Quran I C Arabic Patterns Explained

Quranic Arabic Patterns
By Gregory Morse
Traditionally, Arabic and Quranic Arabic is taught with a perspective of what is allowed and not what is
not allowed. A comprehensive study and thinking about the Quran reveals some interesting facts about
the Arabic language that could strengthen the knowledge and understanding of the special cases mostly
dealing around the diacritics. This is article is intended for an intermediate level Arabic student to benefit
from clarifying the pattern always used which will also help especially with computerized Arabic. As part
of research conducted, some really interesting and notable things were found to help facilitate
understanding, learning and familiarity especially for those of us who are not native Arabic speakers.
The next article will focus on a complete description of the tajweed (recitation) symbols found in the
Quran.
Table of Arabic symbols (sorted by frequency used in the Quran)
Fatha ( )
Sukun ( )
Damma ( )
Kasra ( )
Alef ()
Shadda ( )
Alef Wasla ()
Alef With Hamza Above ()
Superscript Alef ( )
Fathatan ( )
Maddah Above ( )
Alef Maksura ()
Kasratan ( )
Teh Marbuta ()
Dammatan ( )
Hamza ()
Alef With Hamza Below ()
Yeh With Hamza Above ()

Waw With Hamza Above ()
Hamza Above ( )
Tatweel ()
The red color denotes not allowed or possible while green denotes only allowed or only possible and the
arrows are used for combinations with the + symbol used to mean combining of any from the last column
or an incoming arrow.
Diacritic combinations
The Shadda is optional and must be followed by a Fatha, Kasra or Damma or at the end of a word only
with a few exceptions, a tanween (Fathatan, Kasratan and Dammatan) and in the case of a Fathah it can
be followed by the Superscript Alef which can optionally be followed by a Maddah or Sukun. Maddah
above when not on a Superscript Alef or Alef appears only on the special letter combinations at the
beginning of 29 chapters in the Quran to represent the lengthening of the letter spellings. The Hamza
Above is followed by Fatha, Kasra, Damma or Sukun and at the end of a word also a Fathatan.
Harakah formula: [Sukun] | [Maddah Above] | [Hamza Above] + ([Fatha] | [Kasra] | [Damma] |
[Fathatan] | [Sukun]) | [Superscript Alef] + ([Maddah Above] | [Sukun]) | [Shadda] + ([Fatha] +
([Superscript Alef] + [Maddah Above]) | [Kasra] | [Damma]) | [Fathatan] | [Kasratan] | [Dammatan])) |
[Fatha] + [Superscript Alef] + [Hama Above] + [Sukun]
Beginning of words
Alef With Hamza Above ( )is the only special consideration here. The prefixes for verbs and nouns are
shown as well as how they combine. Then those which cannot follow are listed as well. The letter is
usually dropped altogether from recitation yet it can be a fatha on nouns or a kasra or damma on verbs
depending on the diacritic of the 2nd letter after it with some notable exceptions.
End of words
Teh Marbuta only appears at the end of the word followed by harakah and is always preceded by a Fatha
or in a few cases a Superscript Alef. It is typically used to represent feminine nouns. It is pronounced as a
Teh if continuing or a Heh if stopping.
Fathatan and End of Word Diacritics

