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WindFarmElectricalSystems

HistoryofWindPower

PitstoneWindmill,believedtobetheoldest
windmillintheBritishIsles

TheGiantBrushWindmillinCleveland,Ohio
Duringthewinterof188788Brushbuiltwhatistodaybelievedtobethe
firstautomaticallyoperatingwindturbineforelectricitygeneration.
Itwasagiant theWorld'slargest witharotordiameterof17m(50ft.)
and144rotorbladesmadeofcedarwood.Notethepersonmowingthe
lawntotherightofthewindturbine.
Theturbineranfor20yearsandchargedthebatteriesinthecellarofhis
mansion.
Despitethesizeoftheturbine,thegeneratorwasonlya12kWmodel.

GrandpasKnob
Thefirstlargescaleelectricityproducing
windmill(theworld'slargestatthetime)was
installedin1941atGrandpa'sKnob,onthe
borderofCastletonandWestRutland,VT,to
takeadvantageofNewEngland'sstrongwind
energyregime.Theturbinerestartedon
March3,1945andoperatednormallyuntil
March26,whentheturbinesuffereda
massivefailure.Oneofthe75footblades
suddenlysnappedoffandhurled700feet
downthemountain.Theexperiment,still
largelyconsideredasuccess,endedwiththe
turbinebeingrazedinthesummerof1946.

WindTurbineGeneratorIntroduction

Asmallanemometerandwindvaneontopof
thewindturbineelectronicallytellacontroller
whichwaytopointtherotorintothewind.
Thenthe"yawdrive"mechanismturnsgears
topointtherotorintothewind.

NacelleDesign
NacelleDetails

1.

MaintenanceHoist.

2.

Generator:800kW,Induction,4poles,
690Volts.

3.

Coolingsystem(Air)

4.

TopControlunit.(PLC)

5.

Gearbox:ratio71.3

6.

Mainshaft

7.

MaintenanceRotorLockSystem.

8.

Blade.

9.

BladeHub

10.

Nosecone

11.

Bladebearing(forpitchcontrol)

12.

BaseFrame

13.

HydraulicUnit(diskbrakes,gearbox)

14.

Gearframeattachment

15.

YawRing

16.

Brake

17.

Tower(threesections)

18.

Yawmotordrive:2.2kW

19.

Cardan

20.

Windvaneforyawcontrol.

21.

Anemometerforpitchcontrol.

NacelleDetails

Induction(Asynchronous)Machine

InductionMachineReactivePower

WindTurbineInductionGenerator

InductionGeneratorIssues

Capacitorsrequiretoprovideexcitation

Fixedspeedoperationonly
Gearboxtorqueisofconcern
Cantprovidereactiveorvoltagecontrol
Uncompensatedwindfarmisaconsumerofreactivepower(seechart)
Reactivepowercompensationisneededtocontrolthevoltage

WoundRotorInductionMachine

WoundRotorInductionGenerator

SinglyFedInductionGenerator
RotorEnergyDissipated

DoublyFedInductionGeneratorConverter
AbsorbsOverspeedRotorEnergy&Provides
OutputEnergy

DoublyFedInductionGenerator
ConverterAbsorbsEnergyforUnderspeedRotor
&ProvidesOutputEnergy

WindTurbineGeneratorConstantSpeedSystems
SquirrelCageInductionGenerator
Cheap&Simple
Torquevariationsnotcompensated
Flicker
Capacitorstocompensatereactivepower

WindTurbineGeneratorVariableSpeedSystems
DoublyFed(WoundRotor)InductionGeneratorDFIG
Optimumpowercontrol
Convertersize
Restrictedspeedvariability
Expensive

WindTurbineGeneratorVariableSpeedSystems
SquirrelCageInductionGenerator
Optimumpowercontrol
100%speedvariability
Convertersize
Expensive

WindTurbineGeneratorVariableSpeed
Systems
PermanentMagnetSynchronousGenerator
Optimumpowercontrol
100%speedvariability
WithoutGearbox
Convertersize
Generatorcomplexity
Veryexpensive

