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International Journal of Civil Engineering

and Technology
(IJCIET), ISSN
0976 6308 (Print),
INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 252-259 IAEME
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 6316(Online)
Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 252-259
IAEME: www.iaeme.com/Ijciet.asp
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IJCIET
IAEME

NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HIGH DAMPING RUBBER


BEARINGS FOR BASE ISOLATION
G. Arya1,
1, 2

Dr. Alice Mathai2

(Department of Civil Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam,


Kochi, India)

ABSTRACT
Base isolation is a mechanism that provides earthquake resistance to the new structure. The
base isolation system decouples the building from the horizontal ground motion induced by
earthquake, and offers very stiff vertical components to the base level of the superstructure in
connection to substructure (foundation). In this study High damping rubber bearings are analysed for
their behaviour during earthquakes as they are considered better than natural rubber bearings due to
its damping action coupled with base isolation. . This work involves modelling and finite element
analysis of the bearing. A nonlinear static analysis is done and a parametric study is also conducted
to study the effect of replacing steel by CFRP plates.
Keywords: Base Isolation, CFRP, High Damping Rubber, Nonlinear Analysis.
1. INTRODUCTION
The use of seismic isolation for structures has been gaining worldwide acceptance as an
approach to aseismic design. Many experimental and numerical studies are required on isolation pads
to substantiate the adequacy of design and service conditions so that they can be used for isolation of
structures.
This study tries to clarify the advantage of the base isolation technique with respect to
buildings using laminated rubber bearings since only few researches were done into this area [1]. In
this paper the numerical modelling of high damping rubber bearings (HDRB) is implemented using
ANSYS 12.0. A three dimensional finite element model of the isolator is created and a non-linear
static analysis is done. Based on the behaviour of the isolator, a parametric study is conducted by
varying the material property.

252

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 252-259 IAEME

2. ANALYSIS MODEL
The isolator is modelled through ANSYS 12.0, finite element software. Half of the isolator is
modelled in its real dimension. The dimensions of the model are given in the TABLE 1.
Table 1: Dimensions of the Model
Diameter
1000 mm
No. of rubber layers
10
Thickness of rubber layer
10 mm
Thickness of steel plate
4 mm
Total height of isolator
136 mm
2.1 Material Property
Rubber is a hyperelastic material and the material property is defined by strain energy
functions. The Polynomial 2-P function is used here and the material parameters were obtained as
follows [2]:
C10 = 0.797
C01 = -0.05910
C20 = 0.01609
C02 = 1.103 x 10-3
Steel is modeled as linearly elastic material with E=2x105 MPa and v = 0.3.
2.2 Modeling
The elements used are, SOLID185 for the rubber layer and SHELL63 for the steel layer. The
isolator is totally constraint at its base and only half of the isolator is modelled as it exhibits
symmetric behaviour. The nodes at the top surface are coupled in Y direction and X direction and
vertical and horizontal loads are applied to the first node on the top surface. The model along with
the boundary conditions is shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1: Model of the isolator with boundary conditions


253

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 252-259 IAEME

3. ANALYSIS
Rubber undergoes large deformations and hence the behaviour is nonlinear. Therefore, a nonlinear static analysis is conducted to understand its behaviour under compressive load as well as
combined compression and shear. Horizontal displacement values are applied incrementally.
Initially, displacement corresponding to 100% shear strain is applied along with the design vertical
load. Displacement values are increased until maximum shear strain is reached. It has been found
that the material remains stable upto 350% shear strain. The different analysis cases are shown in
TABLE 2.
Table 2: Analysis Cases
ANALYSIS CASE APPLIED LOAD (Fy)(kN) APPLIED DISPLACEMENT (Ux)(mm)
1
8000
2
8000
100
3
8000
200
4
8000
300
5
8000
390
The isolator was subject to 100% vertical load and a horizontal displacement corresponding
to 400% shear strain. But it was found that the material remained stable until 392mm horizontal
displacement after which the elements were found to be highly distorted. Hence this is the maximum
horizontal displacement that the isolator with the given dimensions can take. The results are shown
from Fig.2 to 4. The tensile stresses reach a value close to 5 MPa. The permissible tensile stress in
rubber is 4.2MPa [3]. Hence the value exceeds the permissible limit, which will lead to cavitation in
the rubber layers and the bearing will lose its stability. The shear stress distribution is uniform with
the maximum values at the interface of the steel and rubber layers. The variation of stresses along the
isolator is shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6. The horizontal shear force Vs displacement plot shows the
typical hyperelastic nature of the material (Fig.7).