The Fathatan is special in that it is followed by an Alef or Alef Maksura generally except when it is on a
Teh Marbuta or a Hamza. Dammatan can take an Alef in 3 occasions which are not pronounced.
Hamza
Although a bit crowded, this chart shows the various harakah combinations allowed before and after the
Hamza letters. The Hamza causes the madd (alef, waw or yeh) to be dropped all together except when the
waw or yeh Hamza are found after an Alef Wasla at a starting place.
Principles:
1) Joined prefixes matter, yet suffixes do not and instead only trailing letters are important.
2) At the end of word, look behind first and for beginning or middle look forward first.
3) Hamza letters which resemble the neighboring letters are not used.
4) Connecting and non-connecting letters preceding do matter.
5) Minimizing of repetition of isolated letters is typical.
6) There are 3 scenarios where 2 different Hamza could both be written though one is far more
common and it still follows the principles but gives a stylistic option for having a connecting or
non-connecting way of writing, making connecting or non-connecting the weakest of the
principles.
7) In several cases word roots matter as well as whether the word is a verb or not or in a certain
conjugated form.
Hamza at Start of the Word (stripped of all joined prefixes, though including the prefixes themselves as in
the Hamza of interrogation, including starting Wasl-Hamza words)
1) If followed by a Fatha and an Alef with Hamza Above which is followed by a Fatha then write a big
Hamza.
2) If followed by a Fatha and an Alef with Hamza Above which is part of the verb root and followed
by a Damma or an Alef with Hamza Below which is followed by Kasra then write an Alef with
Hamza Above.
3) If followed by a Fatha and an Alef with Hamza Above which is part of the verb conjugation (1 st
person singular) and followed by a Damma then write a Waw with Hamza Above.
4) If prefixed by an Alef with Hamza Above followed by a Fatha and followed by a Kasra and a Noon
(8 out of 19 times) or followed by a Thal and Fatha and Alef (1 out of 12 times) then optionally
write a Yeh With Hamza Above.
5) If prefixed by a big Hamza followed by a Fatha then write an Alef with Hamza Above.
6) If prefixed by an Alef with Hamza Above followed by a Fatha then write a big Hamza.
7) If prefixed ending with the letter Lam and Kasra and followed by a Fatha and Alef then write
Tatweel with Hamza Above.
8) If prefixed by a letter ending with other than Lam and Kasra and followed by a Fatha and Alef
then write a big Hamza.
9) If followed by a Fatha followed by an Alef then write a big Hamza.
10) If followed by a Fatha or Damma then write an Alef with Hamza Above.
11) If followed by a Kasra then write an Alef with Hamza Below.
12) If preceded by a Wasl then write Waw with Hamza Above or Yeh with Hamza Above depending
on the word root.
Hamza in Middle of the Word (even when followed by Tanween or Damma with Alef)
1) If followed by a Sukun:
a. If preceded by a Fatha and Superscript Alef then write a Hamza Above.
b. If preceded by a non-connection letter followed by Damma then write a big Hamza.
c.
If preceded by a Kasra and the Sukun is followed by Yeh then write a big Hamza.
d. If preceded by a connecting letter followed by Damma and the Sukun is followed by a

Waw then write a Tatweel with a Hamza Above.
e.
If preceded by a Seen followed by Sukun followed by Teh followed by Fatha then write a
Tatweel with a Hamza Above (21 out of 23 times).
f.
If preceded by Fatha then write Alef With Hamza Above.
g.
If preceded by a connecting letter followed by Damma and the Sukun is not followed by a
Waw then write Waw with Hamza Above.
h. If preceded by Kasra and the Sukun is not followed by Yeh then write Yeh With Hamza
Above.
2) If followed by a Fatha or Fathatan With Alef:
a.
If the Fatha is followed by an Alef Maksura with a Superscript Alef then write an Alef with
Hamza Above.
b. If preceded by a Damma then write Waw with Hamza Above.

