ENGR 2220U Structure and Properties of

Materials
Mid-Term Examination
Instructor: Ghaus Rizvi
Time: 120 minutes
Date: October 20, 2012

Instructions:

Closed book & closed laptop.

A calculator is allowed.
Answer all questions
The questions do not carry equal marks. Spend your time accordingly.
The total mark is 100 and the exam time is 120 minutes.
The marks for each question are given besides the Q#
No communication with others at any time.
Data sheet is on the back

Q-1 Multiple choice, each question carries equal marks (15)

1) Ceramics are:
a. Hard and very tough
b. Hard but not tough
c. Brittle and soft
d. malleable and strong
2) Important properties of Metals are:
a. Strong and brittle
b. Strong and ductile
c. Hard and non-deformable
d. Stiff and non-deformable
3) Some examples of polymers are:
a. Cotton, Nylon, petroleum, silk and hemp fibers
b. Cotton, Nylon, silk, glass fibers and wool fibers
c. Cotton, Nylon, glass fibers, wool, silk and hemp fibers
d. Cotton, Nylon, silk, polyethylene and PVC
4) Which of the following statements is true?
a. Biomaterials are materials that mainly contain hydrocarbons
b. Biomaterials have their origins in agricultural products only
c. Biomaterials should not produce toxic substances in human body
d. Biomaterials easily degrade when exposed to sun light
5) Properties of Iron cannot be changed over a very wide range by imparting proper heat
treatment
a. True
b. False
6) Non-linear stress strain relationship is generally exhibited by
a. Polymeric materials
b. Metallic materials
c. Composites
d. Ceramics
7) Poissons ratio is
a. The ratio of applied stress to the resulting strain
b. The ratio of lateral strain to the normal strain
c. The ratio of applied stress to lateral strain
8) True stress on a body deformed by the application of a force is defined as:
a. Force divided by the actual cross sectional area
b. Force multiplied by the actual cross sectional area
c. Force multiplied by the original cross sectional area

d. Force divided by the original cross sectional area

9) A material is isotropic if it:
a. has uniform composition
b. Exhibits uniform properties in all direction
c. Exhibits different properties in different direction
10) The larger the difference in electro negativity between two atoms, the greater is the
tendency to form ionic bonds
a. T
b. F
11) The solubility of a solute in general
a. decreases with increasing pressure
b. decreases with increasing temperature
c. is higher when crystal structures of constituents are similar
d. is lower when the atom sizes are similar
12) The equilibrium number of vacancies Nv is a function of the following parameters
a. Total number of atomic sites
b. Temperature
c. Forces between atoms
d. Boltzmanns constant
13) In a unit crystal, 110 represents
a. a point within it
b. a direction in it
c. a plane in it
14) Covalent bonds are in general
a. Stronger than ionic bonds
b. Weaker than secondary bonds
c. Non directional in nature
d. Directional in nature
15) Polymorphism is defined as
a. the property of a material which enables it to form different crystal structure under
different conditions
b. the property of a material which enables it to form different crystal sizes under
different conditions
c. the property of a material which enables it to form different compositions under
different conditions

Q1 (6 marks)
Sketch the following directions [10 2] and [121] in cubic unit cell? (2)
a) [10 2]

b) [121]

z
1/2
y

1/2

Determine the Miller indices for the two planes shown in the following unit cell.(4)

1/2

-1/3

Plane a
a
Intercepts
1
Reciprocal
1/1
Lowest integers 1

b
-1/2
-1/1/2
-2
(121)

c
1
1/1
1

Plane b

a
Intercepts
1
Reciprocal
1/1
Q2 (8 marks)
Lowest integers 1

b
c
1
-1/3
1/1
-1/1/3
1
-3
(113)
If the theoretical density of copper is 8.90 g /cm3, calculate the atomic radius of copper.
First derive the relationship between the lattice parameter a of the crystal structure and
the atomic radius r of copper.

All edges are equal in cubic structure:

Close packed direction (use Pythagoras theorem):

a =b =c
(a)2 + (a)2 = (4R)2
2 a2 = (4R)2
a = 4R/2
a3 = (4R/2 )3 = 16R32

Volume of cell:

Theoretical density eq.:

nACu
VC N A

nACu
(16R 3 2 ) N A

Solving for R from the above expression yields

1/3
nACu

R=

16N A 2
1amu = 1g/mol

1/3

(4 atoms/unit cell)63.55 amu

=

3
23
(16)(8.9 g/cm )(6.022 10 atoms/mol)( 2 )

= 1.27 10-8 cm = 0.127 nm

Q3 (6 marks)
Determine the composition, in weight percent, of an alloy containing 75 atom% nickel
and 25 atom% copper.
For composition, in weight percent, of a 75 at% Ni-25 at% Cu alloy, employ mentioned
below
1amu = 1gmol

C Ni =

C Ni ANi
100

C Ni ANi CCu
ACu

(75 )(58 .69 amu )

100
(75 )(58 .69 amu ) (25 )( 63 .55 amu )

= 73.47 wt%
Similarly use equation for wt.% of Cu

C Ni =

CCu
ACu
100

C Ni ANi CCu
ACu

(25 )( 63 .55 amu )

100
(75 )(58 .69 amu ) (25 )( 63 .55 amu )
= 26.53 %
=

Q4 (15)
To case harden a steel part, carbon environment is used to set the surface carbon content
at 0.9 wt%. The initial carbon content of steel is 0.2 wt%. Calculate the time it would,
take at 1000C, to reach a carbon content of 0.5 wt% at a distance of 1.5 mm from the
surface. (Hint: use the diffusion coefficient of gamma () iron)
T = 1000oC = 1000 + 273 = 1273ok

