Distortion and System Apparent Power in

Macedonian Power Distribution System

Jordan Shikoski, Member IEEE ,Vladimir Katic, Member IEEE
Ljubomir Nikoloski, Member IEEE and Ustijana Rechkoska. Member IEEE

Abstrna- This paper present the calculation of the distortion

power based on the apparent power definition and evaluated
under nonsinusoidal conditions. According national and
international standards [1][8], he nonsinusoidal voltage and
current has been measurement at different location in three-phase
Power Distribution System in Macedonia, Based on the
measurement results, related power quality indexes the distortion
power has been calculated and evaluated its level. At the end of
the paper are made conclusions for the topics discuss.
Index Terms- Harmonics, Distortion, and Power Definitions.

1. INTRODUCTION

T .

This paper is organized as follows, first the analytical

formulation calculating method is described, after that the field
measurement is explained. then, measurement and calculated
results are discus, and finally, the main conclusions of the
paper are described.
11. POWER DEFINT~OKS
UNDER NONSINUSOIDAL CONDITIONS

When the present work deal with the power (energy), it is

convenient to revien some of the definitions of power
quantities under nonsinusiodal conditions proposed by the
[EEE Working Group on Nonsinusoidal Situations [I].
Existing power definitions for three-phase systems work well
when voltage and current are sinusoidal. However, under
nonsinusoidal conditions. new definitions of power have been
proposed. For a three-phase case, the instantaneous voltage
and current expressions under nonsinusoidal conditions are
defined as:

HE implication of non sinusoidal waveforms on the

delivery of power is one of the most important topics of
electric power quality. Traditionally analytical definitions
of electric quantities like power need to he re evaluated since
they have not been defined for nonsinusoidal situations.
Definitions of electric power quantities: active power, i(t)= I,,+&xI,sin(hwt+p,)
(1)
h=l
reactive power, apparent power, non-active power, distortion
power, etc., under nonsinusoidal conditions has been discussed
sin(hwt+ah)
[1-7]. The main concems are to have an accurate system to v(t) = V, +&xYh
(2)
h=l
measure nonsinusoidal current and voltage and to determine
power quality indexes that account for harmonic components where:
of the measured power. We must understand that you can have V, In= DC voltape and c m l compancnls
harmonics and still have good PQ. While the presence of V, I = mas value of the h volra%eand cum111harmonic
harmonics in the power systems of the contemporary a h .p, =Phase angle ofthe h?wItage and current harmonic
commercial workplace cannot be denied, harmonics cause far o = = 2n f = anplar speed ai fundamental frequency f
fewer PQ problems than they are often blamed for. The
proliferation of adjustable-speed drives (ASDs) and the The general expressions for the rms current and voltage,
presence of other non-linear electrical loads in distribution separaring the fundamental and harmonic components, are:
systems can cause significant degradation of PQ. They
generate harmonics and subharmonics of the 50Hz or 60Hz
power frequency. These unwanted frequencies distort the kJ-;
F = J m
(3)
power waveforms and can interfere with the operation of
sensitive electronic equipment, both in other parts of the plant where:
genetating the harmonics and in the distribution system.
Vi. I: =rumof therquaredmrvaiucsof valtage,andcurrem harmonics
In this paper the based on the power quality indexes the
distortion power in a distribution system in Macedonia is The rms. current and voltage may be calculated:
determined.

J. Shikaski is with A. D. E M 0 Ohid, P.0.Box 118, 6000 Ohrid.

Macedonia (e-mail: jordanr@mt.net.mk).
V. Katic is with Faculty of Technical Sicncc, University of Navi Sad,
Jugoslavija, 21000 Novi Sad (e-mail: katav@uns.ns.ac.yu).
Lj. Nikoloski, i s with, Sv. Kitil & Mstodij University. 1000 Skopje.
Macedonia. (e-mail: nljubc@ecreni.etf.ukim.ed~,~k)
U.Rschkaska is with Electric Power Company of Macedonia. M a k d .
Prow. 17,6000 Ohid. Macedani (s-mail: ustijana@amak.cam.mk)
0-7803-7671410211617.00 0 2 W 2 IEEE

455

where:
V, , V,, \:, = line to mumi ms voltages. phase a. b, and c, respecliwly
I,, I , I / = rmrcurrenlr.ph~iea.b. andc. respectiwly

The fundamental components of the rms, current and voltage

may be calculated:

The expressions for displacement power factor (DPF), and

true power factor (TPF) are defined as:

And the total non-fundamental rms components

=Cv i + v i +vi

12 - C ~ h + ~ h ~ h
H htl

(6)

htl

The system apparent power S is defined as:

S = 3VI

(7)

or, in terms of the fundamental and harmonic components as:

S=Sj+S6
S~=(V,I,)=P,?+Q~

111. HARMONIC DISTORTION IN THE MACEDONIAN

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK (FIELD MEASUREMENTS)