c.
If preceded by a Kasra or Kasra with Alef and a silencing Small High Rounded Zero then
write Yeh with Hamza Above.
d. If preceded by a connecting letter then write Tatweel with Hamza Above.
e.
If preceded by a non-connecting letter than write big Hamza.
3) If followed by a Damma or Dammatan With Alef followed by a silencing Small High Rounded
Zero:
a.
If not preceded by a Kasra and the Damma is not followed by a Waw then write Waw with
Hamza Above.
b. If preceded by a Kasra and the Damma is not followed by a Waw then write a Yeh With
Hamza Above.
c.
If preceded by a non-connecting letter and the Damma is followed by a Waw then write a
big Hamza.
d. If preceded by a connecting letter and the Damma is followed by a Waw then write a
Tatweel with Hamza Above.
4) If followed by a Kasra:
a.
If not preceded by a connecting letter with a Sukun and the Kasra is not followed by a Yeh
or Alef Maksura then write a Yeh with Hamza Above.
b. If preceded by a non-connecting letter and the Kasra is followed by a Yeh or Alef Maksura
then write a big Hamza.
c.
If preceded by a connecting letter which does not have a Fatha or the Kasra is followed by
a Yeh without a silencing Small High Rounded Zero or Alef Maksura then write a Tatweel
with Hamza Above.
d. If preceded by a Fatha and the Kasra is followed by an Alef Maksura or a Yeh with a
silencing Small High Rounded Zero then write an Alef with Hamza Below.
Hamza at End of the Word (before Tanween without Alef following or Sukun, Fatha, Damma without Alef
or Kasra)
1) If preceded by Sukun that is not on a Waw or Yeh and followed by a Fatha with Teh Marbuta then
write Alef With Hamza Above, otherwise if preceded by Sukun if it is on a connecting letter write a
Tatweel and Hamza Above and for a non-connecting letter write a big Hamza.
2) If preceded by Kasra then write a Yeh with a Hamza Above.
3) If preceded by Damma then write a Waw with a Hamza Above.
4) If preceded by Fatha then if after is a Kasra or Kasratan then write an Alef with Hamza Below
otherwise write an Alef with Hamza Above.
5) If preceded by Damma followed by a Waw followed by a Maddah Above in a verb (thus must have
after a Fatha or Damma), then write an Alef with Hamza Above.
6) If preceded by Fatha followed by an Alef followed by a Maddah Above in word ending with a Yeh
in its stem, then optionally (6 out of 35 times) write a Yeh with Hamza Above.
7) For all other combinations preceded by a Madd combination and Maddah Above, write a big
Hamza (which when after it is a Fathatan will not take an Alef).
Hamza Ambiguity Study
Conclusion: Interrogative Hamza immediately preceding 1st person singular imperfect form verb uses a
Waw with Hamza above yet in all other cases where the Hamza is part of the verb form which happens on
type 4 verbs which are incident on damma or also fatha which is not relevant to this case.
(3:15:2:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(3:15:2:2)
&unab~i}u
V
STEM|POS:V|IMPF|(II)|LEM:nab~a>a|ROOT:nbA|1S
(3:15:2:3)
kum
PRON SUFFIX|PRON:2MP
(38:8:1:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(38:8:1:2)
'unzila V
STEM|POS:V|PERF|PASS|(IV)|LEM:>anzala|ROOT:nzl|3MS
