Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
forensic
toxicclogy
services
WITNESS STATEMENT
Stotemeni of:
DT
Occupollon of trVllness:
Relotlng lo:
I declore lhot:
slotement consisting of 26 poges eoch signed by me, is hue to the besi of my knowledge ond belief ond I
moko it knowing thot if it is lendered in svidence I shsll be liqble 1o proseculion if I hove wilfully itoted in it onything
which I know to be folse or do not believe to be true.
This
SignotureG
4-- ft
06 June 2014
Signolure:
Poge 1 of 26
erence: CNCFIS
2B-1
2b
QUALIFICATIONS
The Univenity of Liverpool oworded me the degrees of Bochelor of Science {Hons), Moster of
Science ond Docior in Philosophy (Chemistryi. I om o Choriered Chemist (CChem) ond o
Member of the Royol Society of Chemisiry {MRSC). I om olso o member of the following
socieiies: The Society of Forensic Toxicologists (SOFI); Jhe lnternotionol Associotion of Forensic
Toxicologists (TlAFl'); The Socieiy
Associotion
of
(AsHT).
Frorn Morch 2001 uniil October 2OO9 I wos employed by the Forensic Science Service os o
forensic toxicologist, ihot is, I wos responsible for the onolysis ond interpretotion of biologicol
somples {including hoir) for the presence of olcohol, drugs of obuse ond o wide ronge of
medicinol/phormoceuticol drugs. During ihis time I wos opproved os on Authorised Anolyst
by the Home Secrelory. ln oddition, I wos registered with, ond on ossessor for the Council of
Registered Forensic Proctiiionen (CRFP) untilihis orgonisoiion ceosed business in 2009.
As
senior reporting otficer within the Forensic Science Service, I wos fully troined ond
Poge 2 ot 26
From 2004
Teom Leoder for the notionoi Rood Trotfic Alcohol {RTA) ond Drug-Driving Unit {DDU), where
monoged o lorge number of stotf to process ond deliver in excess of 15,000 cose somples per
yeor.
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medio inierviews in relotion io my work ond involvement in mojor investigotions. including the
Shonnon Motthews ond John Worboys' investigotions. where I wos the senior scientist
responsible for the toxicology ospects of these coses.
ln October
Forensic Services.
ln July 20]
I I wos oppoinied Deputy Chief Toxicologist, Office of The Chief Medicol Exominer,
Edmonton, Albertol
Signoture:
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Continuolion of the Stotement of:
Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHAIERTON B.Sc, iA.Sc, CChem, iARSC
Ref erence: CN CFfS 28-1 2b
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REQUEST
I hove been instrucled by Lockyer Compbell Posner. Bonisters ond Soliciiors, to commenl on
reports prepored
KARASKOV in response
of
Rv
KOREN,
5m
Tomoro BROOMFIELD.
fint responded io this request with o reporl doted I orh Morch 2014. Moteriols provided to me
for my comment included documents comporing Motherisk ELISA results with GC-MS ond LCI
io me os if they were s
seporote series of doto. I hove since been informed thot this wos on error. This reporl
incorporotes the new informotion ond reploces my repori of lOrn Morch 20]4.
:
DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED
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hove been provided with snd/or hod occess to the following dgcumentotion:
'
il.
a
a
Letter/report from Dr Gideon KOREN (Director, The Molherisk progrom) doted Jonuory
201 3
Jonuory 9,2014
Dr ROLLINS'
Cuniculun Vifoe
:
;
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Reference: CNCFfS
28-1
2b
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27 2-27 S
ELISA
ond GC-MS
results for
cocoine ond
benzoylecgonine Jun-Aug 20 I 0
Anolyticol doto comporing The Motherisk Drug Testing Loborotory {MDTL) ELISA results
ond the Americon-bosed US Drug Tesiing Loborotory (USDTL) LC-MS results ond two
"TO
THIS CASE
. Lqborsiory Accredltotlon
$"
Dr ROLLINS ond Mr GARERI stote thot The Motherisk Loborotory is occredifed os o biomedic-ol
;
T
loborotory. The Moiherisk Loboroiory hos occreditoiion for biomedicol ond dioonostic
tesiing. As I hove stoted, fhe circumstonces of Ms BROOMFIELD's cose, in my opinion,
required the use of o forensic onolyticol investigofion ond hence o forensic loborotory.
