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HUMAN CAPITAL
Impact on Livelihoods of Hunza
In this Paper we will focus upon the significance of
human capital upon the livelihoods of Hunza.
Group Members
Noman Karim
Hassan Sabah
Sajjad Ali
12-May-13
Contents
ABSTRACT _________________________________________________ 4
BACKGROUND _____________________________________________ 5
INTRODUCTION_____________________________________________ 8
PROBLEM STATEMENT ______________ Error! Bookmark not defined.
LITERATURE REVIEW________________________________________ 9
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK ___________ Error! Bookmark not defined.
SLF: Scoones _____________________________________________ 32
CONTEXTS, CONDITIONS AND TRENDSError!
Bookmark
not
defined.
Context ____________________________________________ 33
History _____________________________________________ 34
Politics_____________________________________________ 34
Trends _____________________________________________ 35
Seasonality _________________________________________ 36
LIVELIHOOD ASSETS/RESOURCES _______________________ 39
40
ABSTRACT
People of Hunza Valley have faced enormous problems in pursuing their
livelihoods. From a macro-Livelihood point of view Human capital is one of
the major factors in asset building and helps to diversify the Livelihoods. In
many Developing countries, human capital improved Livelihood and it
contributed to overall development of people at large.
However, to grasp the multidimensional constituencies and impact of
Human capital on Livelihood outcomes, a deeper and more integrated
vision is required.
A community-based ontology is rooted in the broad tradition of alternative
development and can be fruitfully integrate the Human capital of Hunza
region. This study focuses on some important initiatives taken to build
human capital adopted by the people of the area which resulted in
development of the area.
In Hunza valley, Human capital is one of the significant and important
elements of Livelihood diversification. Hunza is highly diverse in terms of
physical, socioeconomic and political environments. It is a Mountainous
area and environment is highly fragile and their inhabitants are exposed to
both environmental and non-environmental stressors, which are interlinked
and have serious implications for mountain livelihoods. The combination of
multiple agricultural and non-agricultural income sources is a characteristic
of mountain peoples livelihood systems. Migration is not a recent
phenomenon, but has been a traditional source of non-farm income to
varying degrees. This review finds that migration behaviour is influenced by
3
Background
Hunza is a mountainous valley in the GilgitBaltistan region of Pakistan.
The Hunza is situated north/west of the Hunza River, at an elevation of
around 2,500 metres. The territory of Hunza is about 7,900 square
kilometer. Hunza is a fairy tale land and a lot of myth and reality has been
associated to it. In ancient times the people of the Hunza were subsistence
farmers. Cattle breeding and farming were popular professions in Hunza.
Sheep, goats, yak and horses are domestic animals. The people of Hunza
use sheep wool and goat hair to spin a rough cloth.
existing available resources. Various internationally recognized communitybased development organizations that have been working in Hunza Valley
in the field of integrated rural development to help improve the quality of life
of the local people. They are dealing with extreme poverty through linking
small farm products with potential domestic and export markets are
interesting and identify lot of unexplored areas. Agriculture in the area has
been of subsistence level till early eighties when various organizations
started interventions to increase the productivity and decrease the
production losses and succeeded in creating marketable surpluses in few
years. Since then a number of fruits and vegetables have been developed
as cash crops and the socio-economic surveys done by different NGOs. It
has shown a growing dependence of poor rural families on agriculture
incomes to pay for the education and health. The holistic and inclusive
development efforts by many public and private organization in Hunza
Valley contributes a lot to the social development, institutional
development, institutional sustainability, capacity building and poverty
reduction
Although up to know the exact role and meaning of higher education and
their importance for sustaining rural livelihoods are still unclear and have
remained under-researched. Therefore, this study aims to explore the
importance and role of Education in the context of Human capital and
various strategies of rural high mountain households in Hunza.
Introduction
This paper reviews and extends the literature on human capital to pursue
multiple livelihoods, with particular emphasis on the social returns to
education. In other words, we study the problem of human capital
externalitiesdoes an individuals private decision to accumulate human
capital confer external benefits or costs on others?
The objective of this research is to use data from evaluations of
interventions designed to increase human capital to understand the
policies, interventions, and other factors that lead to sustainable poverty
reduction and nutritional improvements. Further, the research aims to find
the factors that facilitated development of policies and interventions for
sustainable poverty reduction and nutrition improvement in Hunza.
