Analysis

of Vertical
Truss Column

Bergel,GuyL
ARE320L

Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................2
AnalysisChecks.............................................................................................................................................3
WindLoadCalculations.................................................................................................................................4
Layout............................................................................................................................................................6
ColumnandBracingSizing............................................................................................................................7
WindowSystemAnalysis............................................................................................................................11
NonlinearAnalysis......................................................................................................................................13
ConnectiontotheMainStructure..............................................................................................................14
RoofAnalysis...............................................................................................................................................15
OtherNecessaryChecks.............................................................................................................................17
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................17

Introduction

Theverticaltrusscolumnsareprimarilyusedtoresistwindloads.Thesecolumnsarelocatedonthe
southernandwesternwallofthelobbyasshownbelow.Formoredetailonthelayout,seestructural
floorplandocuments.

Iamassumingthatthewestsideof
thewindcolumnwallwillcontrolthe
designsincethiswallhasalarger
surfacearea.Therefore,onlythese
windcolumnswillbeanalyzedusing
maximumexpectedeasterlywinds.

Analysis Checks

UsingAutodeskRobot/Revit,Iwillcheckthefollowingitemsandchangethemaccordingly:
1. Columnandbracingsizing
IwilldeterminewhethertheinitialHSS4X4X1/2columnsandtheinitialHSS2X2X1/8braceswill
exceedthemaximumpermitteddeflectionoflength/360.
2. Maximumdeflectionsofglass/mullionssystem
Iwilldetermineiftheglass/mullionsystemontheroofofthelobbywilldeflectexcessively.
MullionsareHSS2X4X1/4.Sinceglassissensitivetodeflections,Iwilluselength/480asthe
governingdeflectionrequirement.
3. Nonlinearanalysis
Nonlinearanalysiswilldetermineifanyofthematerialswillexhibitnonlinearrelationsbetween
stressandstrain.Secondorderanalysiswilldeterminetheeffectofaxialloadonadeformed
beam/column.Whenthebeam/columndeflects,themagnitudeofaxialloaddeterminesthe
additionalmomentandshearthatthebeamorcolumnwillfeel,thusdecreasingitsstiffness.
Iwilldetermineifsecondordereffectssignificantlyincreasecolumndeflectionsorcreateany
instabilitiesinthesystem.Iwillassumeanunstablesystemiftangentstiffnessiterationsdonot
converge.
4. Connectiontothemainbuildingstructure
Iwilldetermineifadditionallateralreinforcementisnecessaryinthemainstructure(where
classroomandmuseumarelocated)inordertoeffectivelytransferforcesfromthelobbytothe
mainstructure.
5. RoofLoads
Iwilldeterminethedeflectionoftheroofsystemduetodeadloadsonly.
Assumptions:
1. Iwillneglectselfweightofsteelandconcretesincetheseforcesarerelativelysmall.
2. Horizontalmullionsconnectingtowindcolumndonotbend,andsimplytransferforcesto
columns.

Wind Load Calculations

ThefollowingfactorswereobtainedfromtablesthatmaybefoundinASCE710:

BuildingCategory:II
ClassBsurfaceandexposure
Windspeed(V):115mph
WindDirectionalFactor(D):0.85
Kzt=1
GustFactor(G):0.85
EnclosureCategory:Enclosed
InternalPressure(Cpi:0.18
=7
Zg=1200
Cp,z=0.8
Z:heightaboveground

SampleCalculations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Kz(lessthan15)=2.01*(15/Zg)2/=2.01*(15/1200)(2/7)=0.57
Kz(16orgreater)=2.01*(Z/Zg)2/=2.01*(16/1200)(2/7)=0.58(Z=16forthisexample)
qz=0.00256KzKztDV2,
qz(1)=0.00256*0.57*1*0.85*1152=16.54
qh=qzatroofelevation=23.7
p(1)=16.53*0.85*0.823.7*0.85*0.18=14.87psf
p=qzGCp,zqhGCpi,
pointload=p*TributaryArea=14.87psf*(12*2)*1k/1000lb=0.36k/ft