WTGeneratorComparison

WindFarms
Awindfarmisacollectionofwindturbinesinthesamelocation.Windturbines
areoftengroupedtogetherinwindfarmsbecausethisisthemosteconomical
waytocreateelectricityfromthewind.
Ifmultiplewindturbinesareplacedtooclosetooneanother,theefficiencyofthe
turbineswillbereduced.Eachwindturbineextractssomeenergy fromthewind,
sodirectlydownwindofaturbinewindswillbeslowerandmoreturbulent.For
thisreason,windturbinesinawindfarmaretypicallyplaced35rotordiameters
apartperpendiculartotheprevailingwindand510rotordiametersapartparallel
totheprevailingwind.Energylossduetothe"WindParkEffect"maybe25%.
ThelargestwindfarmintheworldisinTexas.Ithas
421windturbinesspreadoutover47,000acres.
Thiswindfarmcanproduceatotalof735.5
Megawattsofelectricity.

WindFarmLayoutto
minimize"WindParkEffect"

ComparisonWindFarm&ConventionalPowerPlant

WindFarm

ConventionalPowerPlant

Configuration

Multiplesmallgenerators Onelargegenerator

Location

Determinateonwind
speed

Sitedforeconomics
(transmissionaccess)

Control

1st Generationhadno
voltageridethrough

Voltage&Frequency

ReactivePower

Capacitorbanksand
powerelectronics

Selfgenerated

Reliability

Outputvarieswithwind

Outputpredictable

Lagging
Lagging

MW

pf
+.95

MW
.95p
f

Lagging
Leading

SynchronousGenerator reactive
capability

MVar

Leading

Doublyfedinductiongenerators
+/ 0.95pf

MVar

Leading

Inductiongenerators noinherent
reactiveproductioncapability

MVar

GeneratorReactiveCapability

MW

FirstGenerationWindTurbines
SmallOutput(lessthan1MW)
FixedSpeedInductionGenerator
RequiredCapacitiveCompensationTo
Operate
NoLowVoltageRideThrough(LVRT);Tripped
OffForLowSystemVoltage
NoReactivePowerSupport
NoSCADAControl/DatatoSystemOperator
LowPenetrationLevelInGrid

August2003Blackout
HigherSystemPenetration(510%)
NoLVRT/ReactiveSupportAggravatedSituation
FERCOrderNo.661A,InterconnectionforWind
Energy(NERCMemberGridCodesAlso)
ThreeCommonComponentsToGridCodes:
1.LVRTRequirements
2.ReactivePower;Provide+/ 0.95PFand
DynamicReactiveSupportIfRequired
3.ProvideDatatoTransmissionOperator(SCADA)

LowVoltageRideThroughFERC661A

FirstGenerationWTG NoLVRT
1.Faultonutility
transmissiongrid

2.Transmissionsystem
voltagedropsrapidly.

3.Windgeneration
tripsofflinebecause
voltageisbelow
0.75puatgenerator
terminalsfor5cycles.

5.Voltagereturnsto
normal.
But,nogeneration
remainsonline.

4.Faultclears
in600mS.

WTGwithSVC(orenhancedDFIG)
1.Faultonutility
transmissiongrid

2.Transmissionsystem
voltagedropsrapidly.

3.SVCdetectslow
voltageandinjects
reactiveenergyto
quicklyrebuildvoltage
atthewindgenerator
above0.75puthreshold

ReactivePowerCompensation
Shuntcapacitors,switchedinblocks,relatively
inexpensive, notgoodfortransientevents
Switchingblockofcapacitancecanswingthe
voltageupordownandthisvariationisfeltasan
abruptchangeintorqueontheturbinegearboxes
StaticvarCompensatorsProvideContinuously
AdjustableDynamic+/ PFControl,VeryExpensive
SVCConfiguration

CompensationCapBankvsSVC

StaticVarCompensatorwithCapBanks
SwitchedCapacitorBanks

TypicalUncompensatedWindFarmLosses
230kV

100MW
60/100MVA
9%Z

600V

34.5kV

0MVAR

ToUtility
Transmission
Grid

Power
Transformer
Losses

100%PF

Turbines

100MW
18MVAR

GSU
Losses
7.0MVAR

CollectorGrid
CollectorGrid
Losses
Charging
4.0MVAR

2.0MVAR

9MVAR

InductiveMVARs
CapacitiveMVARs

18MVAR
Losses

ReactivePowerBudget
Mendota Hills Reactive Power Calculation
18

15.92

16

Generator 99% pf lagging

14
34.5/138 Xformer I2X loss

12
10
MVAR

50MWWind
TurbineGeneration
0.99PF

7.12

34.5KV line I2X


loss(estimate))

