The Seven Standards of Textuality

1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

Cohesion it concerns the way in which the components of the surface text
that is the actual words we hear or see are naturally connected within a
sequence. The surface components depend on each other according to
grammatical form and conventions such that cohesion, rests upon
grammatical dependencies. The grammatical dependencies in surface texts
are major signals for sorting out meanings and uses. Cohesion encompasses
all of the functions that can be used to signal relations among surface
elements.
Coherence in which the components of the textual world that is the
configuration of concepts and relations which underlays the surface text are
mutually accessible and relevant. In essence, coherence is not imported from
the ST; it is constructed newly in the TT using the source sense relations.
Coherence is property, which texts assume when their information contents
take on a logical structure. Coherence is not an information, it is the
connection of individual information elements to create longer global
structures of meaning.
Intentionality the text producers attitude that set of occurrences should
constitute a cohesive and coherent text in fulfilling the producers intentions.
Acceptability concerning the text receivers attitude that the set of
occurrences should constitute a cohesive and coherent text having some use
of relevance for the receivers. A text must be intended to be a text and
accepted to be such in order to be utilized in communicative interactions.
Informativity it concerns the extent to which the occurrences of the
presented text are expected or unexpected, known or unknown.
Beaugrande&Dressles they use the term Informativity to designate the
extent to which a presentation is new or unexpected for the receivers.
6. Situationality concerns the factors, which make a text relevant to situation
of occurrence. The location of the text in a socio-cultural context in a real
time and places is names Situationality. The general strategy of a translator
is to adjust the text to its new situation. Adjustments may involve a variety
of translation procedures, compression, textual rearrangements .
7. Intertextuality refers to the relationship between a certain text and other
texts, which spare characteristics with it. The factors which allow readers to
distinguish in a new text, features of other texts that they had experienced.

Translation strategies, procedures and

Methods
The purpose of translation methods and procedures and of the translation
itself is to achieve maximum equivalence or equivalence effect.
The first in trying to retain as much as purely form of aspects of ST. It
aims at getting the message of the ST across even if it take serious changes
in the formal aspects of the text.
Peter Newmarks following translations methods
1. With the total focus in the ST language
2. And the other being focused on the other language
Imediative
ST/SL focus on
-word for word translation; faithful translation; literal translation ;semantic
translation
Functional
TL/TL focus on
-idiomatic translation; free translation; communicative translation;
adaptation translation
Technical procedures are divided in
Main procedures
Transposition; Modulation; Equivalence; Adaptation
Complementary procedures
Amplification; Explicitation; Omission; Compension
When opting for appropriate TR procedures, the translator has to keep an
eye on the translation method, he or she chosen initially. Indeed translation
procedures depend on the choice of the translation method, which is a
global choice of a translator on a large scale.
Ways of Translating a Text
According to Larson there exist 5 ways of translation
1) Comparison with the ST
2) Back translation into the SL
3) Comprehension test
4) Naturalness and readability
5) Consistency checks
The comparison
is a self-check that is done by the translator. Someone else who knows
translation principles could do it. After checking, the translator will make
another comparison looking for other problems.
Back translation
Having someone else who is bilingual, making a back translation into the
ST. this person takes the TR and writes out the meaning back into the SL.
He should do it without having read the TT used by the translator
Comprehension test
Is done with persons who are fluent speakers of the TL, these people
should be ordinary people from various classes of the society. Testing
should be done with the more highly educated and with the newly literate
if the translation is intended for all. The responded is responsible to give a
summary of the read material. The tester should be careful to choose a
section which is a unit and which is not so long that it could be hard to
remember the content.
Naturalness and readability
The purpose of naturalness is to see if the form of the translation and the
style is appropriate. Reviewers do this testing. All reviewers should be
looking for ways to improve the clarity, naturalness, flow of the discourse
and the emotive impact on the readers. Readability tests are done by
asking someone to read a part of the text aloud; it should be a complete
section. As they read, the tester will notice any places where the readers
hesitates.
Consistancy check
Some of these have to do with the content of the translation and others
have to do with the techniques and details of the presentation. All of those
who are testing the translation should be aware for reading problems
related to formatting as well as content. If the document being translated is
a long one or done over a long period it is possible that the translator has
been inconsistent in the use of the lexical equivalence for same key terms.