7
Problem Statement
Do people of Hunza have access to their basic needs? What livelihood
strategies they followed and what are the factors that helped to build to
Human Capital which helps to pursue livelihood. Do people achieve
sustainable livelihood through Human Capital? What were the hurdles in
building Human Capital?
8
with more education may be more likely than less educated individuals to
be socially integrated, and to have opportunities to meet socially within their
communities, factors that promote social capital accumulation at the
individual level.
They may also be more likely to receive adequate emotional support;
because of homophily, educated individuals are more likely to have
meaningful social contacts with individuals who also possess a high level of
education (mcpherson et al., 2001). Given that most individuals rely on the
support of those around them to deal with mental distress, if greater
education translates into higher quality psychological support, homophily
will mean that educated individuals will receive better support than those
with low levels of education (angermeyer et al., 1999). Individuals who live
in communities where the average educational attainment is high also are
more likely to enjoy better mental health than individuals in communities
with lower education levels. Communities where the average educational
attainment is higher may in fact be more inclusive and less stigmatizing
towards individuals who have mental health problems, and provide greater
practical and emotional support to all their citizens.
As previously highlighted, evidence is emerging on the role of education in
promoting a long and healthy life. New evidence also suggests that
educational attainment plays an important role in influencing health-related
behaviors. However, the relationship is complicated between education
and specific behaviors, such as smoking, alcohol abuse, poor nutrition and
lack of physical activity. Better educated individuals appear to be somewhat
more likely to engage in some forms of risky behaviors, such as consuming
alcohol and drugs (cutler and lleras-muney,
2007), but they are also somewhat better at managing their behaviors, by
keeping consumption.
Knowledge management in Hunza:
As Francis Bacon said, Knowledge is power. The power of knowledge is
very important resource for preserving valuable heritage, learning new
things, solving problems, creating core competences, and initiating new
situations for both individual and communities now and in the future which
will surely sustain and enhance human capital. (Liao, 2003).
10
George B. Schaller. Mountain Monarchs coats for men, shoes, caps, grain
storage sacs, and to collect wool for making ropes, rugs, and vests. Ibex
horns were used for plugging and excavating soil for constructing irrigation
channels (Kreutzmann 1992, Virk 1999). During the early days people
entirely depended on traditional medicine and wild plant species were
major medicinal source to cure common diseases.
Historically, human has played a major role in shaping biodiversity of our
planet and the ways in which biodiversity is perceived, maintained,
conserved, used, and appreciated. It has been documented that in the past
high level of cultural diversity have been dependent on high level of
biological diversity, which supported them (UNEP 1995). Therefore,
understanding of the many aspects of human influences on biodiversity and
the underlying driving forces is of crucial importance for setting priorities
and directing conservation and sustainable use of components of
biodiversity. It is important to recognize that how people have used and
valued biodiversity and the resources they obtained from it (UNEP 1995).
Since majority of the people in Gilgit Baltistan are engaged in agriculture,
animal husbandry, and forest related activities, continuing use and
maintenance of biodiversity will be important to them. This will provide
basis for the long-term sustainable development of the region. However,
this will depend on sustainable use of components of biodiversity and
maintaining high diversity of mountain ecosystems, crop farming systems,
viable populations of wild species, and managing high pastures efficiently.
Agriculture
Speeding (1988) defined Agriculture as "Agriculture is an activity (of man)
carried out primarily to produce food, feed and fibber (and fuel, as well as
many other materials) by the deliberate and controlled use of (mainly
terrestrial) plants and animals".
This would exclude gardening and landscaping unless products could be
described for them (such as money), but forestry, fish farming and a
number of industrial processes would be included. The word "primarily"
implies that there are other important products and this is indeed so. Since
13
Food Security:
It is not only a question of a sufficient amount of foodstuff in quantitative
terms as it is often expressed in official documents. The quality of food
available for the masses is important as well. Thus, apart from safety of
food, the question of food security also means diverse and quality food for
healthy lives. Green revolution is known to be the crop production boosts,
although productions are very low even though hazardous fertilizer,
weedicide and pesticide-use have increased manifold.
Thus, it was both ecologically and economically unsustainable.
