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Introduction
In Digital Electronics, a logic family refers to digital integrated circuit devices which are constructed witha combination of electronic gates. A family has its own power
supply voltage and distinct logic levels. Some families were also introduced as individual components which were used to design integrated circuits and also to
interconnect them. Each family has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. Also within each family, there is a range of voltages which may be high level
or low level. These families are listed below:
Diode Logic (DL)
Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL)
Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL)
Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL)
Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL)
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic (CMOS)
Let's look at each family's design according to their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and use.
TTL has become the standard logic circuit in many application for a number of years. TTL greatly decreases the manufacturing costs because multiple emitters can be
added in the input so no extra space is needed and a multiple input gate can be constructed easily. The output circuit has also been modified in recent years and the the
configuration is called "Totem pole". A commercial IC package of TTL includes three three-input gates, four two-input gates, or two four-input gates. The structure of the
IC always remains the same.
Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL)
In Emitter coupled logic, the transistors are prevented from going into deep saturation so that there are no storage delays. This logic is used in applications with high
speed environment. ECL is considered to be one of the best because there is a very low propagation delay. In fact, it is the fastest bi-polar circuit available today. ECL
was first introduced in 1962. This logic family bypasses TTL in terms of speed. ECL is also a non-saturated logic. The logic levels for ECL are normally -0.9V for high
logic and -1.6 for low logic. The design of ECL consists of termination resistors which allows the signals to propagate with very low reflection.
Complementary Metal Oxcide Semiconductor Logic (CMOS)
CMOS is known for its low power consumption and high fan-out. The transistors inside the CMOS are made from an NMOS transistor and PMOS transistor. To realize
the logical functions, both P-type and N-type transistors are used. It is currently being used in microprocessor technology and Application Specific Integrated Circuits.
There is no power dissipation in CMOS. It is also considered to be one of the most reliable logic family today.
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