(8)

The objective in the present work was to perform a series of

PQ measurements at metering points of different consumers to
determine the levels of generated distortion and to evaluate the
distortion power. This paper presents the results of harmonic
distortion surveys performed at six different locations, in the
Macedonian distribution network. The sites were selected.
based on the suspicion that these sites could be generating high
amount of distortion. The characteristics of the six industrial
locations are listed below.

si =(vIlHy
+ ( v H I , ) z+ ( V H I H y
where:
P, = v, I,

COS e, = fundamenlal active power

v, I, sin e, = fundamental reactive power

Q )=

8 , = a, -$, = fundamentalphase angle

In the squared distortion power SD, the term Vll,l, called

the current distortion power, is usually the dominant term, and
exists even in the case when the voltage is perfectly sinusoidal
>O. The second term V~,lj,called the voltage distortion
if
power, is a reflection of the voltage distortion at the observed
bus. The third term V,J,
.. .. is called the harmonic amarent
..
power (SI,), and can be divided as follows:

(E V,I, cos6, ) + Qi

(11)

h d

P,, = total harmonic active power

Q,!
=

total harmonic nonactive power

a , -P,

[?I

= harmonic phaseangle

I,,,
vi12
=(-)
t(-)
1,
V,

V.Jii2

+(L)

VJ,

(12)

=(THDI)t (THDV)+(THDI.THDV)
where:
THDV = total harmonic distonion in voltage
MDI = total harmonic distortion in eumnt
THDV.THDI

TABLE I

City
Skpoje

Type of load

Location

I Electronic equipment I

Aerodrome

Bitola

Electric eauimnent

Ohrid

Gostivar

Welding equipment
Electric eauinment

Substation Bitola

A.D. E M 0

Substation Gostivar

Prilep

Electric motors

Tobacco Factory

Skopje

Electric fumace

Steel Factory

The NRM 111 (German measurement system) was

designed to evaluate different parameters from the voltage and
current waveforms. The current circuits of the measurement
system NRM Ill are connected in serial with watt-hour meter
input current, but the current transformers connections has 10

where:

0, =

It should be mentioned that various definitions relative to

nonsinusoidal conditions have been under debate since many
years ago, and it seems that new definitions will continue
appearing. There is, for instance, another power factor defined
as the harmonically adjusted power factor (HAPF), in which
the current of the apparent power is corrected by a weighting
factor related to the skin factor in conductors.

normalized harmonic apparent power

456

the measurement instrument NRM III is inserted in the

circuit. The measuremenls were carried out within a period of
5 to 8 days. The parameters evaluated were: voltage and
current rms values: total harmonic distortion in voltage and
current (THDV and THDI); and detection of the three most
significant harmonics in voltage and current. This
measurement system is based on the notebook computer with
program for measurement control, measurement results
processing, statistic processing of the results and review, as
well as circuits for entering and processing of measurement

TABLEV.

Table 6 shows that only one location, Aerodrome, had

THDV,,
above 5%. All the other locations presented
acceptable THDV values (less than 5%).
TABLE
VI.
MINIMUM. M A X M U M AN0 AVBKAGETHDV VALUES

Phase A

Phase B

Phase C

A.D.EM0

4.90 51.86 16.35 5.30 53.32 16.71 4.37 51.64 16.10

Gosiivir

0.00 203.6 144,3 0.00 198.3 137.9 0.00 201.3 142,s

However, the THDI,,, occurred only at some particular

samples. Therefore, THDI average values represented a more
realistic behavior of the current distonion.
From these average values, it can be observed that only
Gostivar, Bitola and Tabacco Factory presented less than 5%
in THDI.
Using the power definitions according formulas in section
11, the distortion power can be found.

TobaccoFac 23.10 110.7 59.96 21.68 108.5 57,55 22.46 113.7 60,40
49.04 294,s 159.4 47.60 296,6 162.5 50.32 308.5 178.6
Steel Fac
MINIMUM,
MAXIMUM.
AVERAGE VOLTAGE VALUES.

1
Location

Phase A
min

man

avp

PhaseB
min

max

avg

Phase C
min m a

avg

TABLEVll.
APPARENT AND

ILacarion

The THDI values in general exceeded the 5%. as expected.

From Table 5 , it can be seen that in some locations
(Aerodrome, Substation B, A.D. EMO, Tobacco Factory and
Steel Factory) the recorded THDI,,, was high.