Conventional intensive agricultural practices cause severe effect on
nutrition and welfare of people and cause severe health hazards. In
comparison, sustainable ecological agriculture has the potential to provide
cheap, safe and healthy food to the communities in a sustainable way. It is
a safe way of producing that ensures cheap and easily available food. This
is rich in nutrients and taste and best for human health as well. If this sort of
system is revived, majority of the population residing in rural areas will be
able to fulfill all their basic needs, "Health, Education, Clothes, Shelter,
Food, Money etc" through this approach.
14
With regards to food security, there are some other traditional lifestyles,
which are important but have become extinct these days. Few of these are:
1. Use of uncultivated food by the communities: If old villagers are
interviewed, they will disclose that almost 50 percent of their food was
obtained from uncultivated plants, weeds etc., then, in fact, overall
food was a mix of cultivated/uncultivated food plants and
domesticated/wild animals meat. In the conventional modern
agriculture, uncultivated plants are considered weeds and are
eradicated through weedicides. The remaining uncultivated plants are
mostly not fit for health due to indiscriminately used agro-chemicals.
In comparison, sustainable ecological agriculture protects the
uncultivated plants as they play an important role in the ecosystem
and if used for food, they are healthy too.
2. Food diversity in the routine life: At this time, our food has become
limited to only a few easily available and mostly industrialized items. In
comparison, a few decades ago food was simple, diverse and rich in
quality. There are several advantages of diverse food. For instance, it
provides diverse important nutrients to the human body needed for a
healthy life. Similarly, growing diverse food crops, coupled with on-farm
livestock, poultry and fishponds, is also best to maintain soil fertility, avoid
severe pest attacks, offer hundreds of uncultivated food plants and present
a healthy environment. As discussed above, in conventional agriculture
only a few cash crops are preferred which leads to a monoculture. In
comparison, sustainable ecological agriculture ensures hetero-culture
comprised of a mix of diverse crops, vegetables, fruit, livestock, poultry and
fish farm on the same farm resulting in good food diversity.
Urban dwellers were not totally dependent on villagers and used to produce
vegetables, milk, eggs and poultry, etc within homes and in urban
peripheral areas. Although, there are still examples of urban agriculture in a
few urban centers in Pakistan, but due to weak policies, over time, these
are getting rare. The sense of deprivation is the highest among rural poor
especially in female headed households and children. In NA almost 70
percent of population resides in scattered places and villages. Agriculture is
their main occupation. Most of the rural poor are small and marginalized
farmers, landless folk, artisans, female-headed households, aged persons
and children. By and large, small farmers are engaged in subsistence
agriculture where their basic concern is survival and getting ahead of life
with farming. This is why the dimensions of their farms are (most often)
more or less than 0.079 ha/farm and they usually grow multiple crops
associated to their basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. To satisfy
other needs (education, health, clothes, money etc) farmers market the
surplus of their crop yield. This clearly shows that agriculture for farmers is
a way of life, rather than just an economic activity. As compared to the
concept of yield in the modern agricultural system that this much inputs will
result into that much yields, many farmers do not own it. According to them
the yield of an agricultural activity can only be concluded seeing how better
their level of subsistence is being satisfied. Hence, their social and cultural
values are emotionally involved with agriculture. The way modern
technologies are growing and agriculture is being commercialized, rural
communities are gradually going down the poverty line and losing their
subsistence agriculture as well as their social and cultural values. It is also
widely recognized that these technologies have benefited few of the giant
landlords and, particularly, corporation involved in agriculture. As a result,
most of the farmers are gradually losing their hold on agriculture due to the
fact that they cannot afford the increasing costs of modern inputs to
compete. Consequently, a constantly alarming number of villagers are
leaving their agricultural activities and migrating to and settling down in
urban centers. Perhaps due to these circumstances, we are not able to
achieve self-sufficiency and sustainable development. Through its basic
shift in values and priorities from a narrow focus on production and
productivity to a broader emphasis on healthy systems which nurture over
16
Cash Crops
For improving the economic conditions of farmers, promotion of cash crops
is very essential. However, some of the serious constraints are, frequent
occurrence of pests and diseases, remoteness and scatter of the
17
farm households keep 1-5 cows in the towns to supply fresh milk to
residents and tea-shops.
