ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Title
Date

: Physiology of Respiratory System

: Tuesday, 30 September 2014

Names

1 Agustina Setyaningsih
2 Agi Karlina
3 Dinda Nurul Nabila
4 Hazleini Misvayanty
5 Putri Ajeng Sariyanti
Group

8 (eight)

BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF JAKARTA
2014

 Purpose
- Knowing respiratory organs in certain kinds of fish
- Knowing organs including a breathing apparatus on several kinds of fish
- Analyze differences in some tipes of respiratory organs in fish with his
environment

Introduction
A.Respiration
Respiration can be defined:
1. breathe the process of inspiration and expiration, inhale O2 and CO2 release
2 gas exchange is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and lung
capillaries, and between capillaries and tissue cells in tissue.
Respiration can be defined as the process of increasing the oxygen and
carbon dioxide by the expenditure of blood through the surface of the organism
with its environment breathing apparatus or a process undertaken by an organism
to produce energy from the metabolism (Triastuti et.al, 2009). There are two
kinds, namely respiration, external respiration (external) and internal respiration
(in). Respiration outer covering making process and expenditure O2 CO2 and
water vapor between organisms and their environment. Internal respiration is also
called cellular respiration because respiration is occurring within the cell, which is
in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Based on the need for oxygen, respiration
internally divided into aerobic and anaerobic respiration. According to Imam
Abror (2010), respiration can be classified into two types based on the supply of
O2 in the air, the aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is a
process that requires O2 respiration, anaerobic respiration is the opposite of
respiration that takes place without the need for O2. The difference between the
two will be seen in the reaction stage in respiration. Transport process gases
overall diffusion takes place.
Cellular respiration takes place in four stages: glycolysis, oxidative
decarboxylation, Rebs cycle, and electron transport. Of the 4 stages teresebut
respiration, only glycolysis which is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid
which takes place anaerobically. At this stage of the oxidative decarboxylation
and the Krebs cycle, oxygen is necessary to form CO2. While on stage electron
transport, oxygen is needed as the final electron acceptor to form oxygen radicals
and reacts with H + to form water.
At this stage of gas exchange, oxygen from entering the alveolar
capillaries into the lungs and be bound by the hemoglobin in the red blood cells to
form Hb (O2) 4 and there are a number of oxygen dissolved in the blood plasma
that is not bound by Hb. That determine the oxygen partial pressure of oxygen in
the blood. After arriving in the capillary network, O2 released by hemoglobin and
diffuses into the cell. Why O2 is always released by Hb after arriving in the
capillary network? This happens because there are increased levels of H +
(decrease in pH). This is called the Bohr effect. Oxygen diffuses into the muscle
will be bound by myoglobin. The binding of oxygen by hemoglobin catalyzed by
2,3 DPG (2,3 diphosphoglycerate) in red blood cells.

Results in cell respiration is CO2, H20 and energy in the form of ATP and
heat is lost to the environment. CO2 will be transported by the veins to the heart
and respiratory organs removed through the gills, skin, or lungs. Energy in the
body is derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be stored in the body as a backup energy
source. Carbohydrates are stored in the form of glycogen in the liver, muscle, and
other tissues (common metabolic pool). When the body is deprived of food supply
sources of energy, then the energy reserves in the body will soon be demolished.
The first is glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose 1 phosphate), both
lipolysis (breakdown of fat tissue and transferred to the liver, gluconeogenesis is
the venue for the formation of glucose from non karbohidarat material), the third
is proteolysis (the breakdown of proteins into amino acids is transferred to the
liver, such as the second step).
There are two mechanisms of respiration, namely:
- Mechanism of inspiration: the enlargement of the cavity torax in the expansion
follow the lungs so that the pressure in the lungs is lower than the outside air
pressure, consequently the air will flow into the lungs.
- Expiratory mechanism: the diminution of the cavity of the thorax and lungs,
followed by expenditures air from the lungs
B. Organs of Respiration in Fish
1 Major Organ.
Breathing is the process of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release by a living
organism. It is necessary to be able to breathe the respiratory organs. In fish, the
breathing process is generally done by using gills (branchia). Gill-shaped thin
sheets of pink and always moist. The outer portion of the gills associated with
water, is closely related to the inside of blood capillaries. Each sheet consists of a
pair of gill filaments and each filament contains many thin layers (lamella). At the
filaments there are blood vessels that have many capillaries, thus allowing O2 and
CO2 diffuses incoming diffuse out. The gills of fish are also experiencing growth
as other organs. In the larval stage, rudimentary gills and can not function. To be
able to breathe, fish larvae usually use egg sac (yolk sac) or on some specific fish
use gills outside
2. Respiratory Organs Supplement
There are some certain types of fish that breathe with gills besides also use the
lungs as respiratory organs. The fish were
has the lungs of lung fish is Australian (Neoceratodus forsteri (Krefft, 1870)), fish
lungs East Africa (Protopterus annectens annectens (Owen, 1839)), and fish lungs
South America (Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger, 1837).
In addition to gills and lungs, certain species of fish have additional breathing
apparatus in the form of:
a. Labyrinth, membrane folds like a rose which is a derivative of the gill arch. In
fish damselfish (Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792)), the labyrinth organ located in
the upper part of the gills and there are channels that connect the labyrinth and gill
b. Arborescent organ, shaped like a sponge. In the catfish (Clarias batrachus
(Linnaeus, 1758)) this additional breathing apparatus located at the top front of
the gills.

c. Diverticula, the folds of skin on the mouth and pharynx space, such as the cork
fish (Channa striata (Bloch, 1793))
d. Additional respiratory tube form, for example in fish Heteropneustes microps
(Gnther, 1864) and other types of catfish.
e. The inner wall of the operculum which contains many blood vessels, for
example in fish blodok (Periophthalmus Kalalo Lesson, 1831).