Signoiure:
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Continuotion of lhe Sloiement of:
Dr CRAIG NICHOIAS CHATIERTON B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, MRSC
Ref erence: CNC FIS 28-1 2b
2. The
Cholce ol Anolysls
o physicion
to quickly discover ond ideniify the presence of o drug type (or fomily) thot moy hove
coused on ocute episode or illness.
As Dr ROLLINS himself slotes, gos (or liquid) chromotogrophylrnoss spectrometry is the gold
siondord omong forensic toxicology loborotories for confirmotion ond quontitotive onoiysis;
not
re-onolysed using
gos
Presumptive tesis of Molique's gostric ospirote (ond urinei hod eorlier reveoled the presence
Dr KOREN ond Mr GARERI report thot Molique's cose presented itself os o clinicol {or
biomedicol) cose. This is unfortunote ond led to bod decisions in forensic lerms including o
foilure to reloin o somple for GC-MS testing ond/or independent third porty iesting.
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qftffi"'"ri:
',,$flL
'
loxlcologY
lerylces
However, in foct, the work being done by Motherisk in this cose wos not for
o clinicol or
biomedicol purpose. The hoir somple wos collected by Moiherisk ond the subsequent
onolysis wos conied out in this cose
hove required thot the hoir somple be collected ot leost two weeks ofier it is believed
the
drug ingeslion occuned.
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:
Since the somple wos collected io oddress o forensic question, it required o detqiled
forensic
investigotion by o forensic exominer in occord with well estoblished lorensic procedures
of on
occredited forensic focilily.
ts"
Anolyticoi forensic guidelines were not foliowed, nor were internotionol recommendoiions
concerning presumptive positive immunoossoy results in thot gos chromotogrophy/moss
spectrometry (GC-MS) wos not conducied to obtoin o confirmed onolyticoiresuli.
regorded os 'presurnpfive screening fesfs' only; he slotes thot 'fhjs cose begon
os o
biomedical cose' ond thot Motherisk's work 'did not fil exactty wilh whol is typicaily
done in
ciminol coses.'
PogeT of26
erence:
C NCFIS 28-1
2b
As I hove soid, I do not ogree thot this wos ever o biomedicol cose but whot Mr GARERI stoies
Dr KOREN stoies in his report,'MDTL has porticipaled in this process since its inception, and
our resu/fs hove been consrsfenf/y in ogreemenl wilh the Round Robin consensus., He further
Mr
FUSA resulfs
in
comporing immunoossoy performonce with moss spectrometry results. Mr GARERI stotes ihot,
'...our own proficiency lesflng history t,sl thal our cocoine ond benzoytecgonine
irnmunoossays hove produce[d] comporoble resu/fs fo fhose in
{S-bosed /obs.'
ln this woy, Dr KOREN ond Mr GARERI ossert thoi the foct thot Motherisk did not use GC-MS
inelevont becouse their ELISA results ore equolly relioble.
Signoture:
Poge 8 of 26
is
o) Molherlsk's
other Loborotortes
ELrsA Resurh
For exomple:
recorded volue.
somple
7o
5g.21
nglris.
contoin
BE
ot
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Somple A
'
o concentrotion ronging from I .20 nglmg to 6.59 ng/mg. The Molherisk result wss the
lowest recorded omongst the porticipoling group; lt wos 60% iower thon the porticipont
meon.
in
significontly oltered interpretotions with regord to the exposure to, or use/obuse of cocoine.
ln my opinion, Motherisk's
result would hove estoblished thot the lowest ELISA result wos closest to the conect
GC-MS
result; in onother cose, ii could be thot the highest ELISA result wos closest
to being the
conect GC-MS resulf ond with oll other possibiliiies in between.