Micro-credit
Considerable work has been done at governmental and NGO level to
enhance accessibility of easy and cheap institutional credit to women.
Since women lack in assets ownership, there was the need for a
specialized financial institution which could cater to credit needs of micro
business owners without asking for conventional tangible collaterals First
step in this regard was the establishment of
First Women Bank which from its very inception has been launching microcredit schemes for women from low income groups both in urban and rural
sectors. Apart from disbursing credit, for developing and updating
entrepreneurial skills among women, the bank conducts entrepreneurial
skill development training programs all over the country. How did the Gilgit
Baltistan benefit from it is not known?
Agriculture Development Bank has also come forward to finance micro
businesses of women and for that they have set up special windows in their
designated branches to look into credit needs of women. Some major
NGOs like Orangi Pilot
Project and Aga Khan Rural Support Programme apart from doing
community development work in the areas of education; health and
population planning have major focus on economic empowerment of
women. They have their own credit disbursement programmes. The
establishment of the Khushhali Bank is a major breakthrough in this regard
as it is exclusively meant for financing micro businesses through loans of
very small magnitude secured against communal guarantee only. Apart
from above notable NGOs, a large number of NGOs are doing good work
in other provinces, these are National Rural Support Programme and
Sarhad Rural Support Programme that are associated in credit
disbursement programmes of Nationalised Commercial Banks as self-help
groups and facilitators. Similar arrangements could be made/initiated in GB. The banks in order to cut down the transaction cost of micro loans and
for making credit available at the doorstep of small borrowers induct such
NGOs as an intermediary between bank and clusters of communities.
20
obtain the loans due to high interest rate. Keeping in view the
backwardness, remoteness and potential of the area special concession in
the interest rate may be granted to the progressive farmers of the G-B for
prosperity of the nation. The existing credit ceiling for establishment of fish
farms, etc is Rs. 50000/- per acre, while the land holdings in G-B are only
1-2 kanals, which does not make the most people eligible for grant of loan.
The amount of loan does not fulfill the requirement for the establishment of
fish farm. Thus it is suggested that Rs.40000/- per kanal may be fixed for
granting loan. Strong linkages are needed between key stakeholders,
registered progressive farmers, and association for utilization of credit
facility for commercial farming.
There is a strong need for strengthening existing capacity of the bank by
inducting agricultural graduates as MCOs, etc.
Post Harvesting, Storage and Marketing
Marketing of fruits and vegetable is highly inefficient. Small volumes are
sold to itinerant dealers, assemblers and retailers through personal
contacts and negotiations, evidently at low prices, in the absence of proper
marketing system.
The aggregated volumes are transported to down country markets notably
Islamabad, Gujranwala, Lahore, Faisalabad and Swat.
Aga Khan Rural support Program
Transformation of the Backward Gilgit-Baltistan Areas through village
organizations.
Indicators of success
Overall improvements, both in quantity and quality, of the natural resources
base (e.g. cultivated land through increasing the area under irrigation,
forests through a forestation/reforestation, rangeland through plantation of
forage grasses, etc) improvement in the living conditions of the people,
minimization of food shortages, reduced dependence on food grains from
outside and greater and more diverse employment opportunities both in the
farm and off-farm sectors. Besides these the biggest success of the
AKRSP is in the level of mass participation (73% of the total rural
22
plant and animal species that inhabit places at different altitudes in these
two districts.
Degradation of Agra-ecosystems Homeostasis
In our efforts for enhancing agricultural production, we have introduced
high yielding crop, vegetable and fruit varieties, stepped up use of
fertilizers, pesticides, water regimes, intensive agriculture, etc. Agriecosystem homeostasis is faced with degradative trends in the form of the
following:
Loss of topsoil
Loss of local crop varieties.
Loss of indigenous knowledge
Climatic change
Loss of soil's water holding, micro organisms and productivity capacity
Loss of floral and faunal genetic diversity
Loss of adaptive capacity of mono cultural crops to changed environmental
conditions such as water stress, extreme temperature fluctuations,
changed intensity of sun light. Due to pollution, contamination and changed
food chain, fisheries are at risk.
Unplanned and over grazing has led to degraded pastures and breakdown
of sustained traditional grazing system.
The homeostasis of crop-human/animal- posture is at risk.