(54:25:1:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(54:25:1:2)
'uloqiYa
V
STEM|POS:V|PERF|PASS|(IV)|LEM:>aloqaY`^|ROOT:lqy|
3MS
Conclusion: Damma + Waw Madd before Hamza followed by a fatha or damma at the end of the word
yields a big Hamza when its a noun or an Alef With Hamza Above for a verb which ties to the Alef in the
verb root.
(5:29:4:1)
tabuw^>a
V
STEM|POS:V|IMPF|LEM:baA^'a|ROOT:bwA|2MS|
MOOD:SUBJ
(28:76:15:1)
la
EMPH PREFIX|l:EMPH+
(28:76:15:2)
tanuw^>u
V
STEM|POS:V|IMPF|LEM:tanuw^>u|ROOT:nwA|3FS
(2:49:7:1)
suw^'aN
STEM|POS:N|LEM:suw^'|ROOT:swA|M|ACC
(4:17:7:1)
{l
DET
PREFIX|Al+
(4:17:7:2)
s~uw^'a
N
(6:157:31:1)
suw^'aN
(7:141:7:1)
suw^'aN
(7:167:11:1)
suw^'aN
(7:188:21:1)
{l
DET
PREFIX|Al+
(7:188:21:2)
s~uw^'u
N
STEM|POS:N|LEM:suw^'|ROOT:swA|M|NOM
(9:37:25:1)
suw^'u
N
(12:24:14:1)
{l
DET
PREFIX|Al+
(12:24:14:2)
s~uw^'a
N
(13:18:22:1)
suw^'u
N
(13:21:12:1)
suw^'aN
(13:25:22:1)
suw^'u
N
(14:6:15:1)
suw^'aN
(16:27:19:1)
wa
CONJ PREFIX|w:CONJ+
(16:27:19:2)
{l
DET
PREFIX|Al+
(16:27:19:3)
s~uw^'a
N
(16:94:11:1)
{l
DET
PREFIX|Al+
(16:94:11:2)
s~uw^'a
N
(16:119:6:1)
{l
DET
PREFIX|Al+
(16:119:6:2)
s~uw^'a
N
(27:5:4:1)
suw^'u
N
(27:62:7:1)
{l
DET
PREFIX|Al+
(27:62:7:2)
s~uw^'a
N
(35:8:4:1)
suw^'u
N
(39:24:4:1)
suw^'aN
(39:61:8:1)
{l
DET
PREFIX|Al+
(39:61:8:2)
s~uw^'u
N
(40:37:13:1)
suw^'u
N
(40:45:9:1)
suw^'u
N
(40:52:9:1)
(47:14:10:1)
suw^'u
suw^'u
N
N
Conclusion: Particles starting with a Hamza containing Kasra preceded by the Interrogative particle can
be written with either a Yeh With Hamza Above (9 times 8 for Noon and 1 for Thal) or big Hamza (22
times 11 for Noon and 11 for Thal).
(6:19:19:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(6:19:19:2)
}in~a ACC
STEM|POS:ACC|LEM:<in~|SP:<in~
(6:19:19:3)
kumo PRON SUFFIX|PRON:2MP
(26:41:6:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(26:41:6:2)
}in~a ACC
(27:55:1:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(27:55:1:2)
}in~a ACC
(27:55:1:3)
(27:67:8:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(27:67:8:2)
}in~a ACC
(27:67:8:3)
A
PRON SUFFIX|PRON:1P
(29:29:1:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(29:29:1:2)
}in~a ACC
(29:29:1:3)
(36:19:4:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(36:19:4:2)
}in
COND STEM|POS:COND|LEM:<in
(37:36:2:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(37:36:2:2)
}in~a ACC
(37:36:2:3)
A
PRON SUFFIX|PRON:1P
(37:86:1:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(41:9:2:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(41:9:2:2)
}in~a ACC
(41:9:2:3)
(56:47:3:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(56:47:3:2)
}i*aA T
STEM|POS:T|LEM:<i*aA
(12:90:2:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(12:90:2:2)
'in~a ACC
(12:90:2:3)
ka
PRON SUFFIX|PRON:2MS
(13:5:5:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(13:5:5:2)
'i*aA T
(13:5:8:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(13:5:8:2)
'in~a ACC
(13:5:8:3)
A
PRON SUFFIX|PRON:1P
(17:49:2:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(17:49:2:2)
'i*aA T
(17:49:6:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(17:49:6:2)
