDGUJWVFQYPCVUGC
YKVJQWVUCETKEKPIQRGTCVKQPCNTGCFKPGUUDGECWUG
VJGXGUUGNKUHWNN[QRGTCDNGQPDCVVGT[RQYGTCNQPG
CVNQYRQYGTNGXGNU4GFWEGFGPIKPGTWPPKPIKU
GZRGEVGFVQEWVYQTMRNCEGPQKUGJGNRKPIVQETGCVGC
JGCNVJKGTYQTMRNCEGHQTETGYU

*CXKPIEQNNCDQTCVGFVQUJKHVJ[DTKFVWIRTQRWNUKQP
technology from concept to reality, Foss and AKA
BACKGROUND
CTGPQYYQTMKPIVQEQPTOVJGGZRGEVGFDGPGVUKP
GOKUUKQPUTGFWEVKQPEQUVUCXKPIUCPFYQTMRNCEGJGCNVJ Aspin Kemp and Associates (AKA)
5RGEKECNN[VJG(QUU#-#J[DTKFVGCOKUXCNKFCVKPI
(TQOKVUJGCFSWCTVGTUKP1YGP5QWPF1PVCTKQ
%CPCFCVJG#-#)TQWRQH%QORCPKGURTQXKFGU
 'OKUUKQPUTGFWEVKQPRGTHQTOCPEGJ[DTKF
GNGEVTKECNOGEJCPKECNCPFOCTKPGGPIKPGGTKPIUQNWVKQPU
VGEJPQNQI[GPCDNGUGPIKPGUVQTWPCVQTPGCTDGUV
VQCINQDCNOCTKPGCPFQHHUJQTGOCTMGV9KVJEQTG
GHEKGPE[CPFQPN[YJGPPGGFGF+VKUGZRGEVGF
competencies in marine and offshore operations and
VJCVNQYGTHWGNWUCIGCPFENGCPGTEQODWUVKQPYKNN
a history of marine technology development, AKA has
EQPVTKDWVGVQTGFWEKPIJCTOHWNGOKUUKQPUQH%1
UWEEGUUHWNN[TGPGFVGEJPQNQIKGUQTKIKPCNN[FGUKIPGFVQ
CO2, SOX, NOXJ[FTQECTDQPUCPFRCTVKEWNCVG
UWRRQTVQHHUJQTGQKNGZRNQTCVKQPFTKNNKPITKIU
matter;
 (WGNGEQPQO[RGTHQTOCPEGDGECWUGVJG
Foss Maritime
VGEJPQNQI[KPENWFGURTQRWNUKQPNQCFUJCTKPIDGVYGGP
5GCVVNGDCUGF(QUU/CTKVKOGQHHGTUCEQORNGVGTCPIG
FKGUGNCPFGNGEVTKECNUQWTEGUKVGHHGEVKXGN[GNKOKPCVGU
QHOCTKVKOGUGTXKEGUVQEWUVQOGTUCETQUUVJG2CEKE
WPPGEGUUCT[KFNKPIQHVJGOCKPRTQRWNUKQPGPIKPGU
4KO'WTQRG5QWVJ#OGTKECCPFCTQWPFVJGINQDG
The incorporation of storage batteries also allows
6JGEQORCP[JCUJCTDQWTUGTXKEGUCPFVTCPURQTVCVKQP
JQVGNCPFUVCVKQPMGGRKPIGNGEVTKECNNQCFUVQDGOGV
QRGTCVKQPUKPCNNOCLQT759GUV%QCUVRQTVUKPENWFKPI
YKVJQWVTWPPKPIFKGUGNU(KPCNN[VJGWUGQHUOCNN
VJG%QNWODKCCPF5PCMG4KXGTU[UVGO9KVJQPGQHVJG
GPGTI[GHEKGPVCWZKNKCT[GPIKPGUHQTRTQRWNUKQPKU
NCTIGUVGGVUQHVWIUCPFDCTIGUQPVJG#OGTKECP9GUV
GZRGEVGFVQKORTQXGVTCPUKVURGGFGHEKGPE[#NN
Coast, Foss also operates two shipyards and offers
QHVJGUGHCEVQTUEQPVTKDWVGVQTGFWEKPICEVWCNHWGN
worldwide marine transportation.
EQPUWORVKQP
1

THE RATIONALE FOR HYBRID HARBOUR

TUGS

A NEW REALITY: BUILDING THE WORLDS

FIRST HYBRID TUG

*[DTKFRTQRWNUKQPOCMGUUGPUGHQTJCTDQWTVWIU
it gains leverage from the inherent variability
KPVWIQRGTCVKQPU#J[DTKFRNCPVUJKIJNGXGNQH
EQPHKIWTCVKQPHNGZKDKNKV[TGHNGEVGFKPVJGNCTIG
PWODGTQHRGTOWVCVKQPUQHGPIKPGUOQVQTU
IGPGTCVQTUCPFDCVVGTKGUCXCKNCDNGVQQRGTCVQTU
RGTOKVUOWNVKRNGRQKPVUQHQRVKOWORNCPVGHHKEKGPE[