Lack of Awareness
Large numbers of development projects have been going on in G-B f o r
transformation of communities, improvement of agriculture and economic
conditions of population. Although people like the change for betterment of
their life, can identify plants and animals, they deal with, are aware of
habitat and seasonal history of many organisms in the villages and
accessible mountains, however, most of the people are unaware of the
value of these resources, and the consequences of their loss in terms of
biodiversity, environmental degradation and aesthetics. Unless and until
they are knowledgeable about the general fauna and flora the questions of
sustainability and conservation remain unattended. The possible
contribution of conserving biodiversity for economic development and
25
Case Study:
We have taken some similar case studies from Africa and South Asia were
they have focused more on Human capital which resulted in Economic
development and it helped them in diversifying their livelihoods. Health and
education are both components of human capital and contributors to
human welfare. One index of human welfare, which incorporates income,
28
households had declined to 17% whilst amongst the non-poor they had
risen to 57%. Male primary school enrolments rose in non-poor households
and remained constant in very poor ones. Poverty was also strongly
correlated with use of curative and preventive health care, although here
gender differences were less marked. In 1985, 31% of very poor males
consulted a doctor or nurse when sick; amongst the non-poor the figure
was 51% (Grootaert, 1994). By 1988, the inequalities had widened, with the
corresponding proportions being 19% and 53%.
Poverty profiles of African countries invariably find rates of poverty decline
sharply with the education of the household head. For example, in Nigeria
in 1992, 39.5% of people in households with uneducated heads were poor;
for those living in households with secondary school educated heads; the
poverty rate was only 23% (World Bank, 1996). Education reduces poverty
partly by giving access to high return formal sector employment and to
higher wages within such employment. However, there is evidence that
education and nutrition also raise productivity in farm and non-farm selfemployment, activities in which the poor are concentrated.
Effects of education upon child schooling and cognitive development
Children are typically more likely to go to school if their parents are
educated. They also tend to perform better in school and in some cases
may earn higher incomes in adulthood. For example, a study of Kenya and
Tanzania compared the probability of manufacturing workers having
completed lower secondary schooling as a function of the education of their
parents. In Kenya those entering school around 1960 were predicted to
have a 21% chance of completing lower secondary if both their parents
were uneducated and an 83% chance if one of their parent had at least
secondary education and the other at least primary education. The figures
were similar Tanzania. Since most secondary schools at that time were
state schools, where access was rationed by performance in the primary-
33
34
LIVELIHOOD
RESOURCES
Natural
Capital:
Exploration
of the policy Natural capital
is the term
context and
used for the
the way
natural
policies are
implemented resource
is crucial and stocks from
which
highly
resources
livelihood
flows and
specific.
services (such
Are we
inquiring into as land, water,
the effects of forests, air
quality) useful
an
for livelihoods
overarching
are derived.
policy, such
People of
as pro poor
growth, or of Hunza have
inherited land
measures
from their
targeting
poverty more forefathers
directly, e.g., and on this
services like land they
cultivate
ration
schemes? It different kinds
of crops which
can be
beneficial to they sell
domestically
review both
and also at
supporting
national level.
and
constraining It especially is
important for
policies.
those who
History: derive all or
Hunza is one part of their
of the most
livelihoods
beautiful
from natural
areas of the
Policy:
INSTITUTIONAL
PROCESSES &
ORGANIZATIONA
L STRUCTURES
In livelihood
frameworks
"institutions"
embrace two
important elements:
on one hand, the
rules and normative
frame conditions
that govern social
interactions; on the
other hand, the way
that organizations
operate in both the
public and private
sector, on the
background of
explicit and implicit
values. Political
participation,
market systems,
concepts of social
orders (such as
castes, clans, etc.)
belong to this field
of investigation.
In Hunza still there
are not strong
institutions that
would govern their
lives and regulate
their development.
Hence, the process
of development so
far is haphazard,
uncontrolled at best
and directionless at
worst.
