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Topic 4: Graphs of Linear Equations

Consider the two perpendicular lines shown below. The horizontal line is referred to as the z-axis and the vertical line as the gt-axis. The point where these
lines intersect is known as the origin and is denoted by the letter O. These lines
enable us

to define uniquely any point, P, in terms of its coordinates, (r,y).

The first number,

r,

denotes the horizontal distance along the z-axis and the

second number 3r denotes the vertical distance Elong the 3t-axis' The arrows on

the axis denotes the positive direction.

Example
Plot the following points (-2,3),(-3,-4),(3,5),(1,-4)

11

The general equation of a straight line takes the form

drlea:f,
/. Such an equation is called a linear equation. The
numbers d and e are referred to as the coefficients. For example, the coefficients
for some numbers d, e and
of the linear equation

2r-Y:-3
are 2 and -1. The coefficient of r is 2 and the coefficient of gr is -1.
To sketch the graph of a straight line it is sufficient to draw a line through

any two points lying on it.

Example
Sketch the graph of the straight line

: 2rt3,

for values of z lying between 0 and 4.

We determine the coordinates of two points on the line. When z : 0 we
have that 9 : 3 and when r : 4 we have g : 11. Therefore, the points (0,3)
and (4, 11) lie on the line.

12

r
Example
Sketch the straight line

Setting

2r:5

r:0
or

2r-fY:$.

U:5. Hence (0,5) lies on the line. Setting

2. Hence (512,0) lies on the line.

gives

r :5f

13

9:0

gives

Slope of a Straight Line

The slope of a straight Iine provides important information about the behaviour

of the relationship between the variables z and gr. If e is nonzero then the
equation

drIeg:f,

can be rearranged into the form

A:ar+b'
r : 0, A : b and
therefore the constant b represents the intercept on the g-axis. The coefficient
a determines the slope of the straight line.
The coefficients a and b have special significance. When

Example
Determine the slope and intercept of the straight line 9r * 3y
We need to write this equation in the form A : ar * b.

9r -f39

4.

3s

*9rI4

-3r* -J

One can say immediately that the slope of this straight line is -3 and the inter-

cept is 4/3.

I4

Example
Find the slope of the straight line which passes through the points (2,-1) and
(-2.-1 1 ).

The slope of a straight line passing through the points

P',

: Uz-at '
12-rI

Therefore the required slope is

t:

11

- (-1)

-2-2

15

-10 5
4 - t

(rt,At), (r2,92) is