9KVJGZRGTKGPEGRTQXKFKPIJKIJTGNKCDKNKV[GPGTI[
OCPCIGOGPVUQNWVKQPUVQVJGQHHUJQTGQKNCPFICU
KPFWUVT[#-#WPFGTUVQQFVJGPGGFHQTTGFWPFCPE[
CPFHCKNUCHGQRGTCVKQPUKPCOCTKPGJ[DTKFRNCPV6Q
OGGV(QUUUTGSWKTGOGPVUVJGEQORCP[RTQRQUGF
a system based on its proprietary XeroPoint hybrid
VGEJPQNQI[KPKVKCNN[FGXGNQRGFHQTCOWEJUOCNNGT
XGUUGNDWVJKIJN[UECNCDNG6QIGVJGT(QUUCPF#-#
KPEQTRQTCVGFVJGKTMPQYNGFIGQHQRGTCVKQPCNVWI
TGCNKVKGUVQFGXGNQRVJGU[UVGOHQTWUGKPCJ[DTKFVWI

By comparison, conventional plants can be

QRVKOKUGFQPN[CVCUKPINGRQKPVPGCTHWNNRQYGT(QT
FKGUGNGPIKPGUURGEKHKEHWGNEQPUWORVKQP
5(%KU
lowest at high engine loads. Above 50 per cent of
HWNNRQYGTVJG5(%EWTXGKUV[RKECNN[SWKVGHNCVDGNQY
VJCVVJTGUJQNFVJGTCPIGQH5(%XCNWGUKUFTCOCVKE
A model combining Fosss operational statistics with
GPIKPGOCPWHCEVWTGTUFCVCUJQYUVJCVHQTOCTKPG
diesel engines installed in conventional Dolphin
VWIU5(%CVVJGRGTEGPVNQCFNGXGNKURGTEGPV
higher than at 50 per cent load.

The system combines smaller main engines

EQORCTGFVQCEQPXGPVKQPCNXGUUGNQHGSWCN
ECRCDKNKV[YKVJGNGEVTKERTQRWNUKQPOQVQTU+VCNNQYU
GPIKPGUVQUJWVFQYPYJGPPQVTGSWKTGFMGGRU
GPIKPGUCVQTPGCTVJGKTFGUKIPRQKPVUYJGPTWPPKPI
and engages its electric motors to provide the
difference between available engine power and
TGSWKTGFRQYGTCETQUUVJGURGGFTCPIG'PGTI[
UVQTGFKPDCVVGTKGUKUWUGFVQOGGVNQYGPFRQYGT
TGSWKTGOGPVUCPFDTKFIGVTCPUKGPVRGTKQFUYJGP
RQYGTKUTGSWKTGFDWVGPIKPGUCTGPQV[GVCVURGGF
6JGDQCVJCUVJGGZKDKNKV[VQQRGTCVGKPFKTGEV
FKGUGNFKGUGNGNGEVTKECPFGNGEVTKEEQPIWTCVKQPUCPF
FGNKXGTUVJGUCOGJKIJRQYGTCPFDQNNCTFRWNNCUC
conventional Dolphin. To integrate these capabilities,
VJGEQPXGPVKQPCNFGUKIPYCUOQFKGFVQKPEQTRQTCVG
UOCNNGTOCKPGPIKPGUCPFNCTIGTFKGUGNIGPGTCVQTU
4QQOYCUOCFGHQTOQVQTIGPGTCVQTUVVGFEQCZKCNN[
to main engines; storage batteries and new cabinets
containing the power conversion and control
GSWKROGPVYGTGCNUQCFFGF

6WIDQCVUCTGTGSWKTGFVQRGTHQTOCYKFGXCTKGV[
QHVCUMUCETQUUVJGGPVKTGRQYGTURGEVTWOHTQO
very low power (eg standing by, waiting for pilots
QTFGTUVQXGT[JKIJRQYGT
CTTGUVKPIVJGOQOGPVWO
of a large ship) and all points in between (in transit,
FWTKPIUJKRDGTVJKPIDCTIGVQYKPICPFUQQP
6JG[CTGTCTGN[KHGXGTCUUWTGFQHEQPVKPWGF
QRGTCVKQPUCVQTPGCTVJGJKIJRQYGTNGXGNUTGSWKTGF
HQTQRVKOWOGPIKPGRGTHQTOCPEG+PCEVWCNHCEV
they operate at low engine load most of the time.
1RGTCVKQPCNFCVCTGXGCNUVJCV&QNRJKPVWIUQRGTCVKPI
KPVJG.QU#PIGNGU.QPI$GCEJCTGCURGPVWRVQ
per cent of their time at less than 20 per cent power,
CPFRGTEGPVQHVJGKTVKOGCVNGUUVJCPRGTEGPV
power. The average main engine load (expressed
CUCRGTEGPVCIGQHHWNNRQYGTQXGTVJGOQPKVQTKPI
RGTKQFYCULWUVRGTEGPV6JGTGYGTGQHEQWTUG
VKOGUYJGPVJGVWIUTGSWKTGFHWNNQTCNOQUVHWNN
power; however, those episodes tended to be
KPHTGSWGPVCPFQHXGT[UJQTVFWTCVKQP

#NVJQWIJVJGU[UVGOKUFGUKIPGFVQDGHWNN[
adaptable for existing vessels, Foss decided to
RTQFWEGCPGYJ[DTKFXGTUKQPQHKVUGZKUVKPI&QNRJKP
ENCUUFGUKIPRTKOCTKN[VQVCMGCFXCPVCIGQHVJG
FGUKIPGZKDKNKV[KPJGTGPVKPCPGYDWKNF*CXKPI
UWEEGUUHWNN[FGNKXGTGFPKPG&QNRJKPENCUUVWIDQCVU
VJGEQORCP[YCUYGNNRTGRCTGFVQDWKNFVJGJ[DTKF
vessel at its own shipyard in Rainier, Oregon.