'in~a ACC
(17:49:6:3)
A
PRON SUFFIX|PRON:1P
(17:98:7:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(17:98:7:2)
'i*aA T
(17:98:11:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(17:98:11:2)
'in~a ACC
(17:98:11:3)
A
PRON SUFFIX|PRON:1P
(19:66:3:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(19:66:3:2)
'i*aA T
(23:82:2:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(23:82:2:2)
'i*aA T
(23:82:7:1)
>a
INTG PREFIX|A:INTG+
(23:82:7:2)
'in~a ACC
(23:82:7:3)
A
PRON SUFFIX|PRON:1P
(27:67:4:1)
(27:67:4:2)
(32:10:2:1)
(32:10:2:2)
(32:10:6:1)
(32:10:6:2)
(32:10:6:3)
(37:16:1:1)
(37:16:1:2)
(37:16:6:1)
(37:16:6:2)
(37:16:6:3)
(37:52:2:1)
(37:52:2:2)
(37:52:2:3)
(37:53:1:1)
(37:53:1:2)
(37:53:6:1)
(37:53:6:2)
(37:53:6:3)
(50:3:1:1)
(50:3:1:2)
(56:47:8:1)
(56:47:8:2)
(56:47:8:3)
(79:10:2:1)
(79:10:2:2)
(79:10:2:3)
(79:11:1:1)
(79:11:1:2)
>a
'i*aA
>a
'i*aA
>a
'in~a
A
>a
'i*aA
>a
'in~a
A
>a
'in~a
ka
>a
'i*aA
>a
'in~a
A
>a
'i*aA
>a
'in~a
A
>a
'in~a
A
>a
'i*aA
INTG
T
INTG
T
INTG
ACC
PRON
INTG
T
INTG
ACC
PRON
INTG
ACC
PRON
INTG
T
INTG
ACC
PRON
INTG
T
INTG
ACC
PRON
INTG
ACC
PRON
INTG
T
PREFIX|A:INTG+
PREFIX|A:INTG+
PREFIX|A:INTG+
SUFFIX|PRON:1P
PREFIX|A:INTG+
PREFIX|A:INTG+
SUFFIX|PRON:1P
PREFIX|A:INTG+
SUFFIX|PRON:2MS
PREFIX|A:INTG+
PREFIX|A:INTG+
SUFFIX|PRON:1P
PREFIX|A:INTG+
PREFIX|A:INTG+
SUFFIX|PRON:1P
PREFIX|A:INTG+
SUFFIX|PRON:1P
PREFIX|A:INTG+
Conclusion: If the Fatha + Alef Madd precedes Hamza with end of word Kasra and that is preceded by
the letters Teh, Reh, Qaf or Noon then those nouns can be written with a big Hamza (18 times with Yeh
root ending + 4 times without) or for those which have a root ending with Yeh they can also be written
with Yeh With Alef Hamza Above (6 times).
(10:15:24:1)
tiloqaA^}i
N
STEM|POS:N|LEM:tiloqaA^'|ROOT:lqy|M|GEN
(16:90:6:1)
wa
CONJ PREFIX|w:CONJ+
(16:90:6:2)
<iytaA^}i
N
STEM|POS:N|VN|(IV)|LEM:<iytaA'N|ROOT:Aty|M|GEN
(20:130:14:1) 'aAnaA^}i
N
STEM|POS:N|LEM:'aAnaA^'|ROOT:Any|MP|GEN
|LEM:<imaAm|ROOT:Amm|MP|INDEF|ACC
(30:8:20:1)
bi
P
PREFIX|bi+
(30:8:20:2)
liqaA^}i
N
STEM|POS:N|VN|(III)|LEM:liqaA^'|ROOT:lqy|M|GEN
(30:16:6:1)
wa
CONJ PREFIX|w:CONJ+
(30:16:6:2)
liqaA^}i
N
(42:51:11:1)
waraA^}i
N
STEM|POS:N|LEM:waraA^'|ROOT:wry|GEN
(42:51:11:2)
PRON SUFFIX|PRON:1S
(2:273:1:1)
(2:273:1:2)
(2:273:1:3)
(6:31:5:1)
(6:31:5:2)
(6:154:15:1)
(6:154:15:2)
(7:147:4:1)
(7:147:4:2)
li
P
lo
DET
fuqaraA^'i
bi
P
liqaA^'i N
bi
P
liqaA^'i N
wa
CONJ
liqaA^'i N
PREFIX|l:P+
PREFIX|Al+
N
STEM|POS:N|LEM:faqiyr|ROOT:fqr|MP|GEN
PREFIX|bi+
PREFIX|bi+
PREFIX|w:CONJ+
(9:60:3:1)
(9:60:3:2)
(9:60:3:3)
(10:45:16:1)
(10:45:16:2)
(11:71:7:1)
(13:2:24:1)
(13:2:24:2)
(23:33:8:1)
(23:33:8:2)
(24:31:32:1)
(24:37:12:1)
(24:37:12:2)
(32:10:12:1)
(32:10:12:2)
(33:53:44:1)
(33:55:11:1)
(33:55:14:1)
(37:145:2:1)
(37:145:2:2)
(37:145:2:3)
(41:54:6:1)
(49:4:5:1)
(59:8:1:1)
(59:8:1:2)
(59:8:1:3)
(59:14:10:1)
(68:49:8:1)
(68:49:8:2)
(68:49:8:3)
(106:2:3:1)
(106:2:3:2)
li
P
lo
DET
fuqaraA^'i
bi
P
liqaA^'i N
waraA^'i
bi
P
liqaA^'i N
bi
P
liqaA^'i N
>abonaA^'i
wa
CONJ
<iytaA^'i
bi
P
liqaA^'i N
waraA^'i
>abonaA^'i
>abonaA^'i
bi
P
{lo
DET
EaraA^'i
l~iqaA^'i
waraA^'i
li
P
lo
DET
