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References
Chapter 1
What is a curriculum?
9/19/2014
Issues on Curriculum
Ongoing debates on
the school curriculum
What should be
taught in schools?
teach mastery of
the facts?
develop
critical and
creative
thinking?
develop the
character of
students?
Because..
Why does curriculum cause
public controversy?
What we know
affects who we are.
How our next
generation will be
educated
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What is curriculum?
No fixed definitions
No agreed definition
Means different things to different people
Hidden Curriculum
What is learned by not
planned/written
Unplanned and informal
curriculum
9/19/2014
Discussion
Curriculum Approaches
curriculum
process
Curriculum Approaches
Content
product
content
Foundations of Curriculum
Guidelines to help people develop a
curriculum
Product
Pre-determined behaviour
Learning outcomes
Setting measurable, fixed, specific objectives
Process
Teaching-learning process
Learning activities
Not fixed (depending on environment: learners, facilities)
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Curriculum Development
Philosophy
Beliefs on how people should be educated and
what knowledge is worthwhile
Psychology
How human learn
Curriculum planning
Curriculum design
Curriculum implementation
Curriculum evaluation
Sociology
What are the needs of society
History
Historical events
Curriculum as a discipline?
Organized set of theoretical principles?
Encompasses a body of knowledge?
Has theoreticians/practitioners?
Yes
Organized set of theoretical principles
Educational philosophy, psychology, sociology
Has theoreticians/practitioners?
Curriculum specialists (planner, developer,
implementer, evaluator)
Relationship between
curriculum and instruction
Curriculum
What is to be
taught
Plan
planner
Curriculum Models
Instruction
How it is taught
Putting into practice what has
been planned
methodology
implementer
No relationship
9/19/2014
Mutually interdependent
C dominating I
interdependent
close working relationship between
implementers and planners
Group discussion
Chapter 2
Philosophical Foundations of
Curriculum
9/19/2014
Discussion
What is Philosophy??
Greek term: Philos (love)
Sophia (wisdom)
Philosophers are people who
seek after wisdom and
curious about the world
seeking to understand the
nature of things.
For examples
What is truth?
What is reality?
What is ethics?
What is right or wrong; good or bad?
What is beauty?
How do we know what we know?
9/19/2014
Philosophies of Education
Western Philosophy
perennialism,
essentialism,
progressivism
reconstructionism
Eastern Philosophy
al-Farabi,
Tagore
Confucius
What is Perennialism
Perenialism = everlasting
Oldest and most conservative
Plato and Aristotle.
the aim of education is to uncover
universal truths.
Discussion
List down the differences between a
traditional classroom and a modern
classroom
What is taught?
Role of students?
Role of teachers?
Perennialist Curriculum
Reading Great Books will discipline the
mind/intellect.
Use a single curriculum for all students
What happens to educationally disadvantaged
students? spend more time in pre-school
Essentialism
Students learn the "essentials" or "basics"
knowledge.
9/19/2014
Progressivism
humans learn best in real-life activities
have fieldtrips where they can interact with nature and
society.
Solve real-life problems
Discussion
Reconstructionism
Believes in social change/reform, cultural
renewal and internationalism
Problems faced by society:
Injustice faced by society
inequalities in terms of race, gender and
socioeconomic status.
poverty, unemployment, crime, war, etc.
9/19/2014
Islamic philosopher
Philosophy is based on the
teaching of Islam or revealed
knowledge (obtained from the
holy book, al-Quran and AsSunnah)
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9/19/2014
Discussion
What are some of al-Farabi's views on
teaching?
How relevant are they today?
Aims of Education
to achieve perfection
carry out good and noble deeds
attain happiness in this world and the
world after
Confucius
Chinas famous philosopher
Discussion
What are the main features of the
Confucian system of education?
How relevant are the ideas of Confucius in
today's schools?
Confucius on Education
Education should seek to produce virtuous
individuals
By raising moral standard, society will
become more virtuous and the country will
be well-governed and its citizens lawabiding.
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9/19/2014
Rabindranath Tagore
Famous for his socio-religious and cultural
innovations
Education should break down social and
religious barriers.
Tagore on Education
Discussion
What are the main aims of
education according to Tagore?
Discussion
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