1HVGPCVWIDQCVUOCKPCPFCWZKNKCT[GPIKPGU
carry extremely low loads, where SFC performance
KUCVKVUYQTUV1RGTCVKQPCNTGCNKVKGUTGSWKTGVWIUVQ
DGCDNGVQOQXGCVCP[OQOGPVYKVJQWVVJGFGNC[
QHUVCTVKPICOCKPGPIKPG$QCVUQPFWV[OWUVCNUQ
always have electrical power available to meet
hotel loads, navigation lights and electronics.
%QPUGSWGPVN[DQVJOCKPGPIKPGURNWUCVNGCUVQPG
FKGUGNIGPGTCVQTTWPEQPUVCPVN[WUWCNN[CVKFNG
when a boat is away from the pier.
*[DTKFU[UVGOUVCMGCFXCPVCIGQHFWV[E[ENG
variability to provide a significant increase in
plant efficiency. On the Carolyn Dorothy, the
hybrid system exploits the SFC differences
between low and high engine loads to generate
GOKUUKQPUTGFWEVKQPCPFHWGNGEQPQO[%QNNCVGTCNN[
OCKPVGPCPEGEQUVUCPFYQTMRNCEGPQKUGCTGCNUQ
TGFWEGF

Figure 1: The hybrid tug under construction (view

looking aft).
2

INTRODUCING: CAROLYN DOROTHY

(QUUUJ[DTKFRQYGTGFVWICarolyn Dorothy, is based
on the Dolphin class, designed by Robert Allan Limited
URGEKECNN[VQRTQXKFGQRVKOCNRQYGTCPFRQUKVKQPKPIKP
EQPPGFYCVGTYC[U6JGXGUUGNNGUUVJCPONQPI
FGXGNQRUPGCTN[M9QHRQYGTCPFVQPPGUQH
DQNNCTFRWNN
CJGCF
Figure 2: The worlds
TUVJ[DTKFRQYGTGF
harbour tug, Fosss
Carolyn Dorothy at
launch.

Main propulsion engines

2 x Cummins QSK50 Tier 2

1342 kW @ 1,800 rpm
2 x Siemens type 1LA8, 690vAC 3
900 kW @ 1,800 rpm
2 x Cummins QSM 11
310 kW
126 x SBS 12GFT225
12v 223 A-hr (C8)
2 x Rolls Royce US205 FP
23.77m
10.36m
4.27m
58 tonnes
56 tonnes

Main propulsion motor-generators

Auxiliary generator sets
Storage battery
Z-drives
Length
Beam
Draft
Bollard pull (ahead)
Bollard pull (astern)

Table 1Carolyn DorothyURGEKECVKQPU

PROPULSION AND POWER PLANT

ARRANGEMENT

OQVQTUYJGPTGSWKTGFVQRTQXKFGOGEJCPKECNRQYGT
to the ASDs, and as generators, when needed to
RTQXKFGGNGEVTKECNRQYGTOCEJKPGUYJKEJHWPEVKQP
DQVJCUOQVQTUYJGPTGSWKTGFVQRTQXKFGOGEJCPKECN
power to the ASDs, and as generators, when needed
VQRTQXKFGGNGEVTKECNRQYGTDCEMVQVJGU[UVGO
GIVQ
charge batteries).

6JGJ[DTKFVWIJCUVYQOCKPFKGUGNGPIKPGUUJCHVGF
VQ#\KOWVJKPI5VGTP&TKXGU
#5&U2TQRWNUKQP
OQVQTIGPGTCVQTU
/)UCTGVVGFDGVYGGPVJGOCKP
GPIKPGUCPFVJG#5&UCUKNNWUVTCVGFKP(KIWTG3.
6JG/)UCTG#%OCEJKPGUYJKEJHWPEVKQPDQVJCU

Figure 3: XeroPoint hybrid system general arrangement.

3

6JGU[UVGOCNUQKPEQTRQTCVGUVYQCWZKNKCT[FKGUGN
IGPGTCVQTUGVU
#WZ)GPVQUWRRN[GNGEVTKECNRQYGTHQT
RTQRWNUKQPJQVGNUGTXKEGUCPFDCVVGT[EJCTIKPI1PG
QTDQVJCWZKNKCT[IGPGTCVQTUECPRTQXKFGRTQRWNUKXG
RQYGTVJGPWODGTQHIGPGTCVQTUKPQRGTCVKQPKU
FGVGTOKPGFD[VJGFGOCPFUQHVJGRTQRWNUKQPU[UVGO
JQVGNCPFOKUEGNNCPGQWUQVJGTNQCFU
GIVJGFGEM
YKPEJ6JGGNGEVTKECNEQPIWTCVKQPKUUJQYP in Figure
4 (see end of paper).