fuqaraA^'i
waraA^'i
bi
P
{lo
DET
EaraA^'i
{l
DET
$~itaA^'i
PREFIX|l:P+
PREFIX|Al+
N
PREFIX|bi+
N
PREFIX|bi+
PREFIX|bi+
N
STEM|POS:N|LEM:{bon|ROOT:bny|MP|GEN
PREFIX|w:CONJ+
N
STEM|POS:N|VN|(IV)|LEM:<iytaA'N|ROOT:Aty|M|GEN
PREFIX|bi+
N
N
N
PREFIX|bi+
PREFIX|Al+
N
STEM|POS:N|LEM:EaraA^'|ROOT:Ery|M|GEN
N
N
PREFIX|l:P+
PREFIX|Al+
N
N
PREFIX|bi+
PREFIX|Al+
N
STEM|POS:N|LEM:EaraA^'|ROOT:Ery|M|GEN
PREFIX|Al+
N
STEM|POS:N|LEM:$~itaA^'|ROOT:$tw|M|GEN
Conclusion: A seen with a sukun followed by a Tah with a Fatha followed by Hamza and then Sukun can
be written as an Alef With Hamza Above (2 times) or Tatweel with Hamza (21 times).
(7:34:8:1)
yasota>oxiru V
STEM|POS:V|IMPF|(X)|LEM:yasota>oxiru|ROOT:Axr|3MP
(7:34:8:2)
wna
(24:27:10:1)
tasota>onisu V
STEM|POS:V|IMPF|(X)|LEM:tasota>onisu|ROOT:Ans|2MP|
MOOD:SUBJ
(24:27:10:2)
(9:44:2:1)
(9:44:2:2)
(9:45:2:1)
(9:45:2:2)
(9:83:7:1)
(9:83:7:2)
(9:83:7:3)
(9:83:7:4)
(9:86:10:1)
(9:86:10:2)
(9:93:5:1)
(9:93:5:2)
(9:93:5:3)
(10:49:19:1)
(10:49:19:2)
wA@ PRON
yasota_#o*inu
ka
PRON
yasota_#o*inu
ka
PRON
fa
CONJ
{sota_#o*anu
w
PRON
ka
PRON
{sota_#o*ana
ka
PRON
yasota_#o*inu
wna
PRON
ka
PRON
yasota_#oxiru
wna
PRON
SUFFIX|PRON:2MP
V
STEM|POS:V|IMPF|(X)|LEM:{sota_#o*ana|ROOT:A*n|3MS
SUFFIX|PRON:2MS
V
SUFFIX|PRON:2MS
PREFIX|f:CONJ+
V
STEM|POS:V|PERF|(X)|LEM:{sota_#o*ana|ROOT:A*n|3MP
SUFFIX|PRON:3MP
SUFFIX|PRON:2MS
V
STEM|POS:V|PERF|(X)|LEM:{sota_#o*ana|ROOT:A*n|3MS
SUFFIX|PRON:2MS
V
STEM|POS:V|IMPF|(X)|LEM:{sota_#o*ana|ROOT:A*n|3MP
SUFFIX|PRON:3MP
SUFFIX|PRON:2MS
V
SUFFIX|PRON:3MP
(15:5:7:1)
yasota_#oxiru V
(15:5:7:2)
wna
(15:24:7:1)
{lo
DET
PREFIX|Al+
(15:24:7:2)
musota_#oxiriyna
N
STEM|POS:N|ACT|PCPL|(X)|LEM:musota_#oxiriyn|
ROOT:Axr|MP|ACC
(16:61:20:1)
yasota_#oxiru V
(16:61:20:2)
wna
(23:43:7:1)
yasota_#oxiru V
(23:43:7:2)
wna
(24:58:4:1)
li
IMPV PREFIX|l:IMPV+
(24:58:4:2)
yasota_#o*in V
STEM|POS:V|IMPF|(X)|LEM:{sota_#o*ana|ROOT:A*n|3MS|
MOOD:JUS
(24:58:4:3)
kumu PRON SUFFIX|PRON:2MP
(24:59:6:1)
fa
REM PREFIX|f:REM+
(24:59:6:2)
lo
IMPV PREFIX|l:IMPV+
(24:59:6:3)
yasota_#o*inu V
STEM|POS:V|IMPF|(X)|LEM:{sota_#o*ana|ROOT:A*n|3MP|
MOOD:JUS
(24:59:6:4)
wA@ PRON SUFFIX|PRON:3MP
(24:59:8:1)
{sota_#o*ana V
STEM|POS:V|PERF|(X)|LEM:{sota_#o*ana|ROOT:A*n|3MS
(24:62:16:1)
yasota_#o*inu V
STEM|POS:V|IMPF|(X)|LEM:{sota_#o*ana|ROOT:A*n|3MP|
MOOD:SUBJ
(24:62:16:2)
w
(24:62:16:3)
hu
(24:62:19:1)
yasota_#o*inu V
STEM|POS:V|IMPF|(X)|LEM:{sota_#o*ana|ROOT:A*n|3MP
(24:62:19:2)
wna
(24:62:19:3)
ka
(24:62:26:1)
{sota_#o*anu V
STEM|POS:V|PERF|(X)|LEM:{sota_#o*ana|ROOT:A*n|3MP
(24:62:26:2)
w
(24:62:26:3)
ka
(28:26:4:1)
{sota_#ojiro
V
STEM|POS:V|IMPV|(X)|LEM:{sota_#ojaro|ROOT:Ajr|2MS
(28:26:4:2)
hu
(28:26:8:1)
{sota_#ojaro V
STEM|POS:V|PERF|(X)|LEM:{sota_#ojaro|ROOT:Ajr|2MS
(28:26:8:2)
ta
(33:13:11:1)
wa
CONJ PREFIX|w:CONJ+
(33:13:11:2)
yasota_#o*inu V
(33:53:25:1)
musota_#onisiyna
N
STEM|POS:N|ACT|PCPL|(X)|LEM:musota_#onisiyn|
ROOT:Ans|MP|GEN
(34:30:6:1)
tasota_#oxiru V
(34:30:6:2)
wna
10 most frequent words in the Quran
Word - Number of Times Used - % of Entire Quran - % So Far Learned
min - From
3226
4.14
4.14
Allah
2699
3.46
7.60
maa - What
2565
3.29
10.90
laa - Not
1738
2.23
