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Immunity
Natural (non-specific) immunity:
Inherited & do not depend on previous exposure
(a) First line of defense: mechanical (skin), cilia in
trachea and bronchi, nasal and gastric secretions
(b) Second line of defense: lysozymes, complement
and phagocytic cells
Acquired (specific) immunity:
Specific response following exposure to a particular
antigen
2
- Memory:
(1)
(2)
(3)
acquired)
4
Hypersensitivity
Allergy
- Abnormal exaggerated immune reactions resulting
in tissue injury
- Four types on the basis of mechanism of injury:
Type I:
immediate (anaphylactic)
Type II:
cytotoxic
Type III:
immune complex
Type IV:
cell-mediated hypersensitivity
5
Clinical Types:
(1) Atopy
Local form (affecting one organ) e.g. urticaria
(hives), allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma
Response to ingested or inhaled environmental
allergens
Affects 10% of population
Strong familial predisposition
(2) Anaphylaxis
- Systemic from release of vasoactive amines
into circulation e.g. peripheral circulatory failure,
shock, hypotension, even death
- Follows injection of allergens e.g. serum, drugs
(penicillin)
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Clinical types
1 Transfusion reaction due to blood incompatibility:
Rh incompatibility:
2
Maternal AB to fetal RBC antigen (Rh) cross the
placenta (IgG)
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia:
3 Autoantibodies to RBCs
13
Type II hypersensitivity.
Antibodyand
complement-mediated red
blood cell lysis due to
complement activation and
the formation of the C5b-9
membrane attack complex
(MAC).
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4 Myasthenia gravis:
6 Goodpastures syndrome:
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Arthus phenomenon
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Clinical types:
(1) Systemic form:
- serum sickness
- rheumatoid arthritis
- systemic lupus erythematosus
(2) Local form:
- pneumonitis that develops 6-8 hours after
inhalation of moldy hay (Farmers lung) or
moldy cheese (Cheese makers lung)
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25
Release of IL-2 for activation of CD8 and yinterferon for activation of macrophages
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Clinical types:
(1) contact dermatitis
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Contact Dermatitis
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Contact Dermatitis
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Type II:
damage
Type IV: Antigen-specific CD4 memory cells