Pedro Bay to create a model optimised for operators

PGGFUQRGTCVKQPCNTGSWKTGOGPVUCPFOCEJKPGT[
capability. Vessel performance data collected by
(QUUKPRTQXKFGFKORQTVCPVENWGUCUVQJQY
VJGEQPXGPVKQPCN&QNRJKPUYGTGCEVWCNN[QRGTCVGF
FWTKPICPFDGVYGGPLQDU6JKUFCVCVQIGVJGTYKVJ
information from a review of vessel operations,
DQCVCEVKXKV[NQIUCPFFKUEWUUKQPUYKVJECRVCKPU
DQCVGPIKPGGTUFGEMETGYCPFRQTVGPIKPGGTUYCU
analysed for patterns that characterised typical
9JGPVJGNQCFQPVJGRNCPVEJCPIGUGPQWIJ
QRGTCVKQPU%QODKPKPIEQORWVGTUKOWNCVKQPU
VQYCTTCPVCEQPIWTCVKQPEJCPIGVJG'PGTI[
YKVJQDUGTXCVKQPUQHCEVWCNUJKRCUUKUVCPFGUEQTV
/CPCIGOGPV5[UVGO
'/5VCMGUCWVQOCVKECEVKQP
QRGTCVKQPUCPFFKUEWUUKQPUYKVJETGYUVJGFGUKIP
within the constraints set by the operational model. For VGCOKUQNCVGFVJGHWPFCOGPVCNN[KORQTVCPVQRGTCVKPI
GZCORNGVJGXGUUGNKUWPFGTYC[QPCUKPINGCWZKNKCT[
OQFGUHQTVJGRTQRWNUKQPCPFRQYGTRNCPV9GWUGF
IGPGTCVQTUGVCPFVJGUWOQHCNNRTQRWNUKQPJQVGN
VJKUMPQYNGFIGVQETGCVGCEQPEGRVWCNOQFGNVJCV
CPFQVJGTNQCFUGZEGGFUVJGECRCEKV[QHVJGQPNKPG
RTQXKFGUCUKORNGYC[HQTVJGETGYVQWPFGTUVCPFCPF
IGPGTCVQT(QNNQYKPICRTGFGVGTOKPGFDWHHGTVKOGNKOKV operate the system.
VJGU[UVGOYKNNCWVQOCVKECNN[UVCTVCPFDTKPIQPNKPGCP
CFFKVKQPCNCWZKNKCT[IGPGTCVQTUGVVQFGNKXGTVJGTGSWKTGF
Operating modes
RQYGT5VCTVKPICFKGUGNCPFDTKPIKPICIGPGTCVQTQP
NKPGVCMGUCPKVGCOQWPVQHVKOGFWTKPIVJGDWHHGTCPF 6JGRTQRWNUKQPU[UVGOKUFGUKIPGFVQYQTMKP
VJTQWIJVJGKPVGTKORGTKQFDGVYGGPVJGUVCTVEQOOCPF GKVJGTQHVYQFKUVKPEVOQFGUQHQRGTCVKQPJ[DTKFQT
CPFVJGCEVWCNFGNKXGT[QHRQYGTTKFGVJTQWIJGPGTI[ conventional. In normal operation the vessel will remain
s provided by the storage battery system.
in hybrid mode. The conventional mode is available
HQTGOGTIGPEKGUHQTGZCORNGKPVJGWPNKMGN[ECUGQH
EQKPEKFGPVHCKNWTGUQHTGFWPFCPVJ[DTKFEQPVTQNU[UVGO
EQORQPGPVU9JGPVJGXGUUGNKUKPJ[DTKFOQFGC
ITGGP*[DTKFKP%QPVTQNNKIJVKUKNNWOKPCVGFQPVJG
control panel.

Conventional mode
Switching from hybrid to conventional is done
CWVQOCVKECNN[WPFGTEGTVCKPHCKNWTGEQPFKVKQPU#OCPWCN
EJCPIGQXGTUYKVEJKUCNUQCXCKNCDNGVQVJGQRGTCVQT
+PEQPXGPVKQPCNOQFGRTQRWNUKQPRQYGTKUNKOKVGF
VQVJGRQYGTFGXGNQRGFD[OCKPGPIKPGUQPN[/QVQT
IGPGTCVQTUCUUQEKCVGFCWZKNKCTKGUCPFEQPVTQNUCTG
FKUCDNGF5VGGTKPIWPKVUCPFENWVEJGUECPDGRQYGTGF
HTQOVJG&%DWUQTVJG#%DWUFGRGPFKPIQPVJG
PCVWTGQHVJGGXGPVVJCVKPUVKICVGFUGNGEVKQPQHVJGOQFG
(See Figure 6 at end of paper).

Figure 5: Main switchboard/hybrid control system

showing engine room console.