Poge
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$
Ref
erence : CNCFfS
28-1
2b
The 3E results ore porticulorly concerning os Moiherisk's resulis ronge from being the lowest
60%
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$
Dr ROLLINS confirms thot immunoossoy is not ideol for the generotion of quontitotive results;
thot the method con be used io produce 'semi-euontitoiive resulis if o stondord curve
produced wiih the doto'.
b) Motherlsk's
ELISA Rerulh
is
- A euolliollve
Perspecllve
benzoylecgonine with the US Drug Testing Loborotory's GC-MS results for ihe some somples
for the period June to August 2010 (Appendix ll). The differences between the individuol
This
comporison wos, therefore, done five yeors ofter the onolysis of Molique's hoir somple.
Poge l1 of 26
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Continuotion of the Siotemeni
of:
Dr CRATG NtcHoLAS
Reference: CNCF|S
cnaniniON
2g_1
2b
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Signoture:
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" services
Following ore fifteen seporote exomples of folse negotive results where cocoine wos
unequivocolly ideniified by GC-MS onolysis, but the Motherisk loboroiory ELISA iesting
enoneously reporled the results os negotive. The following loble summorises these controry
results:
USDII GC-MS
w, Molherlck
Sampl No.
ELISA
Cocolna
Cocolna
GC-JttS
EUSA
l53l lo
0.26
I I 6370o
o.26
I I 6300
0.33
lld23lo
0,34
I 16222
0.34
1l623lb
0.4t
6260b
0,
0.43
o.44
|6322
o.47
1r
I I 6305
II
6260c
Signolure:
6299
0.66
16324
0.80
I 16324-Re
2.49
I I 6323
9.45
i 6323_Re
t8.zl
Poge 13 of 26
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Following ore twenty seporote exomples of folse negotive results where benzoylecgonine
wos unequivocolly identified by GC-MS onolysis, but the Motherisk loboroiory ELISA testing
enoneously reported the results os negotive, The following toble summories ihese conirory
results:
USDIL GC-A S
vr. Molhertrk
Somple l{o.
BZt
GC-r
BZE
S
EUSA
4.74
| | 6228
U. IU
I I 6301
o.26
I I 6258
0.10
I 16237
TRACE
I I 6250
0.t9
I I6231c
0^23
I 6297
4.26
I l6-i58
0.26
I I 6230
0.
t6
116222
0.18
l I 6260b
0.26
I 6305
o,21
6260o
0.26
t6322
0.26
6299
o.26
116324
t.63
I I 6324_Re
0.96
i I 6323
4.45
I 16323_Re
6.43
June to Augu3t2OtO
I 163370
II
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EUSA (BZE),
Page 14 of 26
Reference: CNCilS
c) Motherlsk's
EHSA Results
28-1
2b
Quonlllollve Perspectlve
Dr KOREN stotes: 'Ihere wos nol o single cose in which o high level of cocoine or BZE in our
lob, similar lo fhose meosured in Malique's hoir, wos negotive or low in fhe
lob.' This is olso inconeci.
lo Auqust
US
Drug Testing
20.l0
A review of the doto comporing the GC-MS results of the US Drug Testing Loborotory with
Motherisk's ELISA resulis for June io August 2010 (Appendix ll), in oddiiion to reveoling folse
positive ond folse negotives, olso reveols significontly different results from o quontitotive
perspective. When compored directly, the GC-MS guontitotive results for cocoine
concentrotions ore, on overoge, 61% lower thon the ELISA quoniitotive doto for cocoine
concentrotions, i.e., ihe ELISA results thot Motherisk reports for cocoine ore erroneously high.
There ore eleven coses where the Motherisk Loborolory hos reported ELISA cocoine results
of
USDTL
.l.03
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Continuotion of ihe Siolemenf of:
Dr CRATG N|CHOLAS_CHATTERTON
B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, MRSC
Reference:
CNCFIS B-i 2b
Somple No.
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CocolnG
Cocolnc
GC.A,tS
EIJSA
| 17094
r.03
10.00
I 17097
l.0s
t0.00
I 17140
1.21
10.00
| 1747 5
2.77
10.00
17081
2.89
I I 7090
4,34
r0.00
5.63
10.00
t17t l8
14.26
10.00
| 17120
6.04
10.00
I t7096
18.37
10.00
17139
24.1t
10.00
llzo8l
0.00
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First' it should
Somple No.