Height(ft)
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53

Kz
0.57472
0.57472
0.57472
0.57472
0.57472
0.57472
0.57472
0.57472
0.595644
0.614877
0.632713
0.649374
0.66503
0.679816
0.693838
0.707185
0.719931
0.732137
0.743854
0.755127
0.765994
0.776489
0.786641
0.796475
0.806015
0.815281
0.82429

qz
Cp,z p(psf)
Load(k/f) SouthEdgeColumn(k/ft)
16.53905 0.8 14.87588
0.36
0.28
16.53905 0.8 14.87588
0.36
0.28
16.53905 0.8 14.87588
0.36
0.28
16.53905 0.8 14.87588
0.36
0.28
16.53905 0.8 14.87588
0.36
0.28
16.53905 0.8 14.87588
0.36
0.28
16.53905 0.8 14.87588
0.36
0.28
16.53905 0.8 14.87588
0.36
0.28
17.14121 0.8 15.28535
0.37
0.29
17.69468 0.8 15.66171
0.38
0.30
18.20797 0.8 16.01075
0.38
0.30
18.68743 0.8 16.33678
0.39
0.31
19.13798 0.8 16.64315
0.40
0.32
19.56346 0.8 16.93248
0.41
0.32
19.96699 0.8 17.20688
0.41
0.33
20.3511 0.8 17.46808
0.42
0.33
20.7179 0.8 17.7175
0.43
0.34
21.06914 0.8 17.95634
0.43
0.34
21.40633 0.8 18.18563
0.44
0.35
21.73074 0.8 18.40623
0.44
0.35
22.04347 0.8 18.61889
0.45
0.35
22.34549 0.8 18.82426
0.45
0.36
22.63763 0.8 19.02292
0.46
0.36
22.92064 0.8 19.21537
0.46
0.37
23.19518 0.8 19.40205
0.47
0.37
23.46182 0.8 19.58337
0.47
0.37
23.7211 0.8 19.75968
0.24
0.19

Layout
ThestructurallayoutofthelobbywaslaidoutinAutodeskRevit.Theglobalcoordinatesystemisshown
onthebottomleft:

TheRevitmodelwastransferredtoAutodeskRobot:
WindLoads:

DeadLoads:

Column and Bracing Sizing

Columnnumbering:

65
64

66

128

127

129

191
190

192
479

478
480

OriginalDeflectionsofColumns:

1
2
3
64
65
66
127
128
129
190
191
192
478
479
480

U_x(in)
0.0117
0.0062
0.0056
0.0114
0.006
0.0054
0.0124
0.0062
0.0062
0.0124
0.0061
0.0063
0.0104
0.0051
0.0052

U_y(in)
2.0263
2.0937
0.0474
2.0256
2.0907
0.0471
2.287
2.3124
0.0443
2.4045
2.4902
0.0902
1.8895
1.9656
0.0643

U_z(in)
0.3345
0.0496
1.974
0.3307
0.0493
1.9755
0.4178
0.0469
2.1955
0.4422
0.0667
2.2881
0.3552
0.0474
1.7954

Results:

Currentbarsizes:HSS4X4X1/2columns,HSS2X2X1/8diagonals
MaximumDeflection=2.49
MaximumPermittedDeflection=56*12/1*1/360=1.76
Thecolumnandbracingsizesmustbeincreased.IwilltryHSS6X6X3/8columnswithHSS
2X2X1/4diagonalmembers.