OPERATIONAL DESIGN
6JGJ[DTKFVWIWUGUCWZKNKCT[IGPGTCVQTUCPF
DCVVGTKGUVQCWIOGPVOCKPGPIKPGUCUUQWTEGUQH
RTQRWNUKQPRQYGTEQORCTGFVQCEQPXGPVKQPCNDQCVKV
VJGTGHQTGJCUXCUVN[KPETGCUGFGZKDKNKV[KPOCEJKPGT[
EQPIWTCVKQP#J[DTKFECPHQTGZCORNGETWKUGQPC
UKPINGCWZKNKCT[IGPGTCVQTQTCNNQECVGRQYGTHTQOQPG
OCKPGPIKPGVQDQVJRTQRGNNGTUGSWCNN[6JGTGCTG
RQUUKDNGEQODKPCVKQPUQHDCVVGT[CWZKNKCT[IGPGTCVQTU
and/or main engines1. From an operational point of
XKGYCPKPETGCUGKPGZKDKNKV[QPVJKUUECNGRTGUGPVU
CEJCNNGPIGJQYVQRTQXKFGQRGTCVQTUUWHEKGPV
EQPVTQNQXGTRNCPVEQPIWTCVKQPYKVJQWVQXGTNC[KPI
CJWIGCTTC[QHEJQKEGUQPVQCPCNTGCF[UCVWTCVGF
information environment.

Hybrid mode
+PJ[DTKFOQFGHWNNRTQRWNUKQPRQYGTKUCXCKNCDNGVQVJG
QRGTCVQTWPFGTHQWTUGRCTCVGTGCFKPGUUNGXGNU6JGOQVQT
IGPGTCVQTUEGTVCKPCWZKNKCT[GSWKROGPVUVGGTKPIWPKVUCPF
VJGVQYKPIYKPEJCTGCNNRQYGTGFHTQOVJG&%DWU6JG#%
DWUKUUWRRQTVGFD[VJGCWZKNKCT[IGPGTCVQT
UQTD[VJG&%
DWUFGRGPFKPIQPRNCPVEQPIWTCVKQP

Readiness levels
6JGJ[DTKFU[UVGOKUFGUKIPGFCTQWPFHQWTURGEKE
TGCFKPGUUNGXGNUEJQUGPVQVCMGCFXCPVCIGQHVJGHWNN
TCPIGQHRNCPVEQPIWTCVKQPQRVKQPUYKVJQWVKPVTQFWEKPI
excessive complexity. Established from operations
reviews, engine operating data and history, boat activity
NQIUCPFFKUEWUUKQPUYKVJETGYOGODGTUCPFUJQTG
UKFGRGTUQPPGNVJGRQYGTUGVVKPIUHQTGCEJNGXGNTGGEV
relevant operational scenarios.

(QUUCPF#-#WUGFSWCNKVCVKXGCPFSWCPVKVCVKXGFCVC
EQNNGEVGFHTQO&QNRJKPENCUUVWIQRGTCVKQPUin San


%JQQUKPI+FNGHTQOCJKIJGTTGCFKPGUUNGXGNYKNNECWUG
TQVCVKPIOCEJKPGT[VQEQOGQHKPGCUVJGVJTQVVNGFGOCPF
KUTGFWEGFVQYKVJKPVJG+FNGVJTGUJQNF

Power Flow
2QYGTCV+FNGKUUWRRNKGFRTKOCTKN[D[VJGDCVVGTKGU
%WTTGPVQYUHTQOVJGDCVVGTKGUQPVQVJG&%DWU
2TQRWNUKQPOQVQTIGPGTCVQTUCTGRQYGTGFHTQOVJG&%
DWU#%RQYGTHGGFUVJGXGUUGNUGTXKEGDWUXKCVJG
transformer. (See Figure 10 at end of paper).

Transit
6JKUNGXGNGPUWTGUVJCVVJGXGUUGNURQYGTTGUQWTEGU
CTGWUGFGHEKGPVN[WPFGTYC[5YKVEJKPIVQ6TCPUKV
Figure 7: Hybrid system control panel.
from Idle sends a command to the EMS to start one
CWZKNKCT[IGPGTCVQTUGVKHPQPGKUEWTTGPVN[QPNKPG
The vessel operator enables the hybrid system to
QRGTCVGVJGRNCPVYKVJKPRTGFGPGFUGVUQHEQPIWTCVKQP 5YKVEJKPIVQ6TCPUKVHTQO#UUKUVECWUGUVJGOCKP
GPIKPGUVQFGENWVEJCPFUJWVFQYPYJGPVJGVJTQVVNG
QRVKQPUD[UGNGEVKPIDGVYGGPHQWTTGCFKPGUUNGXGNUCV
FGOCPFKUTGFWEGFVQYKVJKPVJG6TCPUKVVJTGUJQNF
VJGJ[DTKFEQPVTQNRCPGN
(See Figure 11 at end of paper).
 5VQR


+FNG

6TCPUKV

#UUKUV

#UKPINGCWZKNKCT[IGPGTCVQTRTQXKFGURQYGTHQTJQVGN
CPFJCTDQWTURGGFRTQRWNUKQP6JGTUVVJTQVVNGFGVGPV
EQTTGURQPFUVQCPCOQWPVQHRQYGTUWHEKGPVVQRTQRGN
VJGXGUUGNCVCRRTQZKOCVGN[MPQVU#FXCPEKPIVJG
throttle beyond this setting will immediately start a second
IGPGTCVQT$CVVGTKGUYKNNRTQXKFGTKFGVJTQWIJRQYGTWPVKN
the second generator is online.

