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BLH 5003 _ ENVIRONMENT AND MONITORING

THE JESUITS CHURCH, VALLETTA

NADIA MARTINELLI
B.E. & A. (Hons.)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.0

METHODOLOGY ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.0

LIMITATIONS .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.0

THE BUILDING ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.0

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.0

THE EXTERIOR ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.1

THE MAIN FACADE.................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.1.1

APERTURES AT THE MAIN FACADE .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.1.2

DETERIORATION AT THE MAIN FACADE........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.2

THE SIDE FACADE.................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.2.1

APERTURES AT THE SIDE FACADE .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.2.2

DETERIORATION AT THE SIDE FACADE............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.3

THE BACK FACADE .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.3.1

APERTURES AT THE BACK FACADE................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.3.2

DETERIORATION AT THE BACK FACADE ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.4

THE ROOF ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.4.1

APERTURES AT ROOF LEVEL ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.4.2

DETERIORATION AT ROOF LEVEL ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.0

MECHANISMS OF DETERIORATION ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.0

THE INTERIOR ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1

THE MAIN CHURCH ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1.1

THE CHANCEL.................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1.2

THE CHURCH ENTRANCE ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1.3

THE CHURCH NAVE ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1.4

CHAPEL OF OUR LADY OF MONTSERRAT ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1.5

CHAPEL OF THE CRUCIFIX ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1.6

CHAPEL OF ST JOSEPH ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1.7

CHAPEL OF ST PETER AND VINCULA ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1.8

CHAPEL OF CHARLES BORROMEO ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1.9

CHAPEL OF ST ANNE........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1.10

CHAPEL OF ST AGATHA AND ST LUCIA ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1.11

CHAPEL OF THE GUARDIAN ANGEL.................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1.12

CHAPEL OF ST IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.2

THE SACRISTY ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

BLH 5003 _ ENVIRONMENT AND MONITORING

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8.3

THE ORATORY OF THE ONORATI ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.4

THE ORATORY OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.5

THE SIDE ENTRANCE ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.6

THE BASEMENT ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.7

DETERIORATION WITHIN THE MAIN CHURCH ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.8

DETERIORATION WITHIN THE ONORATI ORATORY .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.0

OCCUPANCY ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.0

ACTIVE SYSTEMS ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.1

ACTIVE VENTILATION SYSTEMS ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.2

LIGHTING SYSTEMS ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.0

THE MONITORING PROGRAMME................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.1

THE WALL PAINTINGS AT THE ST JOSEPH CHAPEL ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.2

THE WALL PAINT AT THE ONORATI ORATORY ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.3

THE AIM OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.0
12.1

PARAMETERS TO BE MONITORED............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.


LIQUID MOISTURE CONTENT .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.2 LONG-TERM MONITORING OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
12.3

CONDENSATION ANALYSIS...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.4

ANALYSIS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE CONTENT IN THE AIR ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.0

METHOD OF MONITORING ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.1

LIQUID MOISTURE CONTENT .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.2

MONITORING OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY .... Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.3

THE WEATHER STATION .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.4

CONDENSATION ANALYSIS...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.5

SULPHUR DIOXIDE ANALYSIS................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.0

DATA COLLECTION...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.1

LIQUID MOISTURE CONTENT .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.2

TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.3

SULPHUR DIOXIDE ANALYSIS................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.4