NGOs played vital
LIVELIHOOD
STRATEGIES
SUSTAINABLE
LIVELIHOOD
OUTCOMES
Agriculture
Extensificat
ion &
Intensificati
on
Livelihood:
Some NGOs
Worked on
irrigation
system and
also on
Agriculture
extensification
and
intensification.
in Hunza. The
intervention
improved
levels of
productivity,
employment
and income
Resulting from
irrigation is
widespread.
irrigation
development
alone, confirm
that higher
value crops,
higher yields
and the more
intensive
cultivation
techniques
lead to higher,
less risky and
more
continuous
Achievements
(results) of
livelihood
strategies
Outcome
categories
More
income
Increased
well-being
Reduced
vulnerability
Improved
food security
More
sustainable
use of the
natural
resource base
Conflict
between
livelihood
outcomes
When
increased
income for
particular
groups is
obtained
through
practices that
35
world with
fertile land,
orchards,
forests and
livestock and
a great
culture.
People of
Hunza have
historically
been
marginalized
politically,
socially and
economically
by the
dominant
powers of
Federal. As
a result they
have had
little
involvement
with, or
control over,
national-level
decisions.
resource
based
activities, and
particularly for
poor farmers
and herders.
In more
general terms,
good air and
water quantity
and quality
represent a
basis for good
health and
other aspects
of livelihood.
Natural assets
such as
climate and
ecosystems,
largely
determine the
vulnerability
context of poor
men and
women. The
vulnerability
context is
shaped by
trends (think of
Macroeconomic population
conditions increase),
shocks (like
: In most
droughts,
mountain
floods and
communities,
disease) and
traditional
seasonality
forms of
(dry and wet
bartering
season).
have given
Water is the
way to
key natural
monetary
resource in
exchange.
livestock
production. It
Much of a
is consumed
person's
directly as
economic
role in Social
Mobilization.
There is much that
can be done. In
modern societies
higher education
and skill-based
trainings has
become an
inevitable
prerequisite for
economic growth
and development.
levels of
Rural
employment
and income,
for both farm
families and
landless labor.
Livelihood
diversification
Migration
Migration
forms a
central
component of
livelihood
diversification.
In Hunza for
example,
migration is
widespread
and it is linked
to income
generation
Strategies. It
has been seen
how migrant
remittances
may relieve
rural credit
constraints,
the particular
importance of
migration to
those living
in poor agro
climatic
conditions. In
the past some
researchers
have pointed
out the
importance of
migration in
providing
are
detrimental to
the natural
resource base
Close
relationship
between
livelihood
outcomes and
Assets, with
these linked
through
livelihood
strategies.
The capacity of
the national and
regional
stakeholders in
dealing with
livelihood
development
and the
protection of the
environment in
Hunza it
enhanced.
Income
generation and
resilience of
people in Hunza
is improved
through capacity
building, the
unlocking of
new livelihood
opportunities
and by
promoting more
equitable
approaches in
the
Institutional setups.
36
value to a
household is
increasingly
defined by
the amount
of cash that
he or she
can bring in.
drinking water
and indirectly
through feed.
The natural
resource
stocks (soil,
water, air,
genetic
resources,
Climate: etc.) and
environmental
In the riskservices
prone
environment (hydrological
cycle, pollution
of the
sinks, etc.)
mountains,
from which
full of
resource flows
uncertainty
and services
and diverse
useful for
agrolivelihoods are
ecological
derived.
conditions,
farmers must Hunza is rich
in natural
maintain a
resources like
careful
precious gems
selection of
crops, plants and someone
and livestock of the people
varieties that sell rely on
these
are well
resources for
adapted to
livelihood and
their harsh
environment they some
merchants
s, demand
also export
few
these gems
resources
and earn high
and provide
profits which
security
against risks. helps them to
build their
assets and or
Livelihood
to diversify
strategies
their livelihood
depend
strategies.
largely on
the wise
management
Economic
and use of
much needed
resources for
investment in
rural
production.
Sustainability:
Sustainable
Livelihoods
approaches
provide a
framework for
addressing
poverty and
Vulnerability in
both
development
and
humanitarian
contexts. They
have emerged
from the
growing
realization of the
need to put the
poor and all
aspects of their
lives and means
of
living at the
centre of
development
and
humanitarian
work, while
maintaining the
Sustainability of
natural
resources for
present and
future
generations.
This will
result in the
implementation
of adequate
policies and
practices related
to sustainable
development
and
37
diverse
genetic
resources.
or
financial
capital:
Social
differenti
ation:
An average
Hunzukutz,
whether he
works or earns
from any other
source, is rich
because of the
value of his
property like
house,
orchard and
livestock. If
calculated, the
average worth
of such
commodities
reaches the
million figures.