Stop is the lowest level of plant readiness; Assist is

VJGJKIJGUV6JGHWPEVKQPCPFFGUETKRVKQPQHGCEJNGXGN
DGNQY

At this level of readiness the generator(s) will stay online

GXGPKHVJGRQYGTFGOCPFFQGUPQVTGSWKTGKV+HVJG
vessels power demand stays below the available online
ECRCEKV[HQTOQTGVJCPXGOKPWVGUCPCWFKDNGCPFXKUKDNG
UKIPCNKPFKECVGUVJCVVJGXGUUGNKUPQVQRGTCVKPIGHEKGPVN[
6JGQRGTCVQTECPEJQQUGVQUKNGPEGVJGPQVKECVKQPUYKVEJ
VQVJG+FNGNGXGNQTUJWVFQYPQPGIGPGTCVQT

Stop
6JG5VQRNGXGNKUWUGFYJGPVJGXGUUGNKUUGEWTGF
CNQPIUKFG%JQQUKPI5VQRYKNNFKUCDNGOQVQTIGPGTCVQTU
and remove the throttle reference from the hybrid control
U[UVGO6JKUUGNGEVKQPYKNNCNUQUJWVFQYPVJGOCKP
GPIKPGUKHVJG[CTGTWPPKPI
5GGFigure 8 at end of
paper).

Power Flow

At this level, power for hotel loads and battery charging

is provided by shore power. If shore power is not
EQPPGEVGFRQYGTKUUWRRNKGFD[VJGDCVVGTKGU9JGPVJG
DCVVGTKGUJCXGFKUEJCTIGFVQCRTGUGV5VCVGQH%JCTIG

51%CIGPGTCVQTUGVYKNNUVCTVWRVQTGRNGPKUJVJGO

2QYGTKUUWRRNKGFD[QPGQTVYQIGPGTCVQTUCPFVJG
DCVVGTKGU6JGIGPGTCVQTUWRRN[HGGFUVJGXGUUGNUGTXKEG
DWUCPFVJG&%DWU6JG'/5OQPKVQTUCPFOCPCIGU
DCVVGT[DCPMXQNVCIGXKCVJG&%&%EQPXGTVGTU(QT
RTQRWNUKQPVJGOQVQTIGPGTCVQTUCTGRQYGTGFHTQOVJG
&%DWU

Power Flow
#V5VQRYJGPUJQTGRQYGTKUEQPPGEVGFGPGTI[QYU
VJTQWIJVJGUJQTGRQYGTEQPVCEVQTFKTGEVN[QPVQVJG
8GUUGN5GTXKEG$WURTQXKFKPIRQYGTHQTJQVGNNQCFU

Assist

6JG#UUKUVNGXGNKUKPVGPFGFHQTOQUVUJKRCUUKUVYQTM
5GNGEVKPI#UUKUVECWUGUDQVJOCKPGPIKPGUCPFDQVJ
CWZKNKCT[IGPGTCVQTUVQUVCTV+HVJGUJCHVURGGFKUDGNQY
Idle
GPIKPGKFNGURGGFVJGENWVEJYKNNENQUG1VJGTYKUGVJG
6JG+FNGNGXGNKUWUGFYJGPVJGXGUUGNKUUVQRRGFCV
engine will accelerate to match shaft speed before it is
UGC6JGPCOGTGGEVUVJGXGUUGNUUVCVGPQVVJGOCKP
engaged. The M/Gs and engines share load to provide
GPIKPGUV[RKECNN[PQGPIKPGUCTGTWPPKPICV+FNGCPF
HWNNRQYGT#NNTQVCVKPIOCEJKPGT[YKNNUVC[QPNKPGWPVKNVJG
VJGDQCVKURTQFWEKPI\GTQGOKUUKQPU6JGDCVVGTKGU
RTQXKFGRQYGTHQTJQVGNNQCFUCPFOKPKOCNUVCVKQPMGGRKPI QRGTCVQTFGUGNGEVUVJGTGCFKPGUUNGXGN
5GGFigure 12 at
#IGPGTCVQTYKNNCWVQOCVKECNN[UVCTVWRCPFEQOGQPNKPGVQ end of paper).
TGEJCTIGDCVVGTKGUYJGPVJG[JCXGFGENKPGFVQCRTGUGV
Power Flow
51%NGXGN2WUJKPIVJGVJTQVVNGUCDQXGCVJTGUJQNFYKNN
2QYGTKUUWRRNKGFD[IGPGTCVQTUCPFDCVVGTKGU6JG
EWGDQVJOCKPGPIKPGUCPFDQVJCWZKNKCT[IGPGTCVQTUGVU
IGPGTCVQTUWRRN[HGGFUVJGXGUUGNUGTXKEGDWUCPFVJG&%
VQUVCTVGPIKPGENWVEJGUVQENQUGCPFRQYGTVQTKUGVQ
DWU2TQRWNUKQP/)UCTGRQYGTGFHTQOVJG&%$WU
meet throttle setting. (See Figure 9 at end of paper).
5

MACHINERY CONFIGURATIONS
'CEJQHVJGJ[DTKFOQFGNGXGNUQHTGCFKPGUU
RNWUVJG
EQPXGPVKQPCNOQFGJCUCURGEKEOCEJKPGT[GSWKROGPV
EQPIWTCVKQPUGNGEVGFD[VJG'PGTI[/CPCIGOGPV5[UVGO

