DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

B.Tech. (Civil) IV YEAR CE 402 Major Project
Start of Project: August 2012
Semester: Autumn & Spring
Contact Hours: 3 Hrs /Week in Autumn
& 12 Hrs/week in Spring Semester

Credits: 08
Session: 2012-13

1.0

TITLE OF THE PROJECT: Planning and Design of a hydropower project*

2.0

BACKGROUND

A hydropower project on Alaknanda river has to be planned and designed. The diversion
structure shall be a concrete gravity dam located at 3030'52.22"N; 7929'27.15"E. The site of
the dam is shown in Figures 1-3. The plan layout of the proposed hydropower project is shown
in the Fig. 4. Various components of the project are diversion dam, coffer dam, sluices, Ogee
spillway, Intakes, Intake channel/duct, desilting chamber, head race tunnel (HRT), power
house, tail race tunnel (TRT), outfall of TRT etc. Components to be designed are diversion
dam and its spilling arrangement, coffer dam, intake and onwards structures.
The probable location power house is 3025'22.82"N, 7924'30.06"E while the tail race
outfalls into Alaknanda river at location 3024'30.82"N, 7923'12.34"E. The desilting chamber
may be located on the right bank near the dam site
The class shall be divided into 15 groups and input data shall be different for each group as
per the details given in Table 1. The scope of the project work is described in the following
paragraphs. The expected end-product has been summarized in Appendix-I. Some of the
required data are given in Annexure-II. Other data shall be uploaded on the departmental web
site.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* This is purely an academic exercise based upon generated data.

Fig. 1 Proposed site of dam

Fig. 2 Close view of dam site

Fig. 4 Plan layout of the

proposed hydropower project

Fig. 3 Photograph of dam site

Table 1 Input Data for Different Groups for B.Tech. Major Project Work
Group

FRL
(m)

G-1

1267

Crest
level
of
sluices
(m)
1230

G-2

1267

1230

G-3

1267

1230

G-4

1267

1230

G-5

1267

1235

G-6

1267

1235

G-7

1267

1235

G-8

1280

1230

G-9

1280

1230

G-10

1280

1230

G-11

1280

1230

G-12

1280

1235

G-13

1280

1235

G-14

1280

1235

G-15

1280

1235

Energy
dissipators

Geotechn
ical sets

Transport
ation sets

Environmental
Sets

Roller
Bucket
Roller
Bucket
Trajectory
Bucket
Trajectory
Bucket
Roller
Bucket
Roller
Bucket
Trajectory
Bucket
Roller
Bucket
Roller
Bucket
Trajectory
Bucket
Trajectory
Bucket
Roller
Bucket
Roller
Bucket
Trajectory
Bucket
Trajectory
Bucket

GT1

TP1

EN1

Size of
sediment
to be
removed+
(mm)
0.20

GT2

TP2

EN2

0.18

GT1

TP3

EN3

0.20

GT2

TP4

EN4

0.18

GT1

TP5

EN1

0.20

GT2

TP6

EN2

0.18

GT1

TP7

EN3

0.2

GT1

TP8

EN4

0.2

GT2

TP9

EN1

0.18

GT1

TP10

EN2

0.2

GT2

TP11

EN3

0.18

GT1

TP12

EN4

0.2

GT2

TP13

EN1

0.18

GT1

TP14

EN2

0.2

GT2

TP15

EN3

0.18

required for the design of desilting chamber

3.0

SCOPE OF WORK

3.1

Geomatics Engineering Aspects (Weightage 10%)

The following plan/map/data are to be generated

(a) Contour map at 1 m in reservoir area and 5m D/S of dam site up to power house
and TRT.
(b) Slope Map.
(c) Aspect Map.
(d) Longitudinal profile of river from start of reservoir to TRT at 100 m interval.
(e) X- Section profile at every 100 m interval along the river and 5 m along the cross
section.
(f) Generation of Area-Elevation curve and Elevation-Storage capacity curve of
reservoir.
(g) Layout plan of power house.
(h) Fixing of alignment of HRT and TRT.
(i) Identification of catchment area from satellite data.
(j) Preparation of land use map of the catchment using satellite data.
3.2 Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering Aspects (Weightage 37.5%)
3.2.1 Hydrological studies