The availability
of cash or
equivalent that
enables
people to
adopt different
livelihood
strategies is
financial
capital. Two
main sources
of financial
capital can be
identified as:
the relatively
egalitarian
examples of
gender
relations in
some
traditional
mountain
societies
with
Buddhist or
animist
beliefs are
being
transformed
by the
prevailing
values
belonging to
lowland
religious,
nationalistic
and cultural
paradigms.
Some of
these new
values come
from
Western
influences,
some from
regional panSouth Asian
influences
and some
from
development
conservation of
the environment
in the context of
socioeconomic
and climate
change.
Sustained
management of
Ecosystem
assets, including
biodiversity,
land and water
resources,
forests,
rangelands, and
the related
services,
notably by
closely involving
local
communities.
- Available
stocks
comprising
cash, bank
deposits or
liquid assets
such as
livestock and
jewellery, not
38
paradigms
themselves.
The marginal
status of
most
mountain
societies
makes
resistance to
more
powerful
forces
difficult, and
the process
of
mainstreami
ng mountain
cultures into
national
identities
may negate
the stronger
positions of
women from
these
traditional
communities.
having
liabilities
attached and
usually
independent
on third
parties.
- Regular
inflow of
money
(conventional
poverty
indicator of
less than one
dollar a day)
comprising
labour income,
pensions, or
other transfers
from the state,
and
remittances,
which are
mostly
dependent on
others and
need to be
reliable.
Human
capital:
Human capital
in Hunza
represents the
skill,
knowledge,
ability to
labour and
they have their
own farms and
eat healthy
food and
environment is
clean and
39
friendly so the
enjoy good
health that
together
enables
people to
pursue
different
livelihood
strategies and
achieve their
livelihood
objectives.
At the
household
level it varies
according to
gender, age,
household
size, skill
levels,
leadership
potential,
health status,
etc. and
appears to be
a crucial factor
in order to
make use of
any other type
of assets.
Social
capital:
The social
resources
(networks,
social claims,
social
relations,
affiliations,
associations)
upon which
people draw
when pursuing
40
different
livelihood
strategies
requiring
coordinated
actions.
In Hunza there
is only one
community
living they
have their own
community
centers where
they gather for
mutual
benefits.
Physical
capital:
An average
Hunzukutz,
whether he
works or earns
from any other
source, is rich
because of the
value of his
property like
house,
orchard and
livestock. If
calculated, the
average worth
of such
commodities
reaches the
million figures.
41
42
HUMAN CAPITAL
Human capital in Hunza represents the skills like hand weaving,
embroidery, carpet and rug making, gems cutting, handicrafts and so
on. Knowledge includes traditional farming techniques and as well as
modern farming techniques. Human capital in Hunza represents the
skill, knowledge, ability to labour and they have their own farms and
eat healthy food and environment is clean and friendly so the enjoy
good health that together enables people to pursue different livelihood
strategies and achieve their livelihood objectives.
At the household level it varies according to gender, age, household
size, skill levels, leadership potential, health status, etc. and appears
to be a crucial factor in order to make use of any other type of assets.
As they live in capacity to work and good health that together enable
people to pursue different livelihood strategies and achieve their
livelihood outcomes. Human capital is important in its own right;
health, knowledge and skills help create sustainable livelihoods.
Human capital is also necessary to be able to make use of the other
five types of assets.
SOCIAL CAPITAL
The social resources (networks, social claims, social relations,
affiliations, associations) upon which people draw when pursuing
different livelihood strategies requiring coordinated actions.
In Hunza there is only one community living they have their own
community centers where they gather for mutual benefits.
Social capital in Hunza is defined as the social resources upon
which people draw in pursuit of their livelihood objectives. These
social resources are developed through (1) interactions that
increase people's ability to work together, (2) membership of
more formalized groups governed by accepted rules and norms,
43
44
NATURAL CAPITAL
Natural capital is defined as the term used for the natural resource
stocks (e.g., land, water, forests, clean air, and mineral resources)
upon which people rely. The benefits of these stocks can be direct and
and/or indirect, and they are tightly linked with property and user
regimes.