Device
ME 1
ME 2
Eng Clutch
Eng Clutch
M/G 1
M/G 2
Gen 1
Gen 2
DC Bus

Stop
Off
Off
Open
Open
Off
Off
Off/On
Off/On
Hot

Operating Mode/Readiness Level

Hybrid
Conventional
Idle
Transit
Assist
Off
Off
On
On
Off
Off
On
On
Open
Open
Closed
Closed
Open
Open
Closed
Closed
On/Off
On
On
Off
On/Off
On
On
Off
Off/On
Off/On
On
Off/On
Off/On
Off/On
On
Off/On
Hot
Hot
Hot
Cold

6CDNG/CEJKPGT[%QPIWTCVKQP
RQYGTKUHTQOPQPRQNNWVKPIUQWTEGU%WTTGPVN[QWT
CPCN[UKUFQGUPQVCHZCPCPEKCNXCNWGVQGOKUUKQPU
TGFWEVKQPU

OPERATING RESULTS
At the time of writing, Carolyn Dorothy has been in
UGTXKEGQPN[CHGYYGGMU9GCTGUVKNNICVJGTKPIFCVC
QPRNCPVRGTHQTOCPEGHWGNGEQPQO[CPFGOKUUKQPU
TGFWEVKQP/CKPVGPCPEGEQUVUCXKPIFCVCYKNNDG
gathered over a longer term. However, there are
CNTGCF[UQOGXGT[RTQOKUKPITGUWNVUVQTGRQTV

6JGGEQPQOKEDGPGVUQHQRGTCVKPICJ[DTKFJCTDQWT
VWICTGTGCNKUGFVJTQWIJHWGNUCXKPIUCPFTGFWEGF
OCKPVGPCPEGEQUVU
RTKOCTKN[QXGTJCWNUCPFNWDG
QKNWUCIGHQTVJGOCLQTGSWKROGPV4GFWEGFKFNKPI
 2TGNKOKPCT[HWGNGEQPQO[OGCUWTGOGPVUUJQYVJCV CPFKORTQXGFGHEKGPE[CTGVJGOCKPUQWTEGUQHHWGN
KPVTCPUKVYJKNGRQYGTGFQPCUKPINGCWZKNKCT[GPIKPG economy. Maintenance cost savings are expected to
VJGXGUUGNECPOCMGMPQVUWUKPIHCTNGUUHWGNVJCP CEETWGHTQOVJGHCEVVJCVYKVJOCKPGPIKPGUUJWVFQYP
most of the time, the elapsed time between engine
GZRGTKGPEGUWIIGUVUHQTCEQPXGPVKQPCNUKUVGTDQCV
QXGTJCWNUKUKPETGCUGFUKIPKECPVN['CTN[TGUWNVUUJQY
on the same waterway;
VJCVHWGNUCXKPIUOC[GZEGGFKPKVKCNFGUKIPGUVKOCVGUQH
 $QNNCTFRWNNTGSWKTGOGPVUECPDGCORN[OGV
RGTEGPVCETQUUCNNQRGTCVKQPU
 6JGXGUUGNECPGCUKN[VTCPUKVCVVJGJCTDQWTURGGF
NKOKVWUKPIQPGQTVYQCWZKNKCT[FKGUGNUOCKP
#FKUEQWPVGFECUJQYCPCN[UKURTQXKFGUCRTQLGEV
GPIKPGUCTGTGSWKTGFQPN[HQTUJKRCUUKUVFWVKGU
XCNWCVKQPGUVKOCVGHQTCM9VWIDQCVQXGTC
 <GTQGOKUUKQPUQRGTCVKQPCVUGCHWNN[
[GCTQRGTCVKQPCNUVWF[RGTKQF26JGTGUWNVUQH
QRGTCVKQPCNHQTUVCVKQPMGGRKPICPFNQYURGGF
VJGCPCN[UKUCTGXGT[RQUKVKXG6JGRTQLGEVYJKEJ
OCPQGWXTKPIYKVJPQGPIKPGUTWPPKPIKUTGCNKUVKE
KUFGPGFCUVJGCFFKVKQPQHCJ[DTKFU[UVGOVQCP
VQGZRGEVKPQTFKPCT[QRGTCVKQPUHQTRGTKQFUWRVQ
UGXGTCNJQWTUKPNGPIVJYKVJQWVUKIPKECPVKORCEVQP QVJGTYKUGEQPXGPVKQPCNPGYDWKNFKUGZRGEVGFVQDG
YQTVJQXGT75KP0GV2TGUGPV8CNWG
028
battery state of charge.
VGTOU6JCVKUVJGXCNWGQHVJGRTQLGEVGZEGGFUVJG
EQUVQHFQKPIKVD[CNOQUV75O
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
6JGRTKOCT[OQVKXCVKQPDGJKPFVJGRTQLGEVKUGOKUUKQP
TGFWEVKQP&KGUGNGPIKPGUGZJKDKVNQYGTGHEKGPE[
EQODWUVKQPCVVJGRQYGTNGXGNUYJGTGVWIDQCVU
CEVWCNN[QRGTCVGOQUVQHVJGVKOG#PFDGECWUG
VJGJ[DTKFU[UVGOFGNKXGTUNQYRQYGTGHEKGPE[
KORTQXGOGPVUVJGGOKUUKQPUDGPGVUCTGGZRGEVGFVQ
DGITGCVGTVJCPVJGHWGNUCXKPIUCNQPGGURGEKCNN[HQT
01ZCPF2CTVKEWNCVG/CVVGT
2/1VJGTEQODWUVKQP
TGNCVGFRQNNWVCPVUUWEJCU%12CPF51ZUJQWNF
TGFWEGRTQRQTVKQPCNVQEQPUWORVKQP6JGRQUUKDKNKV[QH
WUKPIUJQTGRQYGTVQUWRRN[JQVGNNQCFUCPFTGEJCTIG
batteries while alongside creates the potential for
GXGPHWTVJGTGOKUUKQPUTGFWEVKQPGURGEKCNN[KHUJQTG