13.13
fee - In
1701
2.18
15.31
inna - Truly
1682
2.16
17.47
1618
2.08
19.55
1464
1.88
21.42
1445
1.85
23.28
1358
1.74
25.02
qaala - He
said
allathee -
Who
`awla - Upon
kaana - It/he
is
This chart is 25% of the words (when considered without prefixes and suffixes) by usage in the Quran and
given how short the words are should be learned by everyone.
Conclusion
For someone who already can read and write Arabic and knows the language at an intermediate level, this
knowledge can simply help to more firmly cement the language by making clearly how certain usage
patterns appear as well as familiarize oneself with the more common letter and words. Visualizing the
rules will hopefully in shaa Allah, help to clarify these special areas which are generally not studied in
detail despite how many times one might have seen them when reciting the Quran.
Many people are immediately confused when some of the symbols of tajweed are found during reading
and recitation of the Qur'an. Some of these symbols only occur once and others are very frequent
representing certain rules. The wonderful thing about these symbols is they are easy to understand and
use with very simple knowledge which is provided in the following tables. The actual rules for tajweed are
used to derive the symbols and the symbols are purely there for help so one does not need to appreciate
the specific letter patterns that causes them though they should eventually be learned. This reference can
make one better at reciting the Qur'an with these helper symbols almost immediately including the
subtleties little documented.
Table of Tajweed Symbols (sorted by frequency used in the Quran)
End Of Ayah ()
Small Low Meem ()
Small High Rounded Zero ()
Small High Meem Isolated Form ()
Small Waw ()
Small Yeh ()
Small High Upright Rectangular Zero ()
Small High Seen ()
Small High Noon ()
Empty Centre High Stop ()
Empty Centre Low Stop ()
Place Of Sajdah ()
Small High Meem Initial Form ()
Start Of Rub El Hizb ()
Small High Lam Alef ()
Small High Jeem ()
Small High Three Dots ()
Rounded High Stop With Filled Centre ()
Small High Ligature Qaf With Lam With Alef Maksura ()
Small High Ligature Sad With Lam With Alef Maksura ()
Small Low Seen ()
Divisions
End Of Ayah ( )End of a verse is noted from to and stopping is optional.
Place Of Sajdah () Sunnah to make prostration at this point.
Start Of Rub El Hizb () Start of group (half of a part/juz) is noted.
Stopping
Small High Meem Initial Form () Compulsory to stop.
Small High Jeem () Can stop or continue.
Small High Lam Alef () Prohibited to stop and possibly prohibited to start.
Small High Three Dots () + + Arabic Small High Three Dots () Stop at first and not second or
stop at second and not first (2:2, 2:195, 5:26, 5:41, 7:172, 14:9).
Small High Ligature Qaf With Lam With Alef Maksura () Better to stop but permissible to
continue.
Small High Ligature Sad With Lam With Alef Maksura () Better to continue but permissible to
stop.
Small High Seen () When not on a Sad, Subtle stop without breath (18:1, 36:52, 69:28, 75:27,
83:14).
Helper Letters
Small Waw ( )Addition of a Waw read only when continuing.