8.2

34.5kV UDG line charging

6
4

0.69/34.5 Xformer I2X loss

0.7
Total
Compensation(leading)

0
-2

-2.1

-4
Transformer138kV 34.5kVMVARLosses

20milesof34.5kVXLPE133%Insulatedcable

63GSUTransformers34.5kV 0.69kVMVARLosses

WindFarmSCADA
ProvidesIntegratedControl&DataforEachWTG&WindFarmSystemVoltage&PF

LargerWindFarmSystem(Units>1MW)
Utility(115kV)
TieBreaker
Line
Transformer
SwitchgearorOpenSubstation

WindfarmSubstation(34.5kV)
CollectorFeederBreakers
CollectorBus

WindFarmTransformerWindingConfiguration

WTG

WTGGSUDeltaPrimary,Grounded
WyeSecondary&Tertiary

UtilityTieTransformerPrimaryGroundedWye,
SecondaryGroundedWye,TertiaryDelta;sometimes
PrimaryGroundedWye,SecondaryDelta

WTGGSU

CollectorSystemOneLine(Partial)

CollectorSystem
SitePlan

WindFarmGrounding

Cu 4/0 bare
conductors
SUBSTATION

Cu 500 kcmil Conductors


18 inches underground

WINDTURBINESGROUNDING
(gridwith3groundingrings,the
externaltwoareunderground)

ThegroundinggridsofalltheW.T.areconnectedwiththesubstationgridthrough bare
copperconductors,makingthewholeW.F.tobeaequipotentialspace,suchabigamount
of grounding conductors embedded in the ground produces a very low W.F. grounding
resistance<0,5 (typical).

CollectorSystemCabling
Collectorsystemcabledesignconsiderationsincludetheconductorsize(basedonsystem
ampacityrequirements)andtheinsulationtypeandlevel.Thetwocommoninsulation
typesaretreeretardant,crosslinkedpolyethylene(TRXLPE)andethylenepropylenerubber
(EPR).Theinsulationlevel(100%,133%or173%)dependsonthesystemgroundingaswell
asthemagnitudeanddurationoftemporaryphasetogroundovervoltagesunderfault
conditions.
Cableampacities,andtherefore
theconductorsize,aredirectlyrelated
tofivemajorfactors:
numberofcircuits,
cableinstallationgeometry
andmethod,
thermalresistivityandtemperature,
cableshieldvoltagesand
bondingmethodand
loadfactor.

CableSheathGrounding

MultibondedShield

SinglebondedShield

CrossbondedShield
Shieldstransposedateachjunction

CableSheathGroundingApplication

Multiplegroundedsheathsystemshavelowerampacitiesduetoheatingfromsheathcurrents
Singlegroundedsheathsystemsmayhaveexcessivesheathvoltage
Crossbondedsystemsrequirecrossbondingatabout7000 footintervals

WindFarmChallenges
Ifafeedercircuitbreakeropensduringoperation,thenthatfeederandtheoperatingWTGs
willbecomeisolatedandformanungroundedpowersystem.Thisconditionisespecially
troublesomeifaphasetogroundfaultdevelopsonthefeeder;ascenariothatcausesthe
unfaultedphasevoltagestorisetolinevoltagelevels.Thisfaultcanalsoresultinsevere
transientovervoltages,whichcaneventuallyresultinfailureofinsulationandequipment
damage.