6JKUCPCN[UKUWUKPIEWTTGPVOCTMGVTCVGUHQTVJG
TKUMHTGGEQUVQHECRKVCNCPFHWGNRTKEGKUEQPUGTXCVKXG
KVGUVKOCVGUHWGNGEQPQO[ECWVKQWUN[CPFFQGUPQV
CUUKIPCP[PCPEKCNXCNWGVQGOKUUKQPUTGFWEVKQP
5GPUKVKXKV[CPCN[UGUQPHWGNRTKEGEQUVQHECRKVCNCPF
KPCVKQPKPFKECVGVJCVVJGRTQLGEVTGVCKPURQUKVKXG028
CVEWTTGPVHWGNRTKEGU3YKVJECRKVCNEQUVQTKPCVKQP
KPETGCUGFWRVQRGTEGPVCIGRQKPVUCDQXGUVWF[
NGXGNU#VEWTTGPVN[RTQLGEVGFECRKVCNEQUVUCPFKPCVKQP
TCVGUVJGRTQLGEVCNUQOCMGUENGCTPCPEKCNUGPUGHQT
FKGUGNRTKEGUYGNNDGNQY75RGT75ICNNQPC
RTKEGPQVUGGPUKPEGDGHQTG


CONCLUSIONS
*[DTKFVWIDQCVRTQRWNUKQPKUPQYCTGCNKV[#NVJQWIJ
VJGUGCTGUVKNNGCTN[FC[UKPKVUFGXGNQROGPVVJGRCVGPV
pending technology shows considerable promise for
FGNKXGTKPIDGPGVUVQQYPGTUQRGTCVQTUCPFUQEKGV[KP
IGPGTCN


+ORTQXGHWGNGEQPQO[DGECWUGJ[DTKFVGEJPQNQI[
UJCTGUVJGRTQRWNUKQPNQCFDGVYGGPFKGUGNCPF
GNGEVTKECNUQWTEGUKVOGCPUPQWPPGEGUUCT[KFNKPI
.QYGTOCKPVGPCPEGEQUVUJ[DTKFVGEJPQNQI[
OGCPUOKPKOKUKPIGPIKPGWUG4WPPKPIGPIKPGU
NGUUHTGSWGPVN[OGCPUOQTGVKOGDGVYGGPGPIKPG
QXGTJCWNUCPFQKNCPFNVGTEJCPIGU
4GFWEGGOKUUKQPUYKVJJ[DTKFVGEJPQNQI[GPIKPGU
TWPCVQTPGCTDGUVGHEKGPE[CPFQPN[YJGP
PGGFGF.GUUHWGNWUCIGCPFENGCPGTEQODWUVKQP
DQVJEQPVTKDWVGVQTGFWEKPIJCTOHWNGOKUUKQPU
GPCDNKPIQRGTCVQTUVQGCUKN[OGGVTGIWNCVQT[
TGSWKTGOGPVUCPFRWDNKEGZRGEVCVKQPU;

4GFWEGPQKUGJ[DTKFVGEJPQNQI[CNNQYUGPIKPGUVQ
DGUJWVFQYPCVUGCQTCNQPIUKFGYKVJQWVUCETKEKPI
QRGTCVKQPCNTGCFKPGUU4GFWEGFGPIKPGTWPPKPI
FTCUVKECNN[EWVUYQTMRNCEGPQKUGJGNRKPIVQETGCVGC
JGCNVJKGTYQTMRNCEGHQTETGYU

REFERENCES
+PENWFKPIVJGEQPIWTCVKQPYKVJnoOCEJKPGT[TWPPKPI
a realistic option for a vessel which can respond
KPUVCPVCPGQWUN[QPDCVVGT[RQYGT
2
6JGCEVWCNUVWF[RGTKQFWUGFKU[GCTUKVKUCUUWOGF
VJCV;GCTKUURGPVQPEQPUVTWEVKQPCPFVJCVVJGXGUUGN
goes into operation at the start of Year 2.
3
5RGEKECNN[WUKPIUVCVKUVKEUHTQOVJG75)QXGTPOGPVU
Energy Information Administration, spot price for No 2
NQYUWNRJWTFKGUGNCV.QU#PIGNGUCXGTCIGHQTRGTKQF
(GDTWCT[
75RGT75ICNNQP
1

Figure 4: XeroPoint hybrid system electrical arrangement.

Figure 6: Conventional mode (DC bus disabled).

Figure 8: Readiness level Stop.

Figure 9: Readiness level Idle.

Figure 10: Readiness level Idle or Transit (one auxiliary generator).

Figure 11: Readiness level Transit (two auxiliary generators).

Figure 12: Readiness level Assist.

10