Steel Factoty

31 055.42

176.15

0.6

Substation Bilola

14 806.33

120.92

0.8

Substation Gostivar
Tobacco Factory

2 470.71

48.61

1,9i

I048

3 I,6

3 .0

Aerodrome

788.45

28.03

3.6

A.D. E M 0

293,63

17.02

5.8

The arithmetic power S, can be compared with system

apparent power, S, and compute the percent error according
the following equation:

%E, =
457

D~STORTION
POWERCALCULATED
VALUES.
S(kVA)
SD(kVA)
(S,/S)%

1OO(S, - S )

Where SA ca be compute according:

Additionally, having in mind that Power System in

Macedonia has to operate in the common European Union and
Balkan Electricity Market, the restructuring must improve the
power quality issue.

The obtained error values are given in the following table:

VI. REFERENCES

TABLEVOI.

Location

POWERSCOMPARED
ERROR.
I
S
I
SA

Bitola

14 806,33

Gostivar

2 470.71

Tobacco Factory
Steel Factory

I %EA I

2470.25

-0 02

I048

1048.15

-00033

31 055.42

31015.64

-0 13

IEEE Working Gmup in Nonsinusoidal Situations: "Practical

Definitions for Powen in Systems with NansinuroidalWaveformmr and
Unbalanced Laads: A Discussion". IEEE Transaction on Power
Delivery. Vol. II.No. I . January 1996.pp.79-98.
P. Filipski. "A New Appmaeh to Reactive Current and Reactive Power
Measurement in Nansinusoidal Systems;' IEEE Trans. on Inst. &
Meas.. Vol. 29, Dec. 1980, pp. 423-426.
L. C m c E k i . "What is wrong with the Budeanu Concept of Reactive
and Disionim Power and why it Should be Abandoned, EEE Trans.
on Inst. &Meas.. Vol. 36, Sept. 1987, pp. 834-37.
I. Enslin, 1. Van Wyk. "Measurement and Compensation of Fictitious
Power Under Nansinusoidal Voltage and Cumnl Conditianr," IEEE
Trans. on Inst. & Meas.. 1988.
A. Fcrrem. G. Supeni-Furga. "A New Appmrch to the Definitions of
Power Components in Three-phase Systems." IEEE Trans. on Inst &
Meas.. Vol. 40, 1991.p~.569.577.
R. Arssneau, P.S. FUipski, "Application of a Three Phase
Nonsinusoidal Calibration System for Testing Energy and Demand
Meters Under Simulated Test Conditianr." IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery. Vol. PWRDJ, No. 2. July 1988. pp. 874-879.
A. E. Emanuel.:"Apaml Power Definitions for threephase Sirtem"
B E E Transaction on Power Delivery. Vol. 14, No. 3, July 1999.
pp.767-772.
IEEE Std 519-1992, B E E Recommended Practice and Requirements
for Harmonic Control in El. Power Syjtcm.

VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Jordan Shlborkl, received his M. Sc. degree in Electrical EnginMng from
Arimona Slate University in May 1998.
His employment sxperisnce included the Arizona Public Service Company,
Phoenix; Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Salem. New Jsney: Detroit
Edison CO. Newpan, Michigan, as I&C Engineering Consultant, and with
Arizona State Univmiry BS mearch assistant.
Cumntly he is with A. D. E M 0 - Electrical Industry & Engineering, Ohrid.
Macedonia, BS Assistant b e n 1 Managa for Development and lnvesmmt.
He is IEEE Member, Member af Infemafianal and National Committies of
CIGRE. His area of intmst is a power quality, and dmgulation.
Vlndlmir -tie, received his Vh. D. degree in Elee~~ical
Engineering f"
Univmity ofBclgrade. Jugorlavija in 1991.
Cumntly he is is a Vmfessar at the Faculry of Technical Science, University
ofNovi Sad. JugoslavijB.
PmfRor Katic i s a Senior Member of B E E Power Engineering Society,
BEE-Industrial Elecmnics Soeiery, IEEE-lndustnal Application Society and
Chairman of the E E E Joint Chapter an Indusvy Applications, Indusmal
Electronics and Power Electronics Smieties at Novi Sad.
He is observed Member at CIGRE SC36 (Pans), Member of htemational and
National Comminiss ofClGRE and National Commiose of CUED.
His B I C ~ of interested in modeling of pwer elccfmnics convrrte~and
standsrdization in electrical engineering and power quality.

LJubomirNikolorld, Ph.D.EI.Eng., is IProfessor at L c Faculry of Eldzical

Engineering, Sv. Kiril & Metodij University, Skopje. Macedonia.

Hi is 8 Chairman of the Macedonian E E E Chapter.

U.RecbkorLs, received her B.Sc.EI.Eng. from Sv. K i d & Maodij Universiry

of Skopje. Macedonia.
Cumntly she is a superviriar ad the GIS (Geographic Information Syrtm)
p m j m in Electric Vower Company of Macedonia. and in a p m s m of
graduating in M.Ss. in Computer Scicnrs at Sv. aril & Maadij Univeniry of
Skopje, Macedonia.
Ha area of interest i s GIS, fuay logic, and neural nehxork.
458