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Lipids
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Mitochondrial Metabolism
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CoA
Vitamin B5 Derived Cofactor
Non-protein required for enzymes
CoA-SH
Thiol group is very important to function
Takes carboxylic acid and attaches to something else
CoA-SH + RCO2H CoA-carboxylic acid + H20
Used as an Acyl carrier
Acetyl CoA
Citrate
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Summary of TCA
1 ATP; 3 NADH; 1 FADH2 + 2CO2
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
NADH and FADH2 in mitoc. oxidized to NAD+ and FAD
Electrons serially transferred to O2 to become H20
Mitochondrial membrane
Protons pumped out
Four Complexes; 3 pump protons (not Complex II)
NADH Reductase (Complex I)
o Oxidizes NADH to form NAD+
Problem
F1 F0 ATP Synthase
Mitochondrial ATP synthase
F0 transports H+ from outside to inside; unidirectional rotation
F1 uses rotational energy to produce ATP from ADP + Pi
F1 Subunit
Composed of 9 subunits
Fatty Acids
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NADH and FADH2 are worth only 2.5 and 1.5 ATP per molecule
because ATP-ADP translocase increases cost of protons to 4 per ATP
molecule generated
Places NADH is generated
Glycolysis 2 per glucose
PDH 1 per pyruvate (so 2 per glucose)
TCA- 3 per pyruvate (so 6 per glucose)
------------------------------Fatty Acid Stuff-----------------------------------Fatty Stuff
Oil Red O: chemical that turns pink when it gets into lipids
ACL stained pink; major source of fatty acid synthesis
1st Step
Acetyl CoA becomes malonyl CoA
CO2 attached to Acetyl CoA with ATP hydrolysis (similar to
oxaloacetate formation by biotin from pyruvate)
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC)
Highly regulated
Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP)
ACP replaces CoA as CoA is not stable in water and this is used for
the rest of fatty acid synthesis
Fatty Acid Synthase
Highly modular complex
Multi-enzyme protein complex
Malonyl ACP is made with release of CO2 and ACP in synthase
NADPH
NADPH used in major anabolic processes
Anti-oxidant against oxidative stress in cells
Used to produce reactive oxygen in immune cells to kill
microorganisms
Completely reduces second half of the malonyl ACP to a
hydrocarbon looking thing
Releases water when OH leaves
Each cyle removes 2 carbons from carboxyl ends and taken out and
become acetyl CoA
Each produces 1 FADH2 and 1 NADH and 1 Acetyl CoA, but at the
end there will be an extra Acetyl CoA remaining so it/s always 1+
(number of NADH) = number of acetyl CoA from molecule
Fatty acids for energy
Triacylglycerol cleaved into fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acids fatty acid coenzyme A and move into mitochondria
Fatty acid CoA cannot enter directly
o
o
o
o
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If there isnt enough oxaloacetate, there will not be anything for TCA cycle,
leaving extra acetyl CoA
This is converted to ketone bodies which are used by other organs
for energy supply
Some diseases have nail-polish remover like-smell
Cholesterol Synthesis
Same de novo vs. food salvage process
-----------------------------End---------------------------------------------------Amino Acid Metabolism
Nitrogen Fixation
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PPP
Transaldolase
Takes 3C from sedoheptulose-7-P and generates fructose-6-P with
erythrose-4-P
Overall
2 NADPH generated/G6P
Non-oxidative phase: other metabolic precursors generated
If no other processes were begun, 3G6P becomes 2 fructose 6 P
and 1 glyceraldehyde 3 P for glycolysis
Energy losing process
o More loss w/ more loss of carbons in R5P or E4P
-------------------------------Nucleotide Biosynthesis------------------------Nucleotide
Base + ribose + phosphate (s)
Nucleoside = nucleotide w/o phosphates
Cellular metabolism as energy source
Precursor to DNA/RNA etc
Consumption
At any time, the amount of nucleotides present is not enough to
perform duplication of genome in E. coli
Purine Synthesis
Gln used as NH2 donor to PRPP
Generates IMP which is converted to AMP or GMP (AMP needs GTP,
GMP needs ATP hehe)
Overall nucleotide biosynthesis = messay and consumes LOT of energy
Suppressed when
No Pi
Too much ADP
Insulin
Cholesterol Metabolism
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