Small Yeh ( )Addition of a Yeh read only when continuing.
Small Low Meem () Addition of a Meem and dropping of noon if combined with tanween.
Small High Meem Isolated Form () Addition of a Meem and dropping of noon if combined with
tanween.
Small High Noon () Addition of a Noon (21:88:8 ) .
Small High Seen () When on a Sad, convert Sad to Seen (2:245:15 7:69:23 ,
) .
Small Low Seen () Optional convert to Seen (52:37:7

) .
Empty Centre Low Stop () Conversion of following Alef Maksura + Superscript Alef to Fatha +
Alef (11:41:7 maj-raahaa ).
Rounded High Stop With Filled Centre () Conversion of Alef to Alef With Hamza Above + Fatha
with one sound pronounced between the alef and the Hamza (41:44:10 aaa`jameeyun
) .
Indicators
Small High Rounded Zero () Do not pronounce letter.

Small High Upright Rectangular Zero () Pronounce when stopping on word but do not
pronounce when continuing.
Empty Centre High Stop () Reading by forming a semi-circle with the lips and pointing them to
the front (12:11:6 ta-mannaa ) .
Conclusion
Stopping and continuing is quite an important aspect of reciting the Qur'an properly. Otherwise the
symbols are simply adding a helper letter, converting a letter pattern to another or silencing a nonpronounced letter. Those symbols should be learned. It should be noted that this is the Hafs Uthmani
Qur'an under consideration and not Warsh which has a different system and even writing style to be
studied separately.

Quran I C Arabic Patterns Explained

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Quranic Arabic Patterns

Yeh With Hamza Above ()

Fathatan and End of Word Diacritics

d. If preceded by a connecting letter followed by Damma and the Sukun is followed by a

If preceded by Fatha then write Alef With Hamza Above.

b. If preceded by a Damma then write Waw with Hamza Above.

d. If preceded by a connecting letter then write Tatweel with Hamza Above.

If preceded by a non-connecting letter than write big Hamza.

Small Waw ( )Addition of a Waw read only when continuing.

Small High Noon () Addition of a Noon (21:88:8 ) .

Small Low Seen () Optional convert to Seen (52:37:7

Small High Rounded Zero () Do not pronounce letter.

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