Signoture:
Mothedtk.COC
102696
l0
21.68
03459
3.53t
10.24
04
19.t7
6.1
I 1147
t0
44.01
lo6't69
l0
42.04
105t50
2.273
102783
l0
41 .57
03396
l0
30.1 3
n?29a
1.808
very high
coc
EUSA
USDTI.
(cocolne)
tc-MS
105752
results
'l
t.5
PogelTof26
The nine exomples on ihe previous poge for Motherisk's ELIsA cocoine results.
ore of o similor
order of mognitude os those reporfed in Molique's cose.
of concern to o
tested. lt musl be
forensic scientist thot she hos no record or notes of this. Her willsfote
prepored for the cose, ond her triol testimony, suggest thot
she did not wosh the somple, The
concerns ore mognified by oiher evidence in this regord given in the
cose's proceedings.
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lf we ossume thot ihe somple wos woshed, the woshings were not onolysed or preserved for
onolysis. This is probiemolic for onolysing the results produced by the immunoossoy testing.
Once ogoin, the foilure to onolyse the woshings likely resulted from Motherisk's opprooch thot
they were conducting o clinicol or biomedicolexominotion, not o forensic exominotion.
From o forensic perspective, onolysis of hoir somple woshings is recommended in oll posiiive
coses os the results of onolysis con help the loxicologisi otfer on inlerpretoiion os to whether
the somple hod been coniominoted. The Society of Hoir Tesiing recommends onolysis of
woshings os one of four opprooches to differenliote octuol ingestion of o substonce from
externol contominotion of hoir |,21. These recommendotions were published in 1997 ond
2004, before Molique's cose wos monoged by The Motherisk Drug Testing Loborotory.
It
widely occepted thot neither normol hygienic ond cosmetic core nor decontominotion
procedures ore sufficient to remove oll drug conlominotion. To ollow for this, workploce drug
is
cut-off volues connot be used to eliminote the possibility of poisive contominotion [3]. This
conclusion wos olso reached by Siout et ol. [4] following on evoluotion of the dynomics of
externol coniominotion of hoir wilh cocoine. A negotive result con rule out eiiher chronic or
previous use, ond con olso rule out contocl with drugs, whether thot contoct is through dheci
physicol contoct or through exposure, A positive result should olwoys be interpreted with
extreme coution becouse of ihe severol possibilities thot moy hove coused it.
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- iervices
occepted thol orgonic solvent such os methylene chloride or ocetone wili rernove only
surfoce contorninotion whereos ogueous solutions {or methonol) will swell the hoir ond
extrocl drugs from within the hoir motrix.
[S]
Presumptive tests of Molique's gostric ospirote (ond urine) reveoled the presence of cocoine.
Since the woshings of Molique's hoir somple were nol onolysed, Mr GARERI wos bound
to
ogree thot vomit moy hove contributed to the positive findings. The onolysis of woshings
should hove been seen os on essentiol step in o proper forensic exominotion. Forensic
science protocols ore designed to proteci ogoinst ihe very issues now being considered.
Signoiure:
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NOTE:
Dr KOREN
dismissed my suggestion
spontoneous hydroiysis
orgued thot the journol fo which I refened hod nothing io do with Molique's situotion ond
thot the doto within ihot study rnode no reference os to wheiher the individuols were
possively or octively exposed.
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disogree.
There ore numerous references in the scientific literoture which support my opinion. ln the
next porogroph I provide the informotion which esloblishes thot benzoylecgonine con be
formed in sifu by sponloneous hydrolysis of cocoine. ln rny opinion, these studies ore relevont
to this porticulor cose os they report on child subjects who hod been exposed to o cocoine,
Anolysis of doto produced by two seporote siudies [6j exomining chiidren (1 to 13 yeors) ond
spouses of cocoine users showed thoi severol children of cocoine users hod both cocoine
ond benzoylecgonine in iheir hoir in vorying quontities compored with the odult users. These
omounts were voriously less thon, equol to, ond greoter lhon thot of the drug-using porent.