(a) Determination of catchment characteristics

(b) Collection and analysis of hydro-meteorological data like rainfall, evaporation,
temperature, flow etc.
(c) Water availability studies for power generation flow duration curve
(d) Estimation of design flood (SPF & PMF) using Hydro-meteorological approach
(empirical equations & unit hydrograph) and stochastic approach (Log normal
distribution, Gumbel extreme value, Log Pearson type etc.).
3.2.2 Power potential studies

(a) Fixation of Full reservoir level, minimum drawdown level, tail water level etc.
(b) Determination of dependable flow.
(c) Alternatives installation & Optimisation of power capacity.
3.2.3 Hydraulic Design of various components of project

a)
b)
c)
d)

General arrangements of various components of project

Free board computation
Design of Diversion dam
Design of Spilling arrangements (under-sluices and un-gated ogee spillway)
4

e)
f)
g)
h)
i)

Design of energy dissipators

Design for intake and trash racks
Design of desilting system
Hydraulic design of water conducting system
Design of penstock (optimum diameter) with surge shaft

3.3 Geotechnical Engineering Aspects

(Weightage 10%)

3.3.1 Objectives

(a) Stability analysis of slope sections along dam axis and 100 m u/s of dam axis.
(b) Stability analysis of proposed dam section; Overturning, Compression, Tension,
Sliding
3.3.2 Scope

(a) Preparation of slope profiles along dam axis and 100m u/s of dam axis.
(b) Analysis of drill-hole data to arrive at geotechnical engineering parameters
required for slope stability analysis and stability analysis of the gravity dam
section.
(c) Development of computer program (C/C++/Fortran/ Ms Excel) to carry out
stability analysis using Bishops simplified method. Pseudo-static analysis will be
used to incorporate earthquake effect.
(d) Stability analysis of all the four sections and suggestions of remedial measures if
slopes are found to unstable.
(e) Proportioning of dimensions of coffer dam based on flood frequency analysis.
3.4 Structural Engineering Aspects (Weightage 25%)

a) Stability analysis of concrete gravity dam section, for toppling, sliding,

compression, tension modes of failure
b) 2D Finite Element Analysis of non-overflow section of the diversion concrete
gravity dam
c) Structural Design of energy dissipators
d) Design of a power house building excluding machine foundation of size 60
m20m 14 m (Ground floor 10 m; First floor 4 m)
e) Concrete Mix Design for the following:
i) Abrasion Resistant Concrete for use in spillways & energy dissipators.
ii) Low heat of Hydration Concrete for use in mass concreting works of diversion
dam, coffer dam, etc., with maximum size of aggregate as 40 mm.

3.5

Transportation Engineering Aspects (Weightage 7.5%)

3.5.1 (i) Design of Four Lane Divided Carriageway Cement Concrete Pavement with
Central Median of 1.2 m: (Approach Road to Dam Site : Animath (NH-58) to Dam
Site for a Length of 3.0 km) Using IRC : 58 2011.
(ii) Concrete Mix Design

It is proposed that Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) be constructed with M15 grade of
concrete. The minimum cement content in DLC shall not be less than 150 Kg/cum
of concrete. The average compressive strength of each consecutive group of 5 cubes
shall not be less than 10 Mpa at 7 days.
For cement concrete pavement M40 grade of concrete mix is recommended. The
mix design shall be based on Laboratory tried mixes using the good quality of
materials and approved method as per IRC: 44 (Tentative Guidelines for cement
concrete mix design for pavements).
The cement content shall not be less than 350 Kg/cm3 of concrete. However, it
should not exceed 425 Kg/cm3 of concrete.

3.6

3.5.2

Fixing the alignment of Approach Road to Dam Site from NH-58 using Toposheets

3.5.3

Geometric Design of Road as per Hill Roads Manual

3.5.4

Provide suitable drains as per site condition.

Environmental Engineering Aspects (Weightage 5%)

3.6.1

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Management

Carry out EIA and suggest an environmental management plan (EMP) including
following:
(i)

Existing environmental characteristics e.g. water and air resources/ flora and
fauna/ physical and cultural resources/ social aspects/ ecology/ biodiversity/
archaeological aspects etc.