Co = 0.2 wt.%
Cs = 0.9 wt.%
Cx = 0.5 wt.%
x = 1.55 mm
t=
C x C0

x
= 1 erf

2 Dt
Cs C0

C x C0 0.5 0.20
x

=
= 0.428 = 1 erf
C s C0 0.9 0.20
2 Dt
x
erf
= 1 0.428 = 0.572
2 Dt

By linear interpolation using data from Table 5.1

z
0.55
z
0.60

erf(z)
0.563
0.572
0.6039

z 0.55
0.572 0.563
=
0.60 0.563 0.6039 0.563
x
z = 0.5503 =
2 Dt
Now, from Table 5.2, at 1000oC (1273 K)

Q
D0 = D exp d
RT

148,000 J/mol
D = (2.3 10-5 m2 /s) exp

(8.31 J/mol- K)(1273 K)

= 1.93 10-11 m2/s

Thus,

0.5503=

1.510 3 m
(2) (1.9310 11 m 2 /s)(t )

Solving for t yields

t = 9.6 104 s = 26.73 h
Q5 (15)
For a bronze alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is 267 MPa and the
modulus of elasticity is 115 GPa.
(a) What is the maximum load (in N) that may be applied to a specimen having a circular
cross-sectional
area
of
300
mm2
without
plastic
deformation?
(b) If the original length of the specimen in part a) is 137 mm, what is the maximum
length (in mm) to which it may be stretched without causing plastic deformation?
Calculate the new diameter corresponding to stretched length. (v=0.33)

(a) Determination of max. load at which plastic deformation begins

Fy = y A0 = (267 106 N/m2 )(300 10-6 m2 )
= 80100 N

(b) The maximum length at which the sample may be deformed without plastic
deformation is determined by combining two equations

li lo
lo

li = l0 1

267MPa
= (137 mm)1
= 137.32 mm
3
115

10
MPa

Determination of new diameter, di (v = 0.34)
z = L/Li
= (Lf-Li)/Li = (137.32-137)/137 = 137.32/137 = 0.0023
z = - x/v
Rearrange the formula
x = - zv = - 0.0023 * 0.34 = - 0.000794
x = d/do = (di-do)/do
-0.000794 = (di -19.54)/19.54
di = 19.524 mm2
Q6 (10)
A suspension bridge is to be supported by a series of steel wires. It is estimated that the
load on each wire will be 11,100 N. Determine the minimum required wire diameter
assuming a factor of safety of 3 and yield strength of 1030 MPa.
Determination of working stress

w=

y 1030 MPa
3

=343 .33 MPa

Since the force is given, the area may be determined from Equation 6.1, and subsequently
the original diameter d0 may be calculated as

F
A

Rearrange the equation:

d 2
F
A0 =
= 0
w
2
Finally

d0 =

4F
(4)(11,100 N )
=
w
(343 .33106 N / m 2 )

do = 6.41 10-3 m = 6.41 mm

Q7 (15)
Consider a single crystal of BCC iron oriented such that a tensile stress is applied along
[010] direction.Compute the resolved shear stress along a (110) plane and in a [111]
direction when a tensile stress of 52 MPa is applied.
The angle is the angle between the tensile axisi.e., along the [010] directionand the
slip directioni.e. [111] . The angle may be determined using Equation

cos1

u12 v12 w12 u 22 v 22 w22

u1u 2 v1v 2 w1w2

where (for [010]) u1 = 0, v1 = 0, w1 = 1, and (for [111] ) u2 = 1, v2 = 0, w2 = 1.

Therefore, where (for [111]) u1 = 0, v1 = 0, w1 = 1, and (for [1 01] ) u2 = 1, v2 = 0, w2 =
1. Therefore, is equal to

cos1

2
2
2
2
2
2
(0) (1) (0) (1) (1) (1)

(0)(1) (1)(1) (0)(1)

 1
54 .7
cos 1
3

Furthermore, is the angle between the tensile axisthe [010] directionand the
normal to the slip planei.e., the (110) plane; Therefore,

cos1

(0) 2 (1) 2 (0) 2 (1) 2 (1) 2 (0) 2

(0)(1) (1)(1) (0)(0)

1
45
cos 1
2

Finally, the critical resolved shear stress is equal to

crss = y (cos cos )

= (52 MPa) cos(54 .7 ) cos(45 ) = 21.24 MPa

Q8 (10)
Give short answers to the following:
1. Write down the names of at least two zero dimensional defects. (1)
Vacancies
Substitutional atoms
Interstitial atoms
Self-interstitial atoms
2. What is the difference between in critical resolved shear stress & resolved shear
stress (2)
Critical resolved shear stress is the threshold value of shear stress at which slip
initiates in the system while resolved shear stress is the shear component in the slip
direction, of applied tensile stress
3. Why interstitial diffusion is faster than vacancy diffusion? (3)
Due to small atomic sizes and availability of more interstitial sites in atomic structure
4. Deform a metal and it gets harderwhy? (3)

After deformation metal becomes harder due to increase in dislocation density that
generates the strain field in the vicinity of dislocation and hinders their motion.
5. What is a necessary condition for substitution diffusion to occur? (1)
There should be a vacancy in the crystal structure for substitution diffusion