Tomato juice at 5.

5 kg/s feed flow rate and 60 8C inlet temperature is concentrated

in a double-effect forward feed evaporator using steam in the first effect at a
pressure of 97.2 kPa (gauge) and cooling water in the condenser (surface condenser) entering at 30 8C and leaving at 45 8C. The heat transfer area, the overall heat
transfer coefficient, the boiling point elevation (BPE), and the pressure in each
effect are shown in the following table. The solids content and the heat capacity of
the feed are 11% and 3900 J/kg 8C respectively. Calculate the steam flow rate, the
solids content at the exit of each effect, the steam economy, and the flow rate of
cooling water in the condenser.
First Effect

Second Effect

100
2000
0.4
90
5
3800

100
1000
0.8
17.9
4
3450

Heat transfer area, m2

Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 8C
Boiling point elevation, 8C
Saturation pressure, kPa
Heat losses, kW
Heat capacity at the exit, J/kg 8C

Solution
Step 1
Draw the process diagram:

mf , xf , Tf

mi2, xi2, Ti2

mWin
Twin

ms,Ts

mv1,Tv1
mc1,Tc1 Tb1

mv2,Tv2

mWout
Twout
mc,Tc

mc2,Tc2 Tb2

mo1, xo1,To1
m p , xp , Tp
liquid food

steam/vapour/condensate

cooling water

Step 2
State your assumptions:
l
l

The condensate in each effect exits at the condensation temperature.

The operation is steady state.

Step 3
Combine the heat transfer rate equation with an enthalpy balance in the first
effect, as in step 7 of Exercise 16.1, to calculate the steam consumption:
q ms Hs  mc1 Hc1 A1 U1 Ts  Tb1

(16:1)

Because the condensate was assumed to exit at the condensation temperature,

Hs  Hc1 ls = the latent heat of condensation at 120 8C (97.2 kPa gauge
pressure corresponds to 198.5 kPa absolute pressure or 120 8C saturation
temperature in the steam chest of the first effect). Also ms mc1 . Therefore
eqn (16.1) becomes:
ms ls A1 U1 Ts  Tb1

(16:2)

with
Hs at 120 8C 2706 kJ=kgfrom Steam tables
Hcl at 120 8C 504 kJ=kgfrom Steam tables
ls at 120 8C 2706  504 2202 kJ=kg
The saturation temperature in the 1st effect, Tsat1, is found from steam tables for
Psat = 90 kPa to be equal to 96.6 8C. Therefore, the boiling temperature in the
1st effect, Tb1, is:
Tb1 Tsat1 BPE1 96:6 0:4 97 8C

(16:3)

Solve eqn (16.2) for ms, substitute values, and calculate ms:
100 m2
A1 U1 Ts  Tb1
ms

ls

2000 W=m 2 8C 120  97 8 C
2202000 J=kg

2:089 kg=s
Step 4
Calculate the solids content:
1) At the exit of the first effect:
i) Write an enthalpy balance around the first effect:
mf Hf ms Hs mo1 Ho1 mc1 Hc1 mv1 Hv1 qloss 1

(16:5)

ii) Analyze the terms of eqn (16.5):

a) Find Hv1:
The vapor exiting from the first effect is slightly superheated due to the
BPE of the juice. Thus:
Hv1 Hv1 saturated cp vapour BPE
Because the BPE is small, Hv1 can be assumed equal to the enthalpy of
saturated steam, Hv1 saturated. Thus:
Hv1 at96:6 8C 2671kJ=kgfrom Steam tables
b) Find mv1:
A mass balance on the product gives:
mf mo1 mv1
or
mv1 mf  mo1

(16:6)

c) Find the enthalpy of liquid streams:

Using 0 8C as a reference temperature, the enthalpy of the liquid streams
is:
H cp T