(ii)

Potential impacts e.g. environmental, social, construction related etc.

(iii)

Mitigation measures and environmental management plan.

3.6.2 Water Supply from the Reservoir to a group of Villages

Storage reservoir will also be utilized for the supply of water to a group of villages.
Suggest an appropriate schematic layout of water treatment system. Design population
and component of the system to be designed by each group are given in table below.
6

Water of River Alakhnanda at dam site has low minerals and almost no organics.
However, turbidity during monsoon may be as high as 500 NTU. You may assume that
water is nor polluted and coliforms are present in low concentration.

3.7

Group
EN-1

Population to be served
40000

EN-2

60000

EN-3

80000

EN-4

100000

Unit to be designed
Rapid mixing, flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
Rapid mixing, flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
Rapid mixing, flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
Rapid mixing, flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration

Estimating and Costing (Weightage 5%)

Estimating and costing shall be carried out for items related to the Diversion dam,
approach road to power house and power house buildings.

Appendix I
Details of Expectation from Major Project Work
A - What is expected from the students?

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

Definition of the problem and systematic and logical approach to solution.

Originality and innovative ideas rather than orthodox approach to materials, analysis
and design.
Use of cutting edge tools for analysis and design.
Detailed manual drawings as per specifications covered in Engineering Graphics
courses.

B - What is looked for in the Final Submission?

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

Understanding of the problem and basic concepts for its solution.

Technical and economic feasibility of the project.
Logical conclusion / completeness of the project.
Understanding demonstration on a PC, wherever employed.

C - How to prepare for mid-term Evaluations?

i)
ii)
iii)

Clear definition of different segments of the problem.

Identification of tasks for each member of the class with time frame with equal
weightage.
Each student is required to make use of power point presentations.

D - Guidelines for Final Submission

A hand written project report is required to be submitted, containing the following:

An introduction to the problem

Definition, objective and scope of the problem
Data required, assumed, collected or acquired with justification
Assumption made, if any
Methodology of analysis and design with justification
Salient features of the project
In case software is developed, a copy of the source code on a CD along with compiler
requirements, validation procedure / test problems and solutions, flow chart etc.
Detailed drawings (handmade)
Detailed calculations (Manual)
Estimation of quantities and costing of all components
Environmental impact assessment due to construction of proposed project
Conclusions
8

Appendix II
AVAILABLE DATA/METHODOLOGY

Geomatic Engineering Aspects

a) DEM data (ASTER/SRTM)
b) satellite Data (Landsat)
Hydrology and Hydraulics Engineering Aspects
a) 10-daily discharge data at the project site- to be provided in soft copy
b) Intensity-duration-frequency curve for the catchment area
c) Approximate cost of civil works =Rs. 4.2 crore per MW
Approximate cost of Electro-mechanical (E&M) works = Rs. 2.8 cr. per MW
Geotechnical Engineering Aspects
There will two broad groups i.e. GT1 and GT2; Data is given in the form of drill-hole data
(Appendix-A). The drill holes were located on left bank and debris was observed upto a
depth of about 14m. The rock mass is heavily fractured. The drill-hole data indicates
length of cores available from 15th m to 50 m depth. This data should be taken
representative for entire rock mass available at the site (foundation as well as sides slopes
in rocks). Triaxial strength data for intact rock cores (to get c and for intact rock cores)
is also given (Table B1). Representative stress-strain curves under uniaxial loading
condition for the intact rock cores are also given (Figs. B1, B2). The rocks exposed in the
reservoir are quartzites; the rocks are traversed by many sets of secondary geological
discontinuities like foliations and joints which makes the rock mass heavily fractured.