CONDENSATION ANALYSIS...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

16.0 IDEAL PARAMETERS FOR VISITOR COMFORT AND THE PRESERVATION OF THE BUILDING
FABRIC
..................................................................................................................................................Err
or! Bookmark not defined.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Site map showing the northwest-southeast axis of the Jesuits church, Valletta and its
proximity to the waterfront. Source: (Google, 2014) .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2: Basement level. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 3: Soffit at vestry of the Onorati Oratory. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 ...... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 4: A view on the main facade of the Jesuits' Church. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 ............ Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 5: A view on the back facade of the Jesuits' Church. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 ............. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 6: The Jesuits' Church ground floor plan. Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ..... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 7: Photo dated December 1934 showing the interior of the main nave and chancel Photo
courtesy of the Jesuits Church, Valletta ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 8: Plan at ground floor level dated June 1841 (P.W. 29/66A) ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 9: Elevation of the main Church only. Drawing courtesy of the Restoration Directorate .... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 10: Main elevation on Merchants Street. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 ...... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 11: Vegetation at open joints adjacent to clay downpipe. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 .... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 12: Black material found in patches at half-pilasters. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 ............ Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 13: Black material at ledges. Photo by author: 14/7/2014............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 14: The side elevation. Drawing courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 15: A small aperture at the base opening onto the Sacristy. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 . Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 16: Side entrance opening onto a lobby space which leads to the Church Oratories. Photo by
author: 14/7/2014 ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 17: Window covered by a grille opening onto the basement. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 18: Black material at ledges, possibly soiling by the retention of rainwater. Photo by author:
18/7/2014.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 19: Black material at the base of the pilaster, possibly resulting from pollution at the traffic
road. Photo by author: 18/7/2014 ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 20: Severe weathering at the upper parts of the facade. Photo by author: 18/7/2014 ...... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 21: The Jesuits' Church annexed to the Old University stairwell to its right. Photo by author:
18/7/2014.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Figure 22: Apertures at the upper parts of the back facade. Photo by author: 18/7/2014............ Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 23: Apertures at the base of the back facade. Photo by author: 18/7/2014 Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 24: Vegetation at clay pipe. Photo by author: 18/7/2014 ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 25: Black material beneath stone spouts. Photo by author: 18/7/2014 ...... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 26: The dome at the crossing. Photo by author: 18/7/2014 ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 27: The lower levelled cupolas. Photo by author: 18/7/2014 ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 28: The timber truss roof at the Oratory of the Onorati. Photo by author: 21/7/2014 ....... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 29: Waterproofing membrane above the Church nave. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 ........ Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 30: 'Deffun' roofing above the Oratory of the Immaculate Conception. Photo by author:
19/7/2014.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 31: Roof plan showing areas where a waterproofing membrane has been applied (in grey). The
remaining roof has a 'deffun' screed instead. Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate. Adapted
by author ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 32: The cupola lantern with its six fixed lights. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 .... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 33: The exception to the other seven cupolas is the conical-shaped skylight above the St
Joseph chapel. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 34: Window to the Onorati Oratory accessed from the level of cupolas. Photo by author:
19/7/2014.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 35: Windows closed off by timber top-hung panel. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 .............. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 36: Nave windows may be closed off by solid timber shutters. Photo by author: 19/7/2014
.............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 37: Windows at the dome lantern. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 38: Deterioration mostly observed at the upper cornice of the dome. Photo by author:
18/07/2014 ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 39: Vegetation growth and fractured wall at belfry. Photo by author: 18/07/2014 ........... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 40: Severe alveolar weathering seen at the Church belfry. Photo by author: 18/07/2014 . Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 41: Collapsing stoenwork at window lintel at the Church nave. Photo by author: 18/07/2014
.............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 42: Black material on walls of the main Church. Photo by author: 18/07/2014 Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 43: Corrosion products at bronze bells. Photo by author: 18/07/2014 ....... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 44: Timber aperture at the Church dome. Photo by author: 18/07/2014 ... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 45: Fixed light at cupola. Photo by author: 18/07/2014 ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 46: Cupolas gathering water from the Oratory's pitched roof and the nave's roof through
metal downpipe. Photo by author: 18/07/2014 ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Figure 47: Water percolating against walls. Photo by author: 19/07/2014 ............ Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 48: Vegetation growth at open joints, severe weathering and black material. Photo by author:
19/07/2014 ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 49: Existing ground floor plan. Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate. ... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 50: View of the chancel area. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 51: Chancel area marked in red. Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate . Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 52: A view to the narthex of the Church. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 ....... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 53: Narthex area marked in red. Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate . Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 54: The church nave. Drawing courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ...... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 55: View of the east end of the Church. Photomontage by author: 14/7/2014. Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 56: View of the west end of the Church. Photomontage by author: 14/7/2014 Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 57: Drawing courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 58: Chapel of Our Lady of Montserrat. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 .......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 59: Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 60: Chapel of the Holy Crucifix. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 61: Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 62: Chapel of St Joseph. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 63: Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 64: Chapel of St Peter And Vincula. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 . Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 65: Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 66: Chapel of Charles Borromeo. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 ..... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 67:Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 68: Chapel of St Anne. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 69:Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 70: Chapel of St Agatha and St Lucia. Photo by author: 14/7/2014............. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 71: Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 72: Chapel of the Guardian Angel. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 73: Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 74: Chapel of St Ignatius. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 75: Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 76: The Sacristy. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 77: Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 78: The north end of the Onorati Oratory. Photo by author: 14/7/2014..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 79: Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 80: The south end of the Onorati Oratory. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 .... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
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Figure 81: The east wall of the Onorati Oratory. Photos by author: 14/7/2014 ..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 82: The west wall of the Onorati Oratory. Photos by author: 14/7/2014 .... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 83: The Oratory of the Immaculate Conception. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 .. Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 84: Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 85: The side entrance to the Church Oratories from Archbishop Street. Photos by author:
19/7/2014.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 86: Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 87: Basement level beneath Oratory of the Immaculate Conception. Photo by author:
19/7/2014.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 88: Window opening onto Archbishop Street. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 ..... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 89: Flaking of paint at the base of the building. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 ... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 90: Flaking of paint at cupolas. Photos by author: 19/7/2014 ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 91: Flaking of paint above the chancel. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 ......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 92: Woodworm infestation at the gilded altar. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 .... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 93: Cracking of red marble. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 94: White powdery material above wall painting at the St Joseph Chapel. Photo by author:
19/7/2014.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 95: Severe fracturing at the corner of the building. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 .............. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 96: Severe fracturing at cornices. Photo by author: 19/7/2014 .... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 97: Plan marking public spaces in red and private spaces in yellow. Plan courtesy of the
Restoration Directorate ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 98: Students during Graduation ceremony in November. Source:
http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20071129/local/call-for-research-funding.186184 Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 99: Students during Graduation ceremony in November. Source:
http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20071128/local/need-to-study-impact-of-sendingchildren-to-institutions.185995 .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 100: 10 electric fans within the main church. Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate
.............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 101: Flood lights at the east transcept. Photo by author: 21/7/2014.......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 102: Plan showing location of flood lights in red. Drawing courtesy of the Restoration
Directorate ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 103: Flood lights at the Onorati Oratory. Photo by author: 21/7/2014 ....... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 104: Floodlights directed at paintings. Photos by author: 14/7/2014 ......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 105: Lunette wall painting at the southern end of the Chapel of St Joseph. Photo by author:
14/7/2014.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Figure 106: Chapel of St Joseph. Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 107: A zoomed image of the wall painting at the Chapel of St Joseph showing white powdery
material. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 108: The lunette wall painting at the northern end of the Chapel of St Joseph. Photo by
author: 14/7/2014 ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 109: A zoomed image of the same lunette. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 ... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 110: The cupola at the Chapel of St Joseph. Light is penetrating mostly onto the northern
lunette. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 111: Zoomed image of the conical-shaped skylight. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 ............. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 112: Apertures overlooking Archbishop Street at the west of the Oratory. Photo by author:
19/7/2014.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 113: Apertures closed off by solid timber shutters below level of the cupolas. Photo by author:
19/7/2014.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 114: Plan of the Onorati Oratory. Plan courtesy of the Restoration DirectorateError! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 115: A view of the east end of Oratory. Photomontage by author: 14/7/2014 . Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 116: White powdery material at left corner. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 . Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 117: White material at upper parts of the wall. Photo by author: 14/7/2014 ... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 118: Drawing courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 119: Location of data-loggers. Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate .... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
Figure 120: Location of data-loggers at the Chapel of St Joseph (left) and the Chapel of the Guardian
Angel (right). Photos by author: 19/7/2014 ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 121: Location of data-loggers at the Oratory of the Onorati. Photos by author: 19/7/2014
.............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 122: The weather station at the northern end of the Church. Photo by author: 19/7/2014
.............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 123: Condensation seen to be occurring at east windows of the Onorati Oratory. Photo by
author: 19/7/2014 ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 124: Location of passive diffusion tubes. Plan courtesy of the Restoration Directorate ..... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 125: Hypothetical Bar Graph of Liquid Moisture Content results.. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 126: Reproduced Temperature and RH values obtained from the monitoring of a small painted
room at ground level at the Old University Building adjacent to the Jesuits' Church in 2004. Source:
(Micallef, 2004, p. 134) .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 127: Entry of pollutants through the side and main entrance. Plan courtesy of the Restoration
Directorate ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

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