PHYSICAL CAPITAL
Physical capital in Hunza comprises the basic infrastructure and
physical goods that support livelihoods. Infrastructure consists of
changes made to the physical environment that help people to meet
their basic needs and to be more productive. An average Hunzukutz,
whether he works or earns from any other source, is rich because of
the value of his property like house, orchard and livestock. If
calculated, the average worth of such commodities reaches the million
figures.
FINANCIAL CAPITAL
An average Hunzukutz, whether he works or earns from any other
source, is rich because of the value of his property like house, orchard
and livestock. If calculated, the average worth of such commodities
reaches the million figures. Financial capital is defined as the financial
resources that people use to achieve their livelihood outcomes. Most
of the people in rely on agriculture and services for their livelihood and
they save the surplus liquid cash in bank for future shocks. These are
resources in the form of available stocks and regular inflows of money
(for example, livestock and the related flow of income).
POLITICAL CAPITAL
Political capital is the power and capacity to influence political
decision-making through formal and informal participation and/or
45
46
LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES
Agriculture Extensification & Intensification
49
Livelihood diversification
Livelihood diversification in Hunza is diverse but emphasis has
been placed on improved livestock farming through improved
forage and fodder production and breeding, mainly improvised by
NGOs and Government facilities. This system has improved both
the animal feed situation and soil fertility. Cultivation of cash
crops e.g. vegetables, dry fruits (apricots, nuts, mulberry) and
cereal crops including potatoes have been emphasized based on
their comparative advantages. Potato seeds produced in such a
cool and pristine environment fetch a premium price in the market
such as in markets of overall Pakistan. Agro-forestry and timber
production are other important activities. In forestry development,
fodder tree plantation receives prime consideration.
According to the survey crops and vegetables contributes about
91% of the Gross Household Farm Income. The share of fruits is
8% while livestock contributes 1%.
Crops &
Vegetables
Income 1,994,755 21,621,450
%
8%
91%
With the farm incomes people pursue other non farm incomes in
cottage industries or technical skill requiring jobs within their
locality or nearby towns or taking part in other farms on daily
wages in off seasons.
Although livelihood diversification is an important strategy by
which rural people may work to achieve sustainable livelihoods, it
is one that generally operates in conjunction with other strategies
which also contribute to the formation of sustainable livelihoods.
50
52
Conclusion
This research focused on the few crucial initiatives taken by NGO, s, CBO,
s, VC, s, Government institutions and so on. Throughout past two to three
decades among the all capitals, Human capital is one of the major factors
and positive feature which helped to diversify the Livelihoods of people of
Hunza. Migration is one of most dominant phenomenon, played very
dominant role in enhancement of livelihoods of local people, but has been a
common source of non-farm income to varying degrees. Hunza high
mountainous region in the outside edge have often been considered
backward regions, lagging behind the progress of socio-economic
development in the lowlands and urban centres. So, the basic cause of
influential interventions was to reduction of poverty and sustainability of all
five capitals. Education was centred focus in Hunza Valley to bring people
forward and to connect them with rest of the World. .The concept of ICT
use in the region of Hunza was considered as supporting tool for creating a
knowledge repository and it will be a way of communication between the
stakeholders of the region to build Human Capital. For centuries,
traditionally communities supported the development of early inhabitants of
this region, providing the basis for the evolution from hunting and gathering
to agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry and now trade and tourism, which
indicates the change in the pattern of living of people of Hunza and the
diversification of livelihood strategies due to increase in the livelihood
opportunities. The importance of agriculture to the people of Hunza can be
identified in three ways: first, it provides food for local people and ensures
the sustainability of livestock; second it is a source of internal exchange
earnings (within country); and third, it provides market for the growth of
local small business holders. Since women lack in assets ownership so,
Considerable work has been done at governmental and NGO level to
enhance accessibility of easy and cheap institutional credit to women and
Men as well, to enhance and build their Human Capital. Agricultural
Development Bank of Pakistan is one of the most significant examples.
Large numbers of development projects have been going on in G-B for
transformation of communities, improvement of agriculture and economic
53
conditions of population. Several NGOs, like World Wide Fund AKRSP and
IUCN have initiated awareness campaigns, for future concerns and to
stabilization of area for upcoming challenges in the Hunza, as well as the
whole region Gilgit-Baltistan.
54
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