Breaker
Opens
G
G
G
G
Oneremedyistodesignfortheungroundedsystem.Thisresultsin
increasedcostsduetothehighervoltageratings,higherBIL,andadded G
engineering.Anothersolutionistoinstallindividualgrounding transformersoneachfeeder.
Thisaddstoequipmentandengineeringcostsandincreasesthesubstationfootprint.
AnothersolutionistousetransfertriptoopenfeederCBafter WTGCBsopen

TemporaryOvervoltageforSLGFault

CollectorSystemRelaying
Severalcollectorsystemdesignaspectsinfluenceovercurrentprotection,including:
longcircuitlengthsmaynotallowforeasydetectionofground faults,
systemgrounding(groundedversusungroundedorsystemsgroundedthrough
groundingtransformersoneachfeeder),
selectivecoordinationofcollectorsystemcircuitscanbequitechallenging,asitis
oftendifficulttodistinguishfaultsonfeederswhengroundingtransformersareused,
selectivecoordinationwithfusesindownstreampadmountedtransformersat
WTGs,
unfaultedphasescanbeelevatedtophasetophasevoltagelevelswithrespectto
groundduringgroundfaults,
lossofphaseduringfaultswithsinglephasetrippingandreclosing
onthetransmissionsystemordownedconductors
WTGmayfeedfaultsforseveralcycles(eventhoughthefeederbreakertripped
open)ifsympathetictrippingofWTGsisnotimplemented

CollectorFeederCoordination
Amps X 10 Bus2 (Nom. kV=34.5, Plot Ref. kV=34.5)
.5

10

30

50

100

300

500

1K

3K

5K

1K

10K
1K

F LA

500

OCR

Relay1

500

CB1
300

300

F use2

Cable1
3-1/C 4/0

100

100

50

Fuse2

50

30

Fuse1

30

T2
1.85 MVA

T2

10

10

F use1

R elay1 - P - 51
OC 1

.5

.5

.3

C able1

.1

.3

.1

Inrush
.05

.05

.03

.03

Relay 1 - 3P

.01

.01
.5

10

30

50

100

300

500

1K

Amps X 10 Bus2 (Nom. kV=34.5, Plot Ref. kV=34.5)


WIND FARM GSU
Project:

Date: 11-16-2009

Location:
Contract:
E ngineer:
Filename: C:\ETAP\WIND FARM\WIND FARM.OTI

SN: POWERENGI2
Rev: Base
Fault: Phase

3K

5K

10K

Seconds

Seconds

CapacitorSwitchingIssues
138kV
50.4MW
34.5kV

CT

PT
VT

20mile34.5kV
collectorsystem

690V

138kV
Transmission
System

Switchgear
Breaker

Monitoringfor
VoltageRegulation
and/orPFControl

Cap
Switch

7.2MVAR
CapBank
7.2MVAR
CapBank
Capacitor
Control

4 MVA
SVC

CapacitorSwitchingOvervoltages&Resonances

CapacitorSwitchingTransients

TOVresonanceintransformerwindings

CapacitorSwitchingRemediation
Preinsertionresistors. Onetechniqueinvolvesinsertinga
temporaryimpedanceintothecircuitduringoneofthe
steps.Thisapproachbreaksonelargetransientintotwoor
moresmallerones.Circuitbreakerscanbebuiltwith
internalpreinsertionresistorstoreducethemagnitudeof
switchingtransients.

Pointonwaveswitching. Bypreciselycontrollingwhereonthevoltage
waveformthecontactstouch,it'spossibletogreatlyreducethe magnitudes
oftheswitchingtransients.

WTGTransformerFailures

VoltageTransformerFailureatWF

VTSecondaryRecordings

BladeLightningDamage

LightningProtection

LightningCurrentPath
GeneratorBearingsSubjected
ToLightningCurrent

Gearbox&MechanicalSystemFailures

WFCollectorFeederTransferTrip

USWindResourceMap

Questions?

GENERATORControlscheme
Rotor

GearBox

Asinchronous
Generator(DFIG)

Stator
Breaker

Stepup
Transformer
GRID
LV/MV

(3)

(1)

(2)

(C1)

PITCH
(bladeturn)

CAPACITORS
PFCONTROL

Inverter
(C2)

YAW
(nacelleturn)

Rectifier

RotorSpeed

ELECTRICALMEASURES(I,V)

BusVdc

Triggers
IGBT
(5kHZ)
(A)
EXCITATION

(3)
Generator
Current

POWER
CONTROL

WindDirection
WindSpeed

(1)
Generator
Voltage

(2)
Grid
Voltage

SYNCHRONIZATION

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