Figure 2: Deformed shape


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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 252-259 IAEME

Figure 3: Axial stress, y

Figure 4: Shear stress, xz


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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 252-259 IAEME

Figure 5: Variation of y along the isolator

Figure 6: Variation of xy along the isolator


256

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 252-259 IAEME

Figure 7: Horizontal force Vs Displacement


4. STUDIES BY REPLACING STEEL WITH FRP
The development of light-weight low cost isolator is crucial if this method of seismic
protection is to be applied for a wide range of buildings. To make the base isolation a viable method
in such buildings, it is necessary to reduce the cost of the isolators. Conventionally, steel plates are
used as reinforcing material. Bearings using steel as reinforcing material are known as steelreinforced elastomeric bearings (SREI). Steel is heavy and makes up for most of the weight of the
isolator. Further, thick end-plates are needed on both ends of the isolators which adds to the total
cost. The process of bonding steel with the rubber involves placing steel plates between rubber layers
and heating them under pressure for several hours. The entire process is complicated and expensive.
Many fibre materials whose stiffness is comparable to steel are now available. Seismic
isolators can be designed using layers of rubber, bonded with thin layers of bidirectional fibre fabric
[4]. Replacing steel with fibre, isolators of much lesser weight can be manufactured. Bearings with
fibre reinforcement and elastomeric damping material are called fibre-reinforced elastomeric isolator
(FREI) bearings.
CFRP fibres have orthotropic material property and are modelled as linearly elastic with the
following material constants [5]:
Ex = 44000 MPa; Ey = 44000 MPa; Ez = 10000 MPa
vxy = 0.3; vyz = 0.25 ; vzx = 0.25
Gxy = 10000 MPa; Gyz = 5000 MPa; Gzx = 5000 MPa
4.1 Ply Orientation
Two types of ply orientations were studied:
1. Alternate layers oriented at 0/90
2. Layers oriented at 0/45/90 symmetrically from the middle layer
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 252-259 IAEME

Nonlinear static analysis was done for FREI bearings as in SREI bearings and TABLE 3
shows the comparison of results for both the ply orientations at a horizontal displacement
corresponding to 100% shear strain. From these results we can conclude that the 0/90 orientation is
the most efficient since the stresses are less.

Orientation
0/45/90
0/90

Table 3: Comparison of Ply Orientations


y (MPa)
xz (MPa)
1.63
13.4
0.544
7.03

xy (MPa)
1.8
0.59

The model with 0/90 was further studied and analysis was done with increments in horizontal
displacement. The fibre-reinforced isolator was found to perform well and remained stable over
350% shear strain in the same way as the steel-reinforced elastomeric bearings. The Fig.8 shows the
comparison of axial stress and shear stress values for both the isolators at 390% shear strain. From
the results it can be concluded that the performance of FREI is comparable to SREI and in fact more
efficient than the other since the vertical and shear stress values are lesser for FREI when compared
to SREI. Hence CFRP can be used as an effective replacement to steel in elastomeric bearings.

Figure 8: Comparison of SREI and FREI


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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 252-259 IAEME

5. CONCLUSIONS
The high damping rubber bearing was modeled and nonlinear finite element analysis was
done using ANSYS 12.0. The main conclusions were:
 The maximum displacement that the isolator can undergo without losing its stability
corresponds to 350% of shear strain or 350% of the thickness of rubber layer.
 However the isolator can take upto 400% shear strain but the tensile stress exceeds the
permissible limit which can damage the bearing.
 By replacing steel with CFRP in the multi-layer isolator it was found to behave in a similar
manner and more efficient than steel plates.
 Fibre-reinforced plates can be used as an alternative to steel there by reducing the weight of the
bearing and the use of isolators can be made more widespread.
REFERENCES
[1] S.B. Bhoje, P. Chellapandi, S. Chetal, R. Muralikrishna and T. Salvaraj, Comparison of
computer simulated and observed force deformation characteristics of anti-seismic devices and
isolated structures, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India, 1998.
[2] Federico Perotti, Giorgio Bianchi, Davide C.M, Limit State Domain of High Damping Rubber
Bearings In Seismic Isolated Nuclear Power Plants, Politecnico Di Milano, 2011.
[3] C. Constantinou, A. S. Whittaker, Y. Kalpakidis, D. M. Fenz and G. P. Warn, Performance of
Seismic Isolation Hardware under Service and Seismic Loading, Technical Report MCEER07, State University of New York, Buffalo, 2007.
[4] Kelly, J.M and Takhirov, S.M, Analytical and Experimental Study of Fibre-Reinforced
Elastomeric Isolator, PEERR Report, 2001.
[5] Animesh Das, Anjan Dutta and S.K Deb, Modeling of Fiber-Reinforced Elastomeric Base
Isolators, The 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisboa, 2012.
[6] N.Ganesan, Bharati Raj, A.P.Shashikala and Nandini S.Nair, Effect of Steel Fibres on the
Strength and Behaviour of Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete, International Journal of
Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 94 - 107, ISSN Print:
0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316.
[7] Dr. Salim T. Yousif, New Model of Cfrp-Confined Circular Concrete Columns: ANN
Approach, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4,
Issue 3, 2013, pp. 98 - 110, ISSN Print: 0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316.
[8] Ming Narto Wijaya, Takuro Katayama and Toshitaka Yamao, Dynamic Analysis of Folded
Cantilever Shear Structure and Base Isolated Structure, International Journal of Civil
Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 5, Issue 2, 2014, pp. 9 - 19, ISSN Print:
0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316.

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