Following steps may be used to analyze the drill-hole data:

a) Using stress-strain curve work out the UCS and modulus of the intact rock.
b) Using UCS value and also the triaxial strength values, work out Mohr-Coulomb
shear strength parameters (ci and i) for intact rock.
c) Work out RQD at various depths. Decide a representative RQD value. Use any
statistical technique to get the representative value.
d) Refer the paper by Zhang (2009) and use Eq (28) to work out UCS of jointed rock
mass (cj). Also use Eq (25) to get modulus of the jointed rock mass.
e) To get cj and j for jointed rock mass use the following equations:

sini
1 - sini
sin j =
sini
(2 - SRF) +
1 - sini
(1 SRF) +

SRF = Strength reduction factor =

cj =

2c j cos j
1 sin j

cj
ci

Where: cj is the UCS of jointed rock mass; ci is the UCS of intact rock core.
9

f)

For slope stability analysis, consider the right bank as rock slope, and the left bank to
be comprising of two types of materials i.e. debris (soil and boulders matrix) at the top
and rock at the bottom (Fig. 1). The bed rock dips at an angle of 30 as shown in Fig.
1. The debris has the following shear strength parameters:
cdebris = 0.0 ; debris = 30

Fig. 1 General layout of valley profile

References:
Zhang L. (2009) Estimating the strength of jointed rock masses, Int. Jl. Rock Mech. Min. Sci,
43 (4), 391-402, DOI: 10.1007/s00603-009-0065-x.
Transportation Engineering Aspects

(a) Modulus of Sub-grade Reaction

K = 2.1, 2.8, 3.5, 4.2, 4.5, 4.8, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.9, 7.5, 8.5, 9, 12, 14 Kg/cm3 and their
respective effective K values over DLC are 9.7, 13.8, 15.5, 20.8, 23.5, 27.7, 32, 41.7,
41.7, 41.7, 41.7, 41.7, 41.7, 41.7, & 41.7 Kg/cm3 (Sets TP1-TP15)
(b) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, E = 3 x 105 Kg/cm2
(c) Poissions Ratio, = 0.15
(d) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion = 10 x 10-6 per degree celsius
(e) Axle Load Spectrum (Use enclosed Table)
(f) Flexural Strength of concrete at 90 days = 4.95 Mpa or 49.5 Kg/cm2 factor of 1.10
was taken to get 90 days strength from 28 days flexural strength.
(g) Maximum single axle load = 190 kN
(h) Tyre Pressure P = 8 Kg/cm2
(i) Temperature differential for C.C. Slab be assumed as per Table 1 of IRC : 58-2011.
(j) Assume Percentage of Load Transfer = 40%
Assume a load transfer of 30% at terminal stage to the tied concrete shoulder.
Safety of the dowel bar can be examined for a load of 80 kN.

10

(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)
(o)
(p)
(q)
(r)
(s)

C/C distance between two tyres = 31 cm

Allowable Tensile Stress in plain bars = 1250 Kg/cm2
Allowable Tensile Stress in Deformed Bars = 2000 Kg/cm2
Allowable Bond Stress for Plain Tie Bars = 17.5 Kg/cm2
Allowable Bond Stress for Deformed Tie Bars = 24.6 Kg/cm2
Modulus of Dowel / Concrete Interaction (Dowel Supports) = 41500 Kg/cm2
Load Safety Factor = 1.2
Provide a Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) thickness of 150 mm.
Dimensions of Cement Concrete Slab be taken as 3.5m (lane width) and 4.5 m
(Transverse Joint Spacing) respectively.
(t) It is expected that the road will carry in the year of completion of construction about
1000 commercial vehicles per day in each direction.
(u) Axle load survey of commercial vehicles indicated that the percentage of front single
axle, rear single axle and rear tandem axle are 55 percent, 20 percent and 25 percent
respectively.
(v) The average number of axles per commercial vehicle is 2.35 (due to the presence of
multi-axle vehicles). Traffic count indicates that 60 percent of the commercial vehicles
travel during night hours (6 PM to 6 AM).
The % age of commercial vehicles with spacing between the front axle and the first
rear axle has less than 4.5 m is 62%.
Table : Axle Load Spectrum as per IRC : 58-2011

Single Axle Loads

Axle Load Class, kN
% of Single Axles
185-195
0.64
175-185
0.80
165-175
0.80
155-165
2.58
145-155
2.58
135-145
5.80
125-135
5.80
115-125
11.82
105-115
11.82
95-105
12.9
85-95
12.16
<85
32.30
Total
100

Tandem Axle Loads

Axle Load Class, kN
% of Tandem Axles
380-400
2.14
360-380
2.14
340-360
2.14
320-340
2.14
300-320
4.28
280-300
4.28
260-280
12.86
240-260
12.86
220-240
10.72
200-220
10.72
180-200
7.14
<180
28.58
Total
100

Design the pavement for a period of 30 years considering tied concrete shoulder with dowel
bars across transverse joints.