NewDeflectionsofColumns:

1
2
3
64
65
66
127
128
129
190
191
192
478
479
480

U_x(in) U_y(in) U_z(in)

0.0108 0.9554 0.1759
0.0057 1.0003 0.0425
0.0051 0.0387 0.9061
0.0105 0.9595 0.1716
0.0057 1.0041 0.0433
0.0049 0.0397 0.9126
0.0107 1.0966
0.219
0.0055 1.1211 0.0407
0.0051 0.0359 1.0258
0.0106 1.1713
0.233
0.0054 1.2204 0.0378
0.0052 0.0548 1.0859
0.0089 0.9153 0.1884
0.0046 0.9582 0.0293
0.0043 0.0399 0.8458

Results:

MaximumDeflection=1.22
MaximumPermittedDeflection=56*12/1*1/360=1.76
Thecolumndeflectioniswithintheacceptablelimits.

10

DeflectionDiagramsDuetoWindLoads:

11

Window System Analysis

BeamNumbering:
Iwillanalyzeonesectionofmullions.

546 561 572 583594 605 616

546_DL
546_wind
561_DL
561_wind
572_DL
572_wind
583_DL
583_wind
594_DL
594_wind
605_DL
605_wind
616_DL
616_wind

x
U_x(in)

U_y(in)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0

U_z(in)
0.0055
0.0119
0.0003
0.0025
0.0001
0.0014
0.0003
0.0017
0.0002
0.0013
0.0002
0.0017
0.0002
0.0028

TotalU_Z(in)
0.0013
0.0103
0.009
0.0101
0.006
0.0041
0.0148
0.0158
0.001
0.0054
0.0079
0.0025
0.0153
0.0139
0.0014
0.0103
0.0023
0.008
0.0007
0.007
0.0077

12

546_a
546_b
561_a
561_b
572_a
572_b
583_a
583_b
594_a
594_b
605_a
605_b
616_a
616_b

Note:alldeflectionsareinlocalcoordinatesystems
Currentbarsizes:HSS8X4X1/2,MullionsareHSS6X2X1/2
DeflectionPermitted:length/480=5*12/1/480=0.125Allmullionsmeetthiscriteria
Angulardistortionsmustalsobecalculatedinordertodetermineifmullionsdistorttoo
muchforglasspanels
Iwillassumethatthereisabarrierbetweenmullionandglassinordertopreventany
loadsfromtransferringtoglass
Iwillalsoassumethatthemullionsareseparatedfromtheadjacentroofingsystem.
Thiswillpreventshearforcesfromtransferringfromthemullionstotheroofing
membrane.

R_x(rad) R_y(rad) R_z(rad)

0.001
0.004
0.001
0
0.004
0.001
0
0.004
0.001
0
0.002
0.001
0
0.002
0.001
0
0
0.001
0
0
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.003
0.001
0.001
0.003
0.001
0.001
0.003
0.001
0.001
0.003
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001

13

Nonlinear Analysis

Beam
1
2
3
64
65
66
127
128
129
190
191
192
478
479
480

NewDeflections
U_x(in) U_y(in)
0.0088 0.9578
0.0087 1.0026
0.0076 0.0391
0.0087 0.9624
0.0086 1.0069
0.0073 0.0402
0.0089 1.0989
0.0085 1.1236
0.0075 0.0366
0.0088 1.1735
0.0081 1.2224
0.0075 0.0558
0.0076 0.9165
0.0064 0.9591
0.0059 0.0407

U_z(in)
0.1773
0.0417
0.908
0.1729
0.0425
0.9152
0.2204
0.0403
1.0279
0.2348
0.0385
1.0879
0.1894
0.0291
0.8467

DifferencebetweensecondandFirstOrderresults
Beam
U_x(in)
U_y(in)
U_z(in)
1
0.002
0.0024
0.0014
2
0.003
0.0023
0.0008
3
0.0025
0.0004
0.0019
64
0.0018
0.0029
0.0013
65
0.0029
0.0028
0.0008
66
0.0024
0.0005
0.0026
127
0.0018
0.0023
0.0014
128
0.003
0.0025
0.0004
129
0.0024
0.0007
0.0021
190
0.0018
0.0022
0.0018
191
0.0027
0.002
0.0007
192
0.0023
0.001
0.002
478
0.0013
0.0012
0.001
479
0.0018
0.0009
0.0002
480
0.0016
0.0008
0.0009

Theresultsindicateaslightvariationbetweenfirstandsecondorderdeflectionsofcolumns
Theslightdifferencemeansthesecolumnsdidnotloseasignificantamountofstiffnessdueto
windloadingandbehavelinearly.