(16:7)

iii) Substitute eqns (16.6) and (16.7) in eqn (16.5):

mf cp f Tf ms Hs mo1 cp o1 To1 mc1 Hc1 mf  mo1 Hv1 qloss 1

(16:8)

iv) Solve eqn (16.8) for mo1, substitute values, and calculate the mass flow
rate at the exit of the first effect:
mo1

mf cp f Tf ms ls  mf Hv1  qloss 1
5:5 kg=s3900 J=kg 8C 60 8C

cp o1 To1  Hv1
3800 J=kg8C97 8C2671000 J=kg

2:089 kg=s 2202000 J=kg  5:5 kg=s2671000 J=kg  5000 W

3800 J=kg 8C 97 8C  2671000 J=kg

3:826 kg=s

v) Calculate the solids content at the exit of the first effect from a solids mass
balance:
mf xf mo1 xo1

(16:9)

Solve eqn (16.9) for xo1 , substitute values, and calculate xo1:
xo1

mf xf 5:5 kg=s 0:11

0:158

3:826 kg=s
mo1

2) At the exit of the second effect:

i) Write an enthalpy balance around the second effect:
mi2 Hi2 mv1 Hv1 mp Hp mc2 Hc2 mv2 Hv2 qloss 2

(16:10)

ii) Analyze the terms of eqn (16.10):

mi2 mo1 3:826 kg=s;
mv1 mf  m01 5:5  3:826 1:674 kg=s;
mc2 mv1 1:674 kg=s;
Hi2 Ho1 cp o1 To1 3800 J=kg 8C 97 8C 368600 J=kg;
Hv1 2671 kJ=kgfrom steam tables
Hc2 at 96:6 8C 405 kJ=kgfrom steam tables
The saturation temperature in the second effect, Tsat2, is found
from steam tables for Psat = 17.9 kPa to be equal to 57.6 8C.
Therefore, the boiling temperature in the second effect, Tb2, is:
Tb2 Tsat2 BPE2 57:6 0:8 58:4 8C
The enthalpy, Hv2 (neglecting the enthalpy of superheating), is:
Hv2 at 57:6 8C 2605 kJ=kgfrom steam tables
Write a mass balance on the product to calculate mv2:
mi2 mp mv2
Solve for mv2
mv2 mi2  mp

(16:11)

iii) Substitute eqn (16.11) in eqn (16.10):

mi2 Hi2 mv1 Hv1 mp cp p Tp mc2 Hc2 mi2  mp Hv2 qloss 2 (16:12)

iv) Solve eqn (16.12) for mp and substitute values:

mp

mi2 Hi2 mv1 Hv1  mc2 Hc2  mi2 Hv2  qloss 2

cp p Tp  Hv2

3:826 kg=s 368600 J=kg 1:674 kg=s 2671000  405000 J=kg

3450 J=kg 8C 58:4 8C  2605000 J=kg

3:826 kg=s2605000 J=kg  4000 J=s

1:983 kg=s
3450 J=kg 8C 58:4 8C  2605000 J=kg

v) Substitute values in eqn (16.11) and calculate the evaporation rate in the
second effect:

mv2 mi2  mp 3:826  1:983 1:843 kg=s

vi) Calculate the solids content at the exit of the second effect from a solids
mass balance:
mfi xi2 mp xp
Solve for xp, substitute values, and calculate xp:
mi2 xi2 3:826 kg=s 0:158
0:305

xp
1:983 kg=s
mp
Step 5
Calculate the steam economy:
mv1 mv2 1:674 1:843

2:089
ms
kg water evaporated
1:68
kg steam

steam economy

Step 6
Calculate the cooling water flow rate in the condenser:
i) Write an enthalpy balance in the condenser:
mw in Hw in mv2 Hv2 mw out Hw out mc Hc
or
mw in cp w inTw in mv2 Hv2 mw out cpw out Tw out mc Hc (16:13)
with

mv2 mc 1:843 kg=s

Hcl at 57:6o C 241 kJ=kgfrom steam tables
mw in mw out mw
cpw in  cpw out  4190J=kg C
ii) Solve eqn (16.13) for mw, substitute values, and calculate the cooling
water flow rate:
mw

mv2 Hv2  Hc
1:843 kg=s 2605000  241000J=kg
69:3 kg=s

cp w Tw out  Tw in
4190 J=kg 8C45  30 8C