11

Appendix-A
Data from Drill-holes: GT-1
Depth,
m

Core
No.

Core
length, mm

Depth,
m

Core
No.

Core
length, mm

Depth,
m

Core
No.

Core
length, mm

14

15

16

17

18

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

109
55
103
90
115
100
116
90
113
143
10
118
81
136
86
15
145
150
65
158
57
187
69
190
62
181
126
192
154
376
196
92
349
214
256
14.5

20

21

22

23

24

26

27

37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
69
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71

165
110
22
305
110
30
140
80
70
150
300
65
30
60
45
30
172
22
63
117
273
165
210
140
73
600
112
145
162
94
342
123
78
48
186
68

72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106

143
110
109
36
144
126
284
402
64
97
168
56
145
60
115
123
63
153
99
127
146
34
193
138
46
325
44
162
84
158
48
183
66
36
42

28

30

31

32

34

35

12

Depth,
m

Core
No.

Core
length, mm

Depth,
m

Core
No.

Core
length, mm

Depth,
m

Core
No.

Core
length, mm

36

37

39

107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132

161
33
330
50
65
65
30
65
175
20
150
80
85
250
40
190
350
70
170
40
70
120
75
150
50
280

40

133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158

60
150
170
120
45
334
82
58
84
146
39
37
108
32
141
43
114
83
153
58
31
152
87
98
136
105

44

45

47

48

159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183

104
38
263
40
179
48
57
173
143
64
254
59
58
33
159
76
115
108
58
82
44
76
102
153
146

41

42

43

50

13

Data from Drill-holes: GT-2

Depth,
m

Core
No.

14

15

16

17

18

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

Core
length,
mm
13
62
111
66
143
64
54
59
58
33
59
76
115
108
58
82
44
76
102
153
146
72
151
108
169
458
75
134
88
173
62
172
75
174
182
96

Depth,
m

Core
No.

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72

Core
length,
mm
111
88
133
58
103
182
48
118
64
141
118
53
106
97
62
102
83
194
73
95
83
110
84
139
73
275
47
50
46
173
27
133
24
103
64
66

Depth,
m

Core
No.

Core
length,
mm

27

28

29

30

32

34

73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

63
113
29
33
76
283
197
125
44
102
68
72
138
93
136
94
155
25
73
93
163
151
164
128
296
66
89
72
74
144
43
232
103
126
133
43

14

Depth,
m

Core
No.

Core
length,
mm

36

37

39

40

41

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146

136
113
105
202
88
69
118
116
123
146
113
89
134
116
48
53
59
125
298
273
60
175
84
24
72
40
144
30
39
166
92
47
13
83
144
27
87
148

Depth,
m

Core
No.

Core
length,
mm

42

43

44

45

47

48

50

147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184

62
245
75
169
172
57
46
93
115
63
173
270
49
67
66
183
69
154
58
306
59
49
133
48
56
54
103
203
61
148
78
78
43
28
42
87
211
118

15

Appendix-B
1.

LABORATORY DATA ON INTACT ROCK

Table B1.Triaxial strength test data for intact rocks:

GT-1
= 27 kN/m3
3
(MPa)
5
10
15

GT-2
= 26 kN/m3

1
(MPa)
134
152
171

3
(MPa)
5
10
15

1
(MPa)
51
68
84

40

120
GT-1

GT-2

35

100
30

Axial stress, MPa

Axial stress, MPa

80

60

40

25
20
15
10

20
5

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Axial strain ,%

Fig. B1 Representative stress-strain curve for intact

rock (GT-1)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Axial strain, %

Fig. B2 Representative stress-strain curve for intact rock

(GT-2)

16