14

Connection to the Main Structure

ColumnNumbering:

473

474

475

476

477

Column U_x(in) U_y(in) U_z(in)

473 0.0013 0.4001 0.0589
474 0.0012 0.3852 0.0589
475 0.0011 0.3597 0.0661
476
0.001 0.3323 0.0653
477 0.0008 0.2948 0.0689

Concretecolumnsize:12X36,3.5ksiconcrete
Byconnectingtheverticaltrusscolumnstoconcretecolumns(asopposedtogirders),higher
lateralresistanceisprovidedontheupperportionsofthetrusscolumns
ConcreteColumnsexperiencehighestdeflectionintheydirection.
Maximumdeflectionsarelowerthanmaximumpermitteddeflectionof1.77(sameastruss
column)
ReinforcementlayoutmustbedeterminedinaccordancetoACI

15

Roof Analysis
RoofNormalStresses:

16

RoofShearStress:

Highnormalstressesarefeltinbottomcentercolumn.Thisismostlikelyduetothefactthatit
isconnectedtoabeamthatconnectstothemullionsthustransferringstressesfromone
portionofthelobbytotheother.Inordertopreventhighstressconcentrations,itis
recommendedtoseparatethiscolumnfromtheroofmembrane.
Highestshearstressesoccuratallcolumnroofconnections.Thissuggeststhatshearstresson
theroofingmembranedoesnotoccurduetotransferofforcesfromthemullions.

17

Other Necessary Checks

1. Checkstressesoneachbarandcomparetoyieldstrength.

Smax
(ksi)

Smin
(ksi)

Smax
(ksi)

MAX
Bar
Node
Case
Min
Min
Bar
Node
Case

34.48
210
209
3

1.85
132
129
3

0.54
410
274
3

25.28
208
211
3

34.74
205
208
3

0
389
130
1

S
max(Mz)
(ksi)

16.12
128
129
3

0
384
262
1

S
min(My)
(ksi)

0
384
262
3

25.28
208
211
3

S
min(Mz)
(ksi)

0
1
1
2

16.12
128
129
3

Fx/Ax
(ksi)

3.46
195
192
3

3.3
127
127
3

Datasuggestthatsomebarsareapproachingyieldstrength.Theirsizeorthicknessmayneedtobe
increasedinordertomaintainalinearelasticbehavior
2. DesignstrengthmustbecheckedSafetyfactorsmustbeappliedtobarforcesandcomparedto
requiredstrengthtodetermineifthedesignstrengthofeachmemberissatisfied.
3. GlassstrengthmustbecheckedItneedstobedeterminedwhethertheglasscurtainwallwill
withstandangulardistortionsofmullionswithoutshattering.

Conclusion

HSS4X4X1/2columns,HSS2X2X1/8diagonalswerechangedtoHSS6X6X3/8columnswithHSS
2X2X1/4diagonalmembersinordertomaintainminimumdeflectionrequirements
Mullionsystemfitdeflectioncriteriaanddonotneedtoberesized.Howevertopreventany
excessivestresses,themullionsmustbeseparatedfromboththewindcolumns,andtheglass.
Thiswillpreventforcesfromtransferringtotheglassthuscausingittobreak.
Itissafetoassumethattrusscolumnsbehavelinearlyandelastically.
12X36rectangularconcretecolumnsarerequiredontheoppositesideofthelobbytoresist
windforces.Thiswillpreventexcessivedeflectionofthetopofthetrusscolumns
Beamsandcolumnsinglassroofportionshouldbedisconnectedfrombeamsandcolumnsin
concreteroofportion.Thiswillpreventexcessivenormalstressestransferringbetweenthetwo
sectionsandcausinghighstressconcentrations.