 Results
Table the results of observation.
Structur
Operculum
Gills

Labyrinth

Ductus
pneumaticus

Carp
Two
Two sheets, the
colour is red/ dark
red
Not

Physostomus type
of ductus
pneumaticus.
Having two forms:
large and small.
There is a layer of
which envelopes.

Catfish
One
Four sheets,
berwarna merah
hati pucat
Likes sponginess
(arborescent
organ)
Not

Broom fish
One
Four sheets, the
colour is red/dark
red
Not

Not

Catfish

labyrinth

operculum

gills

Carp

Ductus pneumaticus

Gills

Operculum

Broom fish

Gills

 Analyze
- Catfish
Catfish has a secondary respirator that is labyrinth. Respirator of catfish located at
the back of head. Catfish has sponge shaped labyrinth. The red color of the
labyrinth's catfish is more concentrated than the labyrinth's carp. Because catfish
habitat has fewer oxygen levels. So the erythrocytes required by catfish is more
than the carp cause the red color of labyrinth's catfish is more concentrated.
Labyrinth is located at the top of the second and fourth gill arch. Labyrinth serves
yo remove oxygen from the water surface so as to take in oxygen directly from
the air. With labyrinth catfish can survive in oxygen minimun condition. In
addition, the labyrinth serves to boarden the absorbtion of oxygen and to store
oxygen. Labyrinth of catfish is not harder by the carp it caused catfish live in a
very muddy.
- Carp
Carp have a system of respiration gills. The gills are in have carp in the form of
thin sheets being colored pink. Each sheet gills consisting of a pair of filaments
and every filaments containing many thin layers ( lamela ). In filaments there
were blood vessels that has many capillary allowing O2 diffuses depth and CO2
diffuses out. The gills on bony fish covered by a lid the gills are called the
operculum, while the gills on a cartilaginous fish is not covered by operculum.
Carp is bony fishes which the gills covered by operculum. Several kinds of fish
have the labyrinth is extension upward of the gills and forming folds which are
cavities irregular. The labyrinth it serves storing a reserve O2 so that fish can
persist in the condition of being deficient O2. However, carp have no labyrinth.
For storing a reserve O2, in addition to the labyrinth, fish have bubbles pool
located near the back. Carp breathe by gills that are found on left and right side of
the head. Each one had four fruit whose gills are closed by a lid gills ( operculum
). Respiratory mechanism on fish through phases 2 namely inspiration and
expiratory. In phase inspiration, O2 of incoming water into the gills then O2 tied
by blood capillaries that need to be carried to tissues. On the contrary, in phase
expiratory CO2 carried by blood from the network will empties into the gills and
of the gills are excreted out of the body. Carp have a or pair of air bubbles as
lungs, that can be used for assisting respiration, called pulmosis.These bubbles are
surrounded many blood vessels.Pulmosis connected to the esophagus by the duct
pneumatikus.Channel is intromission and discharge of air from the mouth to
bubble and otherwise, at once allow the diffusion of air to capillary blood.
- Broom fish
Primary breathing apparatus in broom fish are gills. The sheet of gills consists of a
pair of gill filaments and each filament consists of a lamella. At the filaments,
there are blood vessels that have a lot of capillaries that allow O2 and CO2
diffuses into and out of the gills. The gills are closely related to the blood
capillaries. Broom fish have additional breathing apparatus in the form of swim

bladder. His movement unidirectional rotating blood vessels. Ductus pneumaticus

could flared. Ductus pneumaticus with a translucent white physostomus types,
namely swim bladder/ ductus pneumaticus connected to the gastrointestinal tract
(oesophagus).
The maze ductus pneumaticus is connected to the inner ear by the Weberian, bony
structures that originate from the spine, which gives precise information about the
water pressure and depth, and improve hearing. Ductus pneumaticus is an internal
organ filled with air, that serves to give the fish the ability to control buoyancy so
as to save energy to swim. Another function is the ductus pneumaticus is used as
the resonating chamber to produce or receive sound. Moreover ductus
pneumaticus also serves as a respiratory organ for the physostomus type. The air
content of the ductus pneumaticus is composed of a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen,
and carbon dioxide.

Conclusion
An organ of primary respiration on fish is gills, while an organ of secondary
respiratory on fish is ductus pneumaticus or the labyrinth of beingness, form, and
the coluor is one form of physiological adaptation about the condition of their
habitat.

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