There wos no cul-off level thot could distinguish belween the odult usem ond ihe young
children living in thot environment. These siudies demonsirote thot certoin mefobolites. such
os benzoylecgonine, moy not be on indicotor of drug use.
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The presence
/ Alternollve Explonollon
leod to
reosonoble inference
thon
use/ingestion.
of
cocoine ond benzoyiecgonine olong the entire hoir shoft. ond olso occouni for ihe
mossive
concentrotions. ll is not sofe to ossume thot the pre-onolysis woshing procedure (if
they were
conied out os described by Ms KARASKOV) would remove oll surfoce contominonf.
Recent
sludies confirm thot woshing procedures ore nol lao% etficient. 1
Signoture:
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(.?,
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Sffi*:
'.{\
loxlcology
!erytces
Reference: CNCFIS
2B-1
2b
communicotion to Mr SCHWARTZ, Morch 23,2013) thot ihe onolyticol technique used in this
cose is inferior. ln the emoil he slotes: 'Every high school sludeni knows today thol GC-MS or
Tandem MS ore supenor to immunoossoy in ierms
provided comporing
ELISA
Concerning the drug concenlrotions, Mr GARERI testified: 'fhese are very unusuolresu/fs for o
small child lo hove....'. He furlher testified thoi '.....ihrs chi/d's /owesf result in any of the iime
penods wcrs sti// greoter thon 50 percent of the odull cocoine users thot
loborofory......'
we lest in
our
T
T
Mr GARERI also testifie d, 'ln terms of iooking of this os on onolyticol foxico/ogis t given this fo
inferpref, I soy thot lhere is in fhs situofion rs exlrernely high nsk of dealh in this child due lo fhe
potency of the drug in quesiion ond the extremely high levelof exposure.'
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2B-1
2b
It is difficult to comprehend how o child of just over 2 yeors of oge could, over o period of
severol months, ingest {knowingly or othen,rise) such omounts of cocoine without suffering
repeoted ond obvious outword etfects ond likely deoth. I understond thot Molique hod doily
conioct wilh professionol coregivers for os much os 9 months of the lS-months in question
(which included the monlhs thot Molherisk reporied the highest concentrotions), but, I om
told, thot there wos not o single reporl of such effects. This
is
MY CONCTUSTONS
ln my opinion,
o proper forensic investigotion wos not underioken for ihe following reosons:
The loborotory which undertook the onolysis wos not o forensic toxicology ioborotory.
2) The loborotory which undertook the onolysis wss not bccredited to the ISO 17025
stondord, os recommended by the Society of Hoir Testing for forensic onolysis of hoir
somples.
3) The onoiyticol guidelines were noi followed, nor were the internotionol slondords
concerning presumptive positive immunoossoy results i.e., gos chromotogrophy/moss
spectrometry (GC-MS) opplied to obtoin o confirmed, quontitotive onolyticol result.
There is historic evidence of bolh folse positive ond folse negotive results using the
Motherisk ELISA methodology.
Poge 24 ol 25
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SF.*.
,aL .'
torenstc
toxicology
servlces
The onolylicol method of choice wos inopproprioie; the 'gold stondord' technique
wos not used. Motherisk ELISA onolyticol results vory considerobly (quontifotively) from
the quontitotive results obtoined during GC or LC-MS onolysis of the some specimen.
woshing
procedures. Furthermore, the woshings in this cose were not onolysed (nor retoined)
to invesiigote/deiermine whether the hoir contoined ony surfoce contominont.
6) The record ond note toking of the work undertoken by Motherisk iechnicions wos
inodequote. No contemporoneous notes ore ovoiloble for inspection.
7)
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Ref
REFERENCES
'L
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3.
1.,
risk
129,2001.
6.
Smith, F.P ond Kidwell, D.A., Cocoine in hoir. solivo. skin, swobs. ond urine of cocoine
users' children, Forensic Sci. lnt.. 83,179-